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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Poetry}}~~
	*[[Urdu Ghazal]]		*[[Urdu Ghazal]]
	*[[Bait bazi\|Bait Bazi]], a game using Urdu poetry		*[[Bait bazi\|Bait Bazi]], a game using Urdu poetry

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	{{Short description\|Tradition of poetry}}		{{Short description\|Tradition of poetry}}
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	[[File:Mir Taqi Mir 1786.jpg\|thumb\|[[Mir Taqi Mir]], an Urdu poet of the 18th century [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal India]]]]		[[File:Mir Taqi Mir 1786.jpg\|thumb\|[[Mir Taqi Mir]], an Urdu poet of the 18th century [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal India]]]]
	'''Urdu poetry''' ({{lang-ur\|{{Nastaliq\|اُردُو شاعرى}}}} {{transl\|ur\|ALA-LC\|''Urdū S̱ẖāʿirī''}}) is a rich tradition of poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is an important part of the cultures of [[South Asia]]. According to Naseer Turabi there are five major poets of Urdu which are [[Mir Taqi Mir]] (d.1810), [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Mir Anees]], [[Muhammad Iqbal#Urdu\|Allama Iqbal]] and [[Josh Malihabadi]] (d.1982). The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the [[British Raj]], and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Paul R. Brass\|title=Language, religion and politics in North India\|date=2005\|publisher=IUniverse\|location=Lincoln, Neb. \|isbn=978-0-595-34394-2}}</ref> Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is cherished in both the nations. Both the [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]] from across the border continue the tradition.		'''Urdu poetry''' ({{lang-ur\|{{Nastaliq\|اُردُو شاعرى}}}} {{transl\|ur\|ALA-LC\|''Urdū S̱ẖāʿirī''}}) is a rich tradition of poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is an important part of the cultures of [[South Asia]]. According to Naseer Turabi there are five major poets of Urdu which are [[Mir Taqi Mir]] (d.1810), [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Mir Anees]], [[Muhammad Iqbal#Urdu\|Allama Iqbal]] and [[Josh Malihabadi]] (d.1982). The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the [[British Raj]], and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Paul R. Brass\|title=Language, religion and politics in North India\|date=2005\|publisher=IUniverse\|location=Lincoln, Neb. \|isbn=978-0-595-34394-2}}</ref> Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is cherished in both the nations. Both the [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]] from across the border continue the tradition.

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2021-07-30T10:48:35Z

Formation

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{{Short description|Tradition of poetry}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
[[File:Mir Taqi Mir 1786.jpg|thumb|[[Mir Taqi Mir]], an Urdu poet of the 18th century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]]]
'''Urdu poetry''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|اُردُو شاعرى}}}} {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''Urdū S̱ẖāʿirī''}}) is a rich tradition of poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is an important part of the cultures of [[South Asia]]. According to Naseer Turabi there are five major poets of Urdu which are [[Mir Taqi Mir]] (d.1810), [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Mir Anees]], [[Muhammad Iqbal#Urdu|Allama Iqbal]] and [[Josh Malihabadi]] (d.1982). The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the [[British Raj]], and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul R. Brass|title=Language, religion and politics in North India|date=2005|publisher=IUniverse|location=Lincoln, Neb. |isbn=978-0-595-34394-2}}</ref> Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is cherished in both the nations. Both the [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]] from across the border continue the tradition.

It is fundamentally performative poetry and its recital, sometimes impromptu, is held in [[Mushaira]]s (poetic expositions). Although its tarannum saaz (singing aspect) has undergone major changes in recent decades, its popularity among the masses remains unaltered. [[Mushaira]]s are today held in metropolitan areas worldwide because of the cultural influence of South Asian diaspora. [[Urdu Ghazal|Ghazal]] singing and [[Qawwali]] are also important expository forms of Urdu poetry.

==Forms==
The principal forms of Urdu poetry are:<ref name="introduction">{{cite book|title=A History of Urdu Literature |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/bailey/000introduction.pdf |first=Thomas Grahame |last=Bailey |orig-year=1932 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-547518-0 |publisher=Association Press (Y.M.C.A.) |access-date=15 July 2012 }}</ref>
*[[Urdu Ghazal|'''Ghazal''' غزل]],s a set of two liner couplets, which strictly should end with the same rhyme and should be within one of the predefined meters of ghazals. There has to be a minimum of five couplets to form a ghazal. Couplets may or may not have the same thought. It is one of the most difficult forms of poetry as there are many strict parameters that one needs to abide by while writing ghazal. It is important to think about the topic as well as the theme of a ghazal before starting to write it. The first line of a ghazal must include a refrain, which is a word or a phrase that can be easily fitted into the other couplets. Each couplet of a ghazal is known as Sher (شعر ). The first Sher is called [[Matla|Matla' (مطلع )]]. The last Sher is called [[Maqta|Maqta' (مقطع )]], but only if the poet uses his "[[Takhallus|Takhalus (تخلص )]]".
*[[Hamd|'''Hamd''' حمّد]] is a poem in praise of [[Allah]]. The word "hamd" is derived from the [[Qur'an]], its [[English language|English]] translation is "Praise".
*[[Manqabat|'''Manqabat'''مُنقبت]] is a [[Sufi]] devotional poem, in praise of [[Ali]] ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law of [[Muhammad]], or of any Sufi saint.
*[[Marsiya|'''Marsiya''' مرثیہ]] is an [[elegy]] typically composed about the death of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]], [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husain]], or their relatives. Each stanza has six lines, with the [[rhyme scheme]] AAAABB.<ref name="introduction"/> The famous marsia writers who inherited the tradition of Mir Anis among his successive generations are Mir Nawab Ali 'Munis', Dulaha Sahab 'Uruj', Syed Mohammed Mohsin (Jaunpuri), Mustafa Meerza urf Piyare Sahab 'Rasheed', Syed Muhammad Mirza Uns, Ali Nawab 'Qadeem', Syed Sajjad Hussain "Shadeed" Lucknavi, Allama, Dr.Syed Ali Imam Zaidi, "Gauher" Luckhnavi the great-grandson of Mir Babber Ali Anis, Syed Karrar Hyder (Jaunpuri) and Syed Yadullah Haider (son of Syed Karrar Hyder).
*[[Mathnawi (poetic form)|'''Masnavi''' مثنوی]] is a poem written in [[couplet]]s in [[Bacchius|bacchic]] [[tetrameter]] with an [[Iamb (foot)|iambus]] for last foot. The topic is often romance.<ref name="introduction"/> [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda|Sauda]] wrote some of this kind. The Religious Masnavi History of Islam (Tarikh-e-Islam Az Quran) written by Dr Syed Ali Imam Zaidi Gauher Lucknavi.
*[[Na`at|'''Na`at''' نعت]] is a [[poetry]] that specifically praises the [[Mohammed|Islamic prophet Muhammad]].
*'''[[Nazm]]''' نظم is the basic type of Urdu poetry. It can be written on any topic, and so a large number of Nazm exist. From Nazeer Akbarabadi, [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]], Josh, [[Firaq]], Akhtarul Iman to down the line [[Noon Meem Rashid]], [[Faiz]], [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] and [[Kaifi Azmi]], Urdu poets have covered common life, philosophical thinking, national issues and the precarious predicament of an individual human being. As a distinct form of [[Nazm]] many [[Urdu]] poets influenced by English and other European poets took to writing sonnets in the Urdu language.<ref>''Encyclopedic dictionary of Urdu literature'' [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8182201918 p. 565]</ref> Azmatullah Khan (1887–1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu Literature.<ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' (Volume Five) [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8126012218 p. 4146]</ref> The other renowned Urdu poets who wrote sonnets were Akhtar Junagarhi, [[Akhtar Sheerani]], [[Noon Meem Rashid]], [[Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi|Zia Fatehabadi]], [[Salaam Machhalishahari]] and [[Wazir Agha]].
*'''[[Qasida]]'''قصیدہ, usually an [[ode]] to a benefactor, a [[satire]], or an account of an event. It uses the same rhyme system as the ghazal, but is usually longer.<ref name="introduction"/>
*'''[[Ruba'i]]''' رُباعی, is a poetry style, the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term for "[[quatrain]]". The plural form of the word, ''rubāʿiyāt'', often anglicised ''rubaiyat'', is used to describe a collection of such quatrains.
*'''[[Tazkira (disambiguation)|Tazkira]]'''تذکرہ is a [[biographical]] [[anthology]] of [[poetry]].<ref name="introduction"/>

===Collection forms===
The principal collection forms of Urdu poetry are:<ref name="introduction"/>
*'''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]]''', a collection of ghazals.<ref name="introduction"/>
*'''[[Kulliyat]]''', a complete collection of poems by one author.<ref name="introduction"/>

==Formation==
Urdu poetry forms itself with following basic ingredients:

* Bait (بیت)
* Bait-ul-Ghazal (بیت الغزل)
* [[Beher (poetry)|Beher]] (بحر)
* [[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]] (دیوان)
* Husn-E-Matla (حسنِ مطلع)
* [[Kalam]] (کلام)
* Kulyat (کلیات)
* [[Maqta]] (مقطع)
* [[Matla]] (مطلع)
* [[Mavra (poetry)|Mavra]] (ماوراء)
* [[Shayari|Misra]] (مصرع)
* [[Mushaira]] (مشاعرہ)
* [[Qaafiyaa]] (قافیہ)
* [[Radif]] (ردیف)
* [[Shayari|Sher]] (شعر)
* [[Shayar (poet)|Shayar]] (شاعر)
* [[Shayari|Tah-Tul-Lafz]] (تحت اللفظ)
* [[Takhallus]] (تخلص)
* [[Shayari|Tarannum]] (ترنم)
* [[Triveni (poetry)|Triveni]] (تریوینی)

==Genres==
The major genres of poetry found in Urdu are:

* ''[[Doha (poetry)|Doha]]'' (دوہا)
* ''[[Shayari|Fard]]'' (فرد)
* ''[[Shayari|Geet]]'' (گیت)
* ''[[Urdu Ghazal|Ghazal]]'' (غزل), as practiced by many poets in the Arab tradition. [[Mir Taqi Mir|Mir]], [[Ghalib]], [[Nawab Mirza Khan Dagh|Dagh]] are well-known composers of ''ghazal''.
* ''[[Hamd]]'' (حمد)
* ''[[Shayari|Hazal]]'' (ہزل)
* ''[[Shayari|Hijv]]'' (ہجو)
* ''[[Kafi]]'' (کافی)
* ''[[Madah]]'' (مدح)
* ''[[Manqabat]] '' (منقبت)
* ''[[Marsia]]'' (مرثیہ)
* ''[[Masnavi (poetic form)|Masnavi]]'' (مثنوی)
* ''[[Shayari|Munajat]]'' (مناجات)
* ''[[Musaddas]]'' (مسدس)
* ''[[Mukhammas]]'' (مخمس)
* ''[[Na`at]]'' (نعت)
* ''[[Nazm]]'' (نظم)
* ''[[Noha]]'' (نوحہ)
* ''[[Qasida]]'' (قصیدہ)
* ''[[Shayari|Qat'ã]]'' (قطعہ)
* ''[[Qawwali]]'' (قوالی)
* ''[[Ruba'i|Rubai]]'' (رباعی) (a.k.a. Rubayyat or Rubaiyat) (رباعیات)
* ''[[wikt:salaam|Salam]]'' (سلام)
* ''[[Sehra (poetry)|Sehra]]'' (سہرا)
* ''[[Shayari|Shehr a'ashob]]'' (شہر آشوب)
* ''[[Soaz|Soz]]'' (سوز)
* ''[[Shayari|Wasokht]]'' (وسوخت)

==Pen names==
{{further|Takhallus}}
In the Urdu poetic tradition, most poets use a [[pen name]] called the ''[[Takhallus]]'' (تخلص). This can be either a part of a poet's given name or something else adopted as an identity. The traditional convention in identifying Urdu poets is to mention the takhallus at the end of the name.
The word ''takhallus''<ref>[http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/history_literature.php A Brief History of Persian Literature], by the Iran Chamber Society.</ref> is derived from Arabic, meaning "ending". This is because in the Ghazal form, the poet would usually incorporate his or her pen name into the final couplet (شعر) ([[maqta]]) of each poem.

==Scripts used in poetry==
In [[Pakistan]] and Deccan region of [[India]], Urdu poetry is written in the standard [[Nastaliq script|Nasta'liq calligraphy style]] of the [[Perso-Arabic script]]. However, in north India, where Urdu poetry is very popular, the [[Perso-Arabic]] is often found transliterated into the [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī script]], as an aid for those [[Hindī]]-speakers, who can comprehend Urdu, but cannot read the [[Perso-Arabic script]]. With the dawn of the internet and globalization, this poetry is often found written in [[Roman Urdu]] as well as in [[Hindi script]].

===Example of Urdu ghazal===
The following is a verse from an Urdu [[ghazal]] by [[Khwaja Mir Dard|Syed Khwaja Mir Dard]]:

[[Urdu]]:

:{{Nastaliq|دوستو دیکھا تماشا یہاں کا بس}}
:{{Nastaliq|تم رہو اب ہم تو اپنے گھر چلے}}

[[Roman Urdu]]:
:''dosto dekhā tamāśhā yaāhaN kā bas.''
:''tum raho ab hum to apne ghar chale''

[[English language|English translation]]:
:Friends, I've seen the spectacle of this place – enough!
:You stay here; I'm heading home.

==See also==
{{Portal|Poetry}}
*[[Urdu Ghazal]]
*[[Bait bazi|Bait Bazi]], a game using Urdu poetry
*[[Chaar Bayt|Chaar bayt]] a folk art of singing
*[[List of Urdu-language poets|List of Urdu poets]]
*[[Persian and Urdu]]
*[[Progressive Writers' Movement]]
*[[Rekhta]]
*[[Shahr Ashob]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Urdu poetry}}
{{Poetry of different cultures and languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Poetry}}
[[Category:Urdu-language poetry| ]]
[[Category:Pakistani literature]]
[[Category:Indian poetics]]
[[Category:Poetry by nation or language]]
[[Category:Pakistani poetics]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]

Urdu poetry - Revision history

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