Varhadi dialect - Revision history

2409:4042:251B:E7E2:8DB:EA6A:909:AC2: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-05-30T06:43:02Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

imported>Lancepark: name in modi script

2021-05-05T12:29:44Z

name in modi script

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Varhadi
| altname = Varhadi–Nagpuri
| nativename = {{lang|vah|वऱ्हाडी}}, 𑘪𑘬𑘿𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘲, vaṟhāḍī
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Vidarbha]] region of [[States and Territories of India|Maharashtra]]; also southwestern [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] and northern [[Telangana]]; Specially in berar region(Akola, Amravati, Washim, Buldhana and Yavatmal)
| speakers = 7.0 million
| date = 1995
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Zone]]
| fam5 = [[Marathi Language|Marathi]]
| script = [[Modi script]]<br>[[Devanāgarī|Devanagari]]<ref>Devanagari has been big bigger with LOVEpromulgated as the official script.</ref>
| iso3 = vah
| notice = Indic
| glotto = varh1239
| glottorefname = Varhadi-Nagpuri
| image = Varhadimd.png
| imagecaption = Varhadi written in Devanagari & Modi script.
}}

'''Varhadi''' is a dialect of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] spoken in [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]] and by [[Marathi people]] of adjoining parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Andhra Pradesh|Telangana]] in [[India]].

== Vocabulary and Grammar ==

Although all the dialects of Marathi are mutually intelligible to one another up to a great extent, each dialect can be distinctly identified by its unique characteristics. Likewise, Varhadi replaces the case endings ''la'' (ला) & ''na'' (ना) of standard Marathi with ''le'' (ले), a feature it shares with neighboring [[Khandeshi]] [[dialect]]. So, ''mala'' (मला) (to me) of standard Marathi becomes ''male'' (मले) while ''tyanna'' (त्यांना) (to them) becomes ''tyahile'' (त्याहिले) in Varhadi. Despite being a dialect of Marathi, the vocabulary as well as grammar of Varhadi is significantly influenced by [[Hindi]] due proximity of Vidarbha to [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The common examples of Hindi words in Varhadi which are different than standard Marathi are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Varhadi !! Hindi !! Standard Marathi !! English
|-
| {{IAST|Sīdhā / sārkā}} ({{lang|mr|सीधा/सरका}}) || {{IAST| Sīdhā}} ({{lang|hi|सीधा}}) || {{IAST|Saraḷ}} ({{lang|mr|सरळ}}) || Straight
|-
| {{IAST|Budā}} ({{lang|mr|बुडा}}) || {{IAST|Buddhā}} ({{lang|hi|बुढ्ढा}}) || {{IAST|Mhātārā}} ({{lang|mr|म्हातारा}}) || Old man
|-
| {{IAST|Pagalā / bhāitād}} ({{lang|mr|पगला/भैताड}}) || {{IAST|Pāgal}} ({{lang|hi|पागल}}) || {{IAST|Vedā}} ({{lang|mr|वेडा}}) || Mad
|-
| {{IAST|Aṅgūr}} ({{lang|mr|अंगूर}}) || {{IAST|Aṅgūr}} ({{lang|hi|अंगूर}}) || {{IAST|Drākśa}} ({{lang|mr|द्राक्ष}}) || Grapes
|}

The grammatical changes in Varhadi differing from standard Marathi & closer to Hindi are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Varhadi !! Hindi !! Standard Marathi !! English
|-
| {{IAST|Mī jā'un rāhilō}} ({{lang|mr|मी जाउन राहिलो}}) || {{IAST|Maiṁ jā rahā hūṁ}} ({{lang|hi|मैं जा रहा हूं}}) || {{IAST|Mī zātōy}} ({{lang|mr|मी जातोय}}) || I am going
|-
| {{IAST|Mī ālī}} ({{lang|mr|मी आली}}) || {{IAST|Maiṁ āyī}} ({{lang|hi|मैं आयी}}) || {{IAST|Mī ālē}} ({{lang|mr|मी आले}}) || I (feminine) came
|-
| {{IAST|Tuyāvālā pēn dē}} ({{lang|mr|तुयावाला पेन दे}}) || {{IAST|Apnā pēn dō}} ({{lang|hi|अपना पेन दो}}) ||{{IAST|Tuzhā pēn dē}} ({{lang|mr|तुझा पेन दे}}) || Give your pen
|-
| {{IAST|Pānī ghēūn ghē}} ({{lang|mr|पानी घेऊन घे}}) || {{IAST|Pānī lē lō}} ({{lang|hi|पानी ले लो}}) || {{IAST|Pānī ghē}} ({{lang|mr|पाणी घे}}) || (Please) Have water.
|}
Apart from this, there are many words & phrases indigenous to Varhadi i.e. common to neither standard Marathi nor Hindi. For instance, to give stress on a request or an order, the suffix {{IAST|zo}} ({{lang|mr|जो}}) (singular) or {{IAST|zā}} ({{lang|mr|जा}}) (plural) is used like "{{IAST|Mahya porichya lagnale ye za}} ({{lang|mr|माह्या पोरीच्या लग्नाले येजा}}) "Please attend my daughter’s wedding." Also, there are words & phrases maintained by Varhadi which were present in older Marathi (spoken 300 years ago or even prior to that) and have vanished from mainstream Marathi. E.g., in vocative case, {{IAST|abe}} ({{lang|mr|अबे}}) is said in Varhadi instead of ‘''are''’ ({{lang|mr|अरे}}) of standard Marathi. Another good example is the sentence construction of past continuous tense e.g. in Varhadi, it is said ‘''Tho bahut abhyas kare''" ({{lang|mr|थो बहूत अभ्यास करे}}) or "'To lay abhyas kare'" ({{lang|mr|तो लय अभ्यास करे}}) (He studied a lot) unlike "''To khup abhyas karaycha''" ({{lang|mr|तो खूप अभ्यास करायचा}}) of standard Marathi.

In most of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] (or even in [[Dravidian languages]], for that matter), Sanskritized words of standard language get simplified in spoken dialects. Exceptionally, Varhadi has a few [[Sanskrit]] ''[[tatsama]]'' words for whom the standard Marathi counterparts are modified words (''[[tadbhava]] shabda'') such as in eastern parts of Vidarbha, snake is called {{IAST|sarpa}} ({{lang|mr|सर्प}}) unlike {{IAST|sāp}} ({{lang|mr|साप}}) of standard Marathi.

The forms of Varhadi vary in different parts of Vidarbha and also, as per castes. The influence of Hindi increases as one moves towards Madhya Pradesh. E.g. in the parts adjacent to Madhya Pradesh, ‘''zana padte''’ ({{lang|mr|जानं पडते}}) (I have to go) is preferred over ‘''zaa lagte''’ ({{lang|mr|जा लागते}}), which is similar to Hindi ‘''jana padta hai''’ ({{lang|mr|जाना पडता है}}). Also, consonant ‘''cha''’ ({{lang|mr|च}}) (like in ''chook'' {{lang|mr|चूक}}), prevalent in Marathi but absent in Hindi, is often pronounced as ‘''cha''’ like in ''vachan'' ({{lang|mr|वचन}}). So, ''paach'' ({{lang|mr|पाच}}) (five) may be pronounced as ''paanch'' of Hindi.

In the areas closer to [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra and on the contrary, distant to Madhya Pradesh, Varhadi is influenced by dialects of adjacent parts of Marathwada. One can easily recognize a person from Pusad, Digras or Umarkhed taluka of [[Yavatmal]] district by his sentence of present continuous tense. Somebody from this area will say ‘''me mandirat zaylo''’ ({{lang|mr|मी मंदिरात जायलो}}) (I am going to visit a temple) instead of ‘''mee mandirat zaun rahilo''’ ({{lang|mr|मी मंदिरात जाऊन राहिलो}}) of other parts of Vidarbha. Similarly, the tone of speech in Chikhli, Mehkar, Deulgaonraja talukas of [[Buldana]] district is similar to that of nearby parts of Marathwada. If someone from this area speaks to a person from Nagpur or Wardha, the latter may get confused whether the former is from Vidarbha or Marathwada. Likewise, Khandeshi dialect spoken in parts of [[Jalgaon]] district adjacent to Vidarbha is too similar to be differentiated from Varhadi of [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]]- [[Shegaon]] belt of Buldana district. The perfect varhadi can be heard in Akola and Amravati district.

==See also==
*[[Nagpur]]
*[[Vidarbha]] [[Regions and Divisions of Maharashtra|region]] of [[Maharashtra]].
*[[Maharashtra#Language|Languages in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2010}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=vah}}
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/vah "Resources in and about the Varhadi-Nagpuri language"]
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Varhadi-50721.htm Varhadi at India9]
* [http://devplw.library.upenn.edu/cgi-bin/sdi/vbook/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Varhadi-Nagpuri%20dialect%20--%20Dictionaries Varhadi Language in Penn Libraries]
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Vidarbha]]
[[Category:Marathi language]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:13, 30 May 2022
Line 29:		Line 29:
	== Vocabulary and Grammar ==		== Vocabulary and Grammar ==

	Although all the dialects of Marathi are mutually intelligible to one another up to a great extent, each dialect can be distinctly identified by its unique characteristics. Likewise, Varhadi replaces the case endings ''la'' (ला) & ''na'' (ना) of standard Marathi with ''le'' (ले), a feature it shares with neighboring [[Khandeshi]] [[dialect]]. So, ''~~mala~~'' (मला) (to me) of standard Marathi becomes ''male'' (मले) while ''~~tyanna~~'' (त्यांना) (to them) becomes ''~~tyahile~~'' (~~त्याहिले~~) in Varhadi~~. Despite being a dialect of Marathi, the vocabulary as well as grammar of Varhadi is significantly influenced by [[Hindi]] due proximity of Vidarbha to [[Madhya Pradesh]]~~. The common examples of Hindi words in Varhadi which are different than standard Marathi are:		Although all the dialects of Marathi are mutually intelligible to one another up to a great extent, each dialect can be distinctly identified by its unique characteristics. Likewise, Varhadi replaces the case endings ''lā'' (ला) and ''nā'' (ना) of standard Marathi with ''le'' (ले), a feature it shares with neighboring [[Khandeshi]] [[dialect]]. So, ''malā'' (मला) (to me) of standard Marathi becomes ''male'' (मले) while ''tyānnā'' (त्यांना) (to them) becomes ''tyāle'' (त्याले) in Varhadi. The common examples of Hindi words in Varhadi which are different than standard Marathi are:

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
Line 35:		Line 35:
	! Varhadi !! Hindi !! Standard Marathi !! English		! Varhadi !! Hindi !! Standard Marathi !! English
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{IAST\|Sīdhā / ~~sārkā~~}} ({{lang\|mr\|सीधा/सरका}}) \|\| {{IAST\| Sīdhā}} ({{lang\|hi\|सीधा}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Saraḷ}} ({{lang\|mr\|सरळ}}) \|\| Straight		\| {{IAST\|Sīdhā / sarkā}} ({{lang\|mr\|सीधा/सरका}}) \|\| {{IAST\| Sīdhā}} ({{lang\|hi\|सीधा}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Saraḷ}} ({{lang\|mr\|सरळ}}) \|\| Straight
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{IAST\|Budā}} ({{lang\|mr\|बुडा}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Buddhā}} ({{lang\|hi\|बुढ्ढा}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Mhātārā}} ({{lang\|mr\|म्हातारा}}) \|\| Old man		\| {{IAST\|Budā}} ({{lang\|mr\|बुडा}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Buddhā}} ({{lang\|hi\|बुढ्ढा}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Mhātārā}} ({{lang\|mr\|म्हातारा}}) \|\| Old man
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{IAST\|Pagalā / ~~bhāitād~~}} ({{lang\|mr\|पगला/भैताड}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Pāgal}} ({{lang\|hi\|पागल}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Vedā}} ({{lang\|mr\|वेडा}}) \|\| ~~Mad~~		\| {{IAST\|Pagalā / bhaitād}} ({{lang\|mr\|पगला/भैताड}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Pāgal}} ({{lang\|hi\|पागल}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Vedā}} ({{lang\|mr\|वेडा}}) \|\| Stupid
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{IAST\|Aṅgūr}} ({{lang\|mr\|अंगूर}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Aṅgūr}} ({{lang\|hi\|अंगूर}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Drākśa}} ({{lang\|mr\|द्राक्ष}}) \|\| Grapes		\| {{IAST\|Aṅgūr}} ({{lang\|mr\|अंगूर}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Aṅgūr}} ({{lang\|hi\|अंगूर}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Drākśa}} ({{lang\|mr\|द्राक्ष}}) \|\| Grapes
Line 58:		Line 58:
	\| {{IAST\|Pānī ghēūn ghē}} ({{lang\|mr\|पानी घेऊन घे}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Pānī lē lō}} ({{lang\|hi\|पानी ले लो}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Pānī ghē}} ({{lang\|mr\|पाणी घे}}) \|\| (Please) Have water.		\| {{IAST\|Pānī ghēūn ghē}} ({{lang\|mr\|पानी घेऊन घे}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Pānī lē lō}} ({{lang\|hi\|पानी ले लो}}) \|\| {{IAST\|Pānī ghē}} ({{lang\|mr\|पाणी घे}}) \|\| (Please) Have water.
	\|}		\|}
	Apart from this, there are many words & phrases indigenous to Varhadi i.e. common to neither standard Marathi nor Hindi. For instance, to give stress on a request or an order, the suffix {{IAST\|zo}} ({{lang\|mr\|जो}}) (singular) or {{IAST\|zā}} ({{lang\|mr\|जा}}) (plural) is used like "{{IAST\|~~Mahya porichya lagnale~~ ye za}} ({{lang\|mr\|माह्या पोरीच्या लग्नाले येजा}}) "Please attend my daughter’s wedding." Also, there are words & phrases maintained by Varhadi which were present in older Marathi (spoken 300 years ago or even prior to that) and have vanished from mainstream Marathi. E.g., in vocative case, {{IAST\|abe}} ({{lang\|mr\|अबे}}) is said in Varhadi instead of ‘''are''’ ({{lang\|mr\|अरे}}) of standard Marathi. Another good example is the sentence construction of past continuous tense e.g. in Varhadi, it is said ‘''Tho bahut ~~abhyas~~ kare''" ({{lang\|mr\|थो बहूत अभ्यास करे}}) or "'To lay ~~abhyas~~ kare'" ({{lang\|mr\|तो लय अभ्यास करे}}) (He studied a lot) unlike "''To ~~khup abhyas karaycha~~''" ({{lang\|mr\|तो खूप अभ्यास करायचा}}) of standard Marathi.		Apart from this, there are many words & phrases indigenous to Varhadi i.e. common to neither standard Marathi nor Hindi. For instance, to give stress on a request or an order, the suffix {{IAST\|zo}} ({{lang\|mr\|जो}}) (singular) or {{IAST\|zā}} ({{lang\|mr\|जा}}) (plural) is used like "{{IAST\|Māhyā porīchyā lagnāle ye zā}} ({{lang\|mr\|माह्या पोरीच्या लग्नाले येजा}}) "Please attend my daughter’s wedding." Also, there are words & phrases maintained by Varhadi which were present in older Marathi (spoken 300 years ago or even prior to that) and have vanished from mainstream Marathi. E.g., in vocative case, {{IAST\|abe}} ({{lang\|mr\|अबे}}) is said in Varhadi instead of ‘''are''’ ({{lang\|mr\|अरे}}) of standard Marathi. Another good example is the sentence construction of past continuous tense e.g. in Varhadi, it is said ‘''Tho bahut abhyās kare''<nowiki/>' ({{lang\|mr\|थो बहूत अभ्यास करे}}) or '<nowiki/>''To lay abhyās kare''<nowiki/>' ({{lang\|mr\|तो लय अभ्यास करे}}) (He studied a lot) unlike '''To khūp abhyās karāychā''<nowiki/>' ({{lang\|mr\|तो खूप अभ्यास करायचा}}) of standard Marathi.

	In most of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] (or even in [[Dravidian languages]], for that matter), Sanskritized words of standard language get simplified in spoken dialects. Exceptionally, Varhadi has a few [[Sanskrit]] ''[[tatsama]]'' words for whom the standard Marathi counterparts are modified words (''[[tadbhava]] shabda'') such as in eastern parts of Vidarbha, snake is called {{IAST\|sarpa}} ({{lang\|mr\|सर्प}}) unlike {{IAST\|sāp}} ({{lang\|mr\|साप}}) of standard Marathi.		In most of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] (or even in [[Dravidian languages]], for that matter), Sanskritized words of standard language get simplified in spoken dialects. Exceptionally, Varhadi has a few [[Sanskrit]] ''[[tatsama]]'' words for whom the standard Marathi counterparts are modified words (''[[tadbhava]] shabda'') such as in eastern parts of Vidarbha, snake is called {{IAST\|sarpa}} ({{lang\|mr\|सर्प}}) unlike {{IAST\|sāp}} ({{lang\|mr\|साप}}) of standard Marathi.

	The forms of Varhadi vary in different parts of Vidarbha and also, as per castes. The ~~influence of Hindi~~ increases as one moves towards Madhya Pradesh. E.g. in the parts adjacent to Madhya Pradesh, ‘''~~zana~~ padte''’ ({{lang\|mr\|जानं पडते}}) (I have to go) is preferred over ‘''~~zaa lagte~~''’ ({{lang\|mr\|जा लागते}}), which is similar to Hindi ‘''~~jana padta~~ hai''’ ({{lang\|mr\|जाना पडता है}}). Also, consonant ‘''~~cha~~''~~’ ({{lang\|mr\|च}}) (like in~~ ''~~chook~~'' {{lang\|mr\|चूक}}), prevalent in Marathi but absent in Hindi, is often pronounced ~~as ‘~~''~~cha~~''~~’ like in~~ ''~~vachan~~'' ({{lang\|mr\|वचन}}). So, ''~~paach~~'' ({{lang\|mr\|पाच}}) (five) may be pronounced as ''~~paanch~~'' of Hindi.		The forms of Varhadi vary in different parts of Vidarbha and also, as per castes. The similarity to Central Indo Aryan languages increases as one moves towards Madhya Pradesh. E.g. in the parts adjacent to Madhya Pradesh, ‘''zāna padte''’ ({{lang\|mr\|जानं पडते}}) (I have to go) is preferred over ‘''zā lāgte''’ ({{lang\|mr\|जा लागते}}), which is similar to Hindi ‘''jānā padtā hai''’ ({{lang\|mr\|जाना पडता है}}). Also, consonant sound [[Voiceless alveolar affricate\|/t͡s/]] like in '''''ch'''ūk'' ({{lang\|mr\|चूक}}), prevalent in Marathi but absent in Hindi, is often pronounced [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate\|/t͡ʃ/]] like in ''va'''ch'''an'' ({{lang\|mr\|वचन}}). So, ''pāch/''{{lang\|mr\|पाच}} ([[Help:IPA/Marathi\|[paːt͡s]]]; five) may be pronounced as ''pānch''/पांच of Hindi.

	In the areas closer to [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra and on the contrary, distant to Madhya Pradesh, Varhadi is influenced by dialects of adjacent parts of Marathwada. One can easily recognize a person from Pusad, Digras or Umarkhed taluka of [[Yavatmal]] district by his sentence of present continuous tense. Somebody from this area will say ‘''~~me mandirat zaylo~~''’ ({{lang\|mr\|मी मंदिरात जायलो}}) (I am going to visit a temple) instead of ‘''~~mee mandirat zaun rahilo~~''’ ({{lang\|mr\|मी मंदिरात जाऊन राहिलो}}) of other parts of Vidarbha. Similarly, the tone of speech in Chikhli, Mehkar, Deulgaonraja talukas of [[~~Buldana~~]] ~~district~~ is similar to that of nearby parts of Marathwada. If someone from this area speaks to a person from Nagpur or Wardha, the latter may get confused whether the former is from Vidarbha or Marathwada. Likewise, Khandeshi dialect spoken in parts of [[Jalgaon]] district adjacent to Vidarbha is too similar to be differentiated from Varhadi of [[Malkapur, Buldhana\|Malkapur]]- [[Shegaon]] belt of Buldana district. The perfect varhadi can be heard in Akola and Amravati district.		In the areas closer to [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra and on the contrary, distant to Madhya Pradesh, Varhadi is influenced by dialects of adjacent parts of Marathwada. One can easily recognize a person from Pusad, Digras or Umarkhed taluka of [[Yavatmal]] district by his sentence of present continuous tense. Somebody from this area will say ‘''mī mandirāt zāylo''’ ({{lang\|mr\|मी मंदिरात जायलो}}) (I am going to visit a temple) instead of ‘''mī mandirāt zāun rāhilo''’ ({{lang\|mr\|मी मंदिरात जाऊन राहिलो}}) of other parts of Vidarbha. Similarly, the tone of speech in Chikhli, Mehkar and Deulgaonraja talukas of [[Buldhana district]] is similar to that of nearby parts of Marathwada. If someone from this area speaks to a person from Nagpur or Wardha, the latter may get confused whether the former is from Vidarbha or Marathwada. Likewise, Khandeshi dialect spoken in parts of [[Jalgaon]] district adjacent to Vidarbha is too similar to be differentiated from Varhadi of [[Malkapur, Buldhana\|Malkapur]]- [[Shegaon]] belt of Buldana district. The perfect varhadi can be heard in Akola and Amravati district.

	==See also==		==See also==