Ustad Ahmad Lahori - Revision history

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	\| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]		\| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
	\| native_name = ~~<~~!-- please don't add this [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]]--~~>~~		\| native_name = <!-- please don't add this [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]]-->
	\| signature = Ustad Ahmad Lahori seal.png		\| signature = Ustad Ahmad Lahori seal.png
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	'''[[Ustad]] Ahmad Lahori''' ({{Lit\|Master Ahmad of [[Lahore]]}}; {{circa}}1580–1649),~~<~~ref name=d~~>~~{{Cite book \|last1=Curl \|first1=James Stevens \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 \|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture \|last2=Wilson \|first2=Susan \|date=2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5 \|pages=11 \|language=en}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ also known as '''Ahmad Ma'mar Lahori''' ({{Lit\|Ahmad the Architect}}), was an architect and engineer of the [[Mughal Empire]] who served as the chief architect during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]]. He designed the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]] and was probably also responsible for the design of the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], along with Mir Abd-ul Karim and Makramat Khan. He is regarded as one of the greatest architects of the [[17th century\|17th-century]].~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Citation \|last=Curl \|first=James Stevens \|title=Ahmad, Ustad \|date=2006 \|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture \|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198606789.001.0001/acref-9780198606789-e-5245 \|access-date=2025-02-27 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|language=en \|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198606789.013.5245 \|isbn=978-0-19-860678-9 \|quote=Master Ahmad of Lahore, also known as Ahmad Mi'mar (Ahmad the Architect), became chief architect to Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–58). He is credited with the design of the huge Red Fort at Delhi (1639–48), and may have designed the Tâj Mahal (mausoleum of Arjumand Banu Begum, known as Mumtaz Mahal (d.1631) at Agra (1631–48 and later). If these and other attributions are correct, he was one of the greatest architects of C17.}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		'''[[Ustad]] Ahmad Lahori''' ({{Lit\|Master Ahmad of [[Lahore]]}}; {{circa}}1580–1649),<ref name=d>{{Cite book \|last1=Curl \|first1=James Stevens \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 \|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture \|last2=Wilson \|first2=Susan \|date=2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5 \|pages=11 \|language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Ahmad Ma'mar Lahori''' ({{Lit\|Ahmad the Architect}}), was an architect and engineer of the [[Mughal Empire]] who served as the chief architect during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]]. He designed the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]] and was probably also responsible for the design of the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], along with Mir Abd-ul Karim and Makramat Khan. He is regarded as one of the greatest architects of the [[17th century\|17th-century]].<ref>{{Citation \|last=Curl \|first=James Stevens \|title=Ahmad, Ustad \|date=2006 \|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture \|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198606789.001.0001/acref-9780198606789-e-5245 \|access-date=2025-02-27 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|language=en \|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198606789.013.5245 \|isbn=978-0-19-860678-9 \|quote=Master Ahmad of Lahore, also known as Ahmad Mi'mar (Ahmad the Architect), became chief architect to Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–58). He is credited with the design of the huge Red Fort at Delhi (1639–48), and may have designed the Tâj Mahal (mausoleum of Arjumand Banu Begum, known as Mumtaz Mahal (d.1631) at Agra (1631–48 and later). If these and other attributions are correct, he was one of the greatest architects of C17.}}</ref>

	He was also one of the leading architects responsible for the establishment of the imperial city of [[Old Delhi\|Shahjahanabad]]. His architecture is a combination of [[Indo-Islamic architecture\|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Persian architecture\|Persian]] architectural styles, and thus, a major instance of [[Indo-Persian culture]].		He was also one of the leading architects responsible for the establishment of the imperial city of [[Old Delhi\|Shahjahanabad]]. His architecture is a combination of [[Indo-Islamic architecture\|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Persian architecture\|Persian]] architectural styles, and thus, a major instance of [[Indo-Persian culture]].
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	== Life ==		== Life ==
	[[File:Ustad Ahmad Lahori's deposit of "Five Qasidas" in Kitab Khana Amrao.jpg\|thumb\|Ustad Ahmad Lahori's deposit of "Five Qasidas" in Kitab Khana Amrao]]		[[File:Ustad Ahmad Lahori's deposit of "Five Qasidas" in Kitab Khana Amrao.jpg\|thumb\|Ustad Ahmad Lahori's deposit of "Five Qasidas" in Kitab Khana Amrao]]
	Ahmad Lahori was from a family of [[Timurid Empire\|Timurid]] architects, originally from [[Herat]]. Ustad Ahmad Lahori hailed from the city of [[Lahore]] in [[Pakistan]], as his ''[[nisba (onomastics)\|nisba]]'' indicates.~~<~~ref~~>~~{{cite journal\| last=Balasubramaniam \|first=R. \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qjdEi89Q34kC&q=ahmad \|title=New insights on architects of Tāj\|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science\|volume= 44\| issue=3 \|date= 2009\|issn=2454-9991\|oclc=1398048453 \|publisher= National Institute of Sciences of India\|page=391\|via=[[University of California]] }}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ He has been described as an [[Persians in the Mughal Empire\|Indian of Iranian heritage]] and also as a [[Punjabis\|Punjabi]].~~<~~ref name="Janin"~~>~~{{cite book\|last1=Janin\|first1=Hunt\|title=The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003\|date=2006\|isbn=978-0786429042\|page=124\|publisher=McFarland \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&q=Ahmad+Lahori+Indian%7CPersian&pg=PA124\|access-date=17 November 2021}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book\|page=89\|oclc=85485369 \|last=Chopra \|first=Ravindra Mohan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyRuAAAAMAAJ \|title=Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through the Ages \|date=2005\|via=[[University of Michigan]] \|publisher=Iran Society \|language=en}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref~~>~~{{cite journal \| last=Srivastava \|first=Prof. R. P. \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g2FRAAAAYAAJ\|title=Patiala: Its Artistic and Cultural Significance\|location=London\|journal= The Sikh Courier\|oclc=265579842\|issn=0037-511X \|orig-year= \|volume= 10 \|issue=4 \|date= 1981\|via=[[University of Virginia]]\|publisher= Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain \|page= 16 \|quote=Nadir-ul-Asar Ahmad Mimar Lahori Shahjehani was also a Punjabi who designed the Taj Mahal of Agra.}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ Even after his family's migration to [[Delhi]], his family is still referred to by the epithet "Lahori".~~<~~ref~~>~~{{cite journal \|author=Kanwar, H. I. S\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn9CAAAAYAAJ&q= \|title= Ustad Ahmed Lahori \|journal= Islamic Culture\| volume=48 \|pages=11–32 \|editor1= [[Marmaduke William Pickthall\|Pickthall, Marmaduke William]] \|editor2= [[Muhammad Asad\|Asad, Muhammad]] \|date=1974 \|publisher=Islamic Culture Board\| ISSN=0021-1834}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ He was a skilled engineer who later in life was given the title of ''Nadir-ul-Asar'' ("wonder of the age") by [[Shah Jahan]].~~<~~ref name="s"~~>~~{{Cite book \|last=Necipoğlu \|first=Gülru \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 \|title=The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture \|date=1996-03-01 \|publisher=Getty Publications \|isbn=978-0-89236-335-3 \|language=en\|page=155}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ Two of his three sons,~~<~~ref~~>~~{{cite book \|editor-first=David \|editor-last=Pingree \|editor-link=David Pingree \|title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A \|volume=1 \|publisher=American Philosophical Society \|year=1970 \|page=39 \|url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ }}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ [[Ataullah Rashidi]] and [[Lutfullah Muhandis]], also became architects, as did some of his grandsons,~~<~~ref name="s" /~~>~~ [[Shah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi]] one among them.~~<~~ref~~>~~{{cite book \|first=Chanchal \|last=Dadlani \|chapter=Innovation, Appropriation, and Representation: Mughal Architectural Ornament in the Eighteenth Century \|editor1=Gülru Necipoglu \|editor2=Alina Payne \|title=Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local \|year=2016 \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691167282 \|page=183 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nACCwAAQBAJ }}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ Ahmad Lahori was learned also in the arts of [[geometry]], [[arithmetic]] and [[astronomy]], and according to his son Lutfullah was familiar with the [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements\|Elements]]'' and [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Almagest]]''.~~<~~ref name=s/~~>~~		Ahmad Lahori was from a family of [[Timurid Empire\|Timurid]] architects, originally from [[Herat]]. Ustad Ahmad Lahori hailed from the city of [[Lahore]] in [[Pakistan]], as his ''[[nisba (onomastics)\|nisba]]'' indicates.<ref>{{cite journal\| last=Balasubramaniam \|first=R. \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qjdEi89Q34kC&q=ahmad \|title=New insights on architects of Tāj\|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science\|volume= 44\| issue=3 \|date= 2009\|issn=2454-9991\|oclc=1398048453 \|publisher= National Institute of Sciences of India\|page=391\|via=[[University of California]] }}</ref> He has been described as an [[Persians in the Mughal Empire\|Indian of Iranian heritage]] and also as a [[Punjabis\|Punjabi]].<ref name="Janin">{{cite book\|last1=Janin\|first1=Hunt\|title=The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003\|date=2006\|isbn=978-0786429042\|page=124\|publisher=McFarland \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&q=Ahmad+Lahori+Indian%7CPersian&pg=PA124\|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|page=89\|oclc=85485369 \|last=Chopra \|first=Ravindra Mohan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyRuAAAAMAAJ \|title=Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through the Ages \|date=2005\|via=[[University of Michigan]] \|publisher=Iran Society \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last=Srivastava \|first=Prof. R. P. \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g2FRAAAAYAAJ\|title=Patiala: Its Artistic and Cultural Significance\|location=London\|journal= The Sikh Courier\|oclc=265579842\|issn=0037-511X \|orig-year= \|volume= 10 \|issue=4 \|date= 1981\|via=[[University of Virginia]]\|publisher= Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain \|page= 16 \|quote=Nadir-ul-Asar Ahmad Mimar Lahori Shahjehani was also a Punjabi who designed the Taj Mahal of Agra.}}</ref> Even after his family's migration to [[Delhi]], his family is still referred to by the epithet "Lahori".<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Kanwar, H. I. S\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn9CAAAAYAAJ&q= \|title= Ustad Ahmed Lahori \|journal= Islamic Culture\| volume=48 \|pages=11–32 \|editor1= [[Marmaduke William Pickthall\|Pickthall, Marmaduke William]] \|editor2= [[Muhammad Asad\|Asad, Muhammad]] \|date=1974 \|publisher=Islamic Culture Board\| ISSN=0021-1834}}</ref> He was a skilled engineer who later in life was given the title of ''Nadir-ul-Asar'' ("wonder of the age") by [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="s">{{Cite book \|last=Necipoğlu \|first=Gülru \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 \|title=The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture \|date=1996-03-01 \|publisher=Getty Publications \|isbn=978-0-89236-335-3 \|language=en\|page=155}}</ref> Two of his three sons,<ref>{{cite book \|editor-first=David \|editor-last=Pingree \|editor-link=David Pingree \|title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A \|volume=1 \|publisher=American Philosophical Society \|year=1970 \|page=39 \|url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ }}</ref> [[Ataullah Rashidi]] and [[Lutfullah Muhandis]], also became architects, as did some of his grandsons,<ref name="s" /> [[Shah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi]] one among them.<ref>{{cite book \|first=Chanchal \|last=Dadlani \|chapter=Innovation, Appropriation, and Representation: Mughal Architectural Ornament in the Eighteenth Century \|editor1=Gülru Necipoglu \|editor2=Alina Payne \|title=Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local \|year=2016 \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691167282 \|page=183 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nACCwAAQBAJ }}</ref> Ahmad Lahori was learned also in the arts of [[geometry]], [[arithmetic]] and [[astronomy]], and according to his son Lutfullah was familiar with the [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements\|Elements]]'' and [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Almagest]]''.<ref name=s/>

	==Career==		==Career==
	In 1631, Shah Jahan appointed him for the construction of [[Taj Mahal]]. The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by Ahmad Lahori. The project took twelve years to manifest into reality.~~<~~ref name=i~~>~~{{Cite book \|last=Khan (Arshi) \|first=I. N. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teHRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT38 \|title=BLACK TAJ MAHAL: The Emperor's Missing Tomb \|date=2015-08-28 \|publisher=Black Taj Project \|isbn=978-81-927479-0-3 \|language=en\|page=38}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ Afterwards, he was relocated to Delhi where the emperor commissioned him for the construction of the new imperial city, [[Shahjahanabad]]'','' in 1639.~~<~~ref name=i/~~>~~ The building of the city, including the [[Red Fort]], was complete by 1648.		In 1631, Shah Jahan appointed him for the construction of [[Taj Mahal]]. The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by Ahmad Lahori. The project took twelve years to manifest into reality.<ref name=i>{{Cite book \|last=Khan (Arshi) \|first=I. N. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teHRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT38 \|title=BLACK TAJ MAHAL: The Emperor's Missing Tomb \|date=2015-08-28 \|publisher=Black Taj Project \|isbn=978-81-927479-0-3 \|language=en\|page=38}}</ref> Afterwards, he was relocated to Delhi where the emperor commissioned him for the construction of the new imperial city, [[Shahjahanabad]]'','' in 1639.<ref name=i/> The building of the city, including the [[Red Fort]], was complete by 1648.

	In writings by Lahori's son, Lutfullah Muhandis, two architects are mentioned by name: Ustad Ahmad Lahori~~<~~ref name="unesco"~~>~~[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/ Taj Mahal Description and Profile (Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor)] UNESCO.org website, Retrieved 17 November 2021~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref name="B65"~~>~~Begley and Desai (1989), p.65~~<~~/ref~~>~~ and Mir Abd-ul Karim.~~<~~ref name="A212"~~>~~Asher, p.212~~<~~/ref~~>~~ Ustad Ahmad Lahori laid the foundations of the Red Fort at Delhi, which was built between 1638 and 1648. Mir Abd-ul Karim counted as the favourite architect of the previous emperor, [[Jahangir]], and is mentioned as a supervisor, together with Makramat Khan, for the construction of the Taj Mahal.~~<~~ref name="A212" /~~>~~		In writings by Lahori's son, Lutfullah Muhandis, two architects are mentioned by name: Ustad Ahmad Lahori<ref name="unesco">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/ Taj Mahal Description and Profile (Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor)] UNESCO.org website, Retrieved 17 November 2021</ref><ref name="B65">Begley and Desai (1989), p.65</ref> and Mir Abd-ul Karim.<ref name="A212">Asher, p.212</ref> Ustad Ahmad Lahori laid the foundations of the Red Fort at Delhi, which was built between 1638 and 1648. Mir Abd-ul Karim counted as the favourite architect of the previous emperor, [[Jahangir]], and is mentioned as a supervisor, together with Makramat Khan, for the construction of the Taj Mahal.<ref name="A212" />

	~~<~~gallery heights="180" mode="packed" perrow="5" caption="Ahmad Lahori's major works"~~>~~		<gallery heights="180" mode="packed" perrow="5" caption="Ahmad Lahori's major works">
	File:Delhi fort.jpg\|[[Red Fort]]'s [[Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi\|Lahori Gate]] in Delhi		File:Delhi fort.jpg\|[[Red Fort]]'s [[Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi\|Lahori Gate]] in Delhi
	File:Covered market past the Lahore gate entrance in Red Fort.jpg\|Covered bazaar in [[Old Delhi]]		File:Covered market past the Lahore gate entrance in Red Fort.jpg\|Covered bazaar in [[Old Delhi]]
	~~<~~/gallery~~>~~		</gallery>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	~~<~~references group="lower-alpha" /~~>~~		<references group="lower-alpha" />
	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2018}}		{{Short description\|great iranin architect}}{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2018}}
	{{Infobox architect		{{Infobox architect
	\| name = Ahmad Lahori <br/>		\| name = Ahmad Lahori <br/>
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	\| awards =		\| awards =
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	'''Ustad Ahmad Lahori''' was an architect in South Asia during [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book\|authors=Hugh Honour, John Fleming\|title=A World History of Art\|publisher=Laurence King Publishing\|year=2005\|isbn=978-1856694513\|page=541\|quote=a Persian who later ....}}</ref><ref name="Janin">{{cite book\|last1=Janin\|first1=Hunt\|title=The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003\|date=2006\|isbn=978-0786429042\|page=124\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&q=Ahmad+Lahori+Indian%7CPersian&pg=PA124\|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> It is said that he was the chief architect of the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], [[India]], built between 1632 and 1648 during the ruling period of [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. Its architecture, being a combination of [[Indo-Islamic architecture\|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Mughal architecture\|Mughal]] architectural styles, is widely praised around the world and Taj Mahal is considered to be one of the [[New7Wonders of the World\|Wonders of the World]].		'''Ustad Ahmad Lahori''' was an Iranian (Persian) architect in South Asia during [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book\|authors=Hugh Honour, John Fleming\|title=A World History of Art\|publisher=Laurence King Publishing\|year=2005\|isbn=978-1856694513\|page=541\|quote=a Persian who later ....}}</ref><ref name="Janin">{{cite book\|last1=Janin\|first1=Hunt\|title=The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003\|date=2006\|isbn=978-0786429042\|page=124\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&q=Ahmad+Lahori+Indian%7CPersian&pg=PA124\|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> It is said that he was the chief architect of the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], [[India]], built between 1632 and 1648 during the ruling period of [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. Its architecture, being a combination of [[Indo-Islamic architecture\|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Mughal architecture\|Mughal]] architectural styles, is widely praised around the world and Taj Mahal is considered to be one of the [[New7Wonders of the World\|Wonders of the World]].

	== Life ==		== Life ==

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Ahmad Lahori <br/>
| image =
| image_size = 
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place = [[Mughal India]]
| nationality =
| alma_mater =
| significant_projects =
| significant_design =
| awards =
}}
'''Ustad Ahmad Lahori''' was an architect in South Asia during [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|authors=Hugh Honour, John Fleming|title=A World History of Art|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-1856694513|page=541|quote=a Persian who later ....}}</ref><ref name="Janin">{{cite book|last1=Janin|first1=Hunt|title=The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003|date=2006|isbn=978-0786429042|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&q=Ahmad+Lahori+Indian%7CPersian&pg=PA124|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> It is said that he was the chief architect of the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], [[India]], built between 1632 and 1648 during the ruling period of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. Its architecture, being a combination of [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architectural styles, is widely praised around the world and Taj Mahal is considered to be one of the [[New7Wonders of the World|Wonders of the World]].

== Life ==
[[File:Edwin Lord Weeks - The Taj Mahal - Walters 37316.jpg|thumb|Ahmad Lahori is believed to have been the main architect of the [[Taj Mahal]].|329x329px]]
As his name indicated, Ustad Ahmad originally hailed from Lahore.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qjdEi89Q34kC&q=ahmad |title= Indian Journal of History of Science, Volume 44, Issues 1-3 |date= 2009 |publisher= National Institute of Sciences of India }}</ref>

[[Shah Jahan]]'s court histories emphasize his personal involvement in the construction and it is true that, more than any other Mughal emperor, he showed the greatest interest in building new magnificent buildings, holding daily meetings with his architects and supervisors. The court chronicler Lahori, writes that Shah Jahan would make "appropriate alterations to whatever the skillful architects had designed after considerable thought and would ask the architects competent questions."<ref name="K89">Koch, p.89</ref>

In writings by Lahori's son, Lutfullah Muhandis, two architects are mentioned by name; Ustad Ahmad Lahori<ref name="unesco">[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/252.pdf UNESCO advisory body evaluation], Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor, Retrieved 9 May 2016</ref><ref name="B65">Begley and Desai (1989), p.65</ref> and ''Mir Abd-ul Karim''.<ref name="A212">Asher, p.212</ref> Ustad Ahmad Lahori had laid the foundations of the [[Delhi Fort|Red Fort]] at Delhi (built between 1638 and 1648). Mir Abd-ul Karim had been the favourite architect of the previous emperor [[Jahangir]] and is mentioned as a supervisor, together with ''Makramat Khan'',<ref name="A212" /> for the construction of the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref name="CHS">{{cite web| url =http://constructionhistory.bosenet.com/uploadfiles/chs_newsletter_63.pdf_1.pdf| title =Construction history society newsletter| access-date =2007-07-23| last =Dunkeld| first =Malcolm (Ed)| date =June 2007| publisher =Chartered Institute of Building| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223856/http://constructionhistory.bosenet.com/uploadfiles/chs_newsletter_63.pdf_1.pdf| archive-date =2007-09-27| url-status =dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ustad Isa]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

*{{cite book| last = Asher | first = Catherine Ella Blanshard | title = [[The New Cambridge History of India]], Vol I:4 - Architecture of Mughal India | type = Hardback | edition = First published 1992, reprinted 2001,2003 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-26728-5 | pages =368| year = 1992 | orig-year = 2003 }}
*{{cite journal | last = Begley | first = Wayne |date= March 1979 | title = The myth of the Taj-Mahal and a new theory of its symbolic meaning | journal = Art Bulletin | volume = 61| issue = 1
| pages = 7–37| doi = 10.2307/3049862| publisher = The Art Bulletin, Vol. 61, No. 1| jstor = 3049862 }}
*{{cite book| last = Begley | first = Wayne E. |author2=Desai, Z.A. | title = Taj Mahal - The Illumined Tomb| type = Hardback | publisher = University of Washington Press | isbn = 978-0-295-96944-2 | pages =392| year = 1989 | orig-year = 1989 }}
*{{cite web| url = http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688| title = Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan| access-date = 2007-07-24| last = Begley| first = Wayne E.| editor = Grabar, Oleg| year = 1983| format = pdf| work = Muqarnas Volume I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture| publisher = Yale University Press (Newhaven)| pages = 167–180| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060612235144/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688| archive-date = 2006-06-12| url-status = dead}}
*{{cite book | last = Koch | first = Ebba | author-link = Ebba Koch | title = The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra | url = https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 | url-access = registration | type = Hardback | edition = First | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd | isbn = 0-500-34209-1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 288 pages] | year = 2006 | orig-year = Aug 2006 }}
{{col-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahauri, Ahmad, Ustad}}
[[Category:Mughal architecture]]
[[Category:Taj Mahal]]
[[Category:17th-century architecture]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire people]]