Urban planning - Revision history

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2022-06-23T05:36:15Z

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Dhaneesh Ram at 16:20, 18 March 2022

2022-03-18T16:20:46Z

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	*Knox, P. L. (2020) Better by Design?: Architecture, Urban Planning, and the Good City. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/better-by-design		*Knox, P. L. (2020) Better by Design?: Architecture, Urban Planning, and the Good City. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/better-by-design
	* {{cite Q\|Q18606907}}<!-- s:Old Towns and New Needs; also the Town Extension Plan -->		* {{cite Q\|Q18606907}}<!-- s:Old Towns and New Needs; also the Town Extension Plan -->


			==External links==
			{{sisterlinks\|d=Q69883\|b=no\|wikt=no\|s=no\|q=no\|n=no\|v=Portal:Urban studies and planning\|m=no\|mw=no\|c=Category:Urban studies and planning\|species=no\|voy=no}}
			*{{Curlie\|Science/Social_Sciences/Urban_and_Regional_Planning/Directories/}}
			*[https://www.planning.org/ American Planning Association]

			=== Library guides for urban planning ===
			* {{cite web \|url=http://libguides.asu.edu/content.php?pid=225968&sid=1871515 \|title= Urban Planning Resources \|work=Research Guides \|author=Libraries \|publisher=[[Arizona State University]] \|location=USA}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://guides.library.ucla.edu/cat.php?cid=9712 \|title=Urban Planning \|work=Research Guides \|author=Library \|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] \|access-date=21 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330141343/http://guides.library.ucla.edu/cat.php?cid=9712 \|archive-date=30 March 2014 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/avery/urban_planning.html \|title=Urban Planning \|work=Research Guides \|author=Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library \|author-link=Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library \|location=New York \|publisher=Columbia University \|access-date=21 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124615/http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/avery/urban_planning.html \|archive-date=2 April 2015 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://libguides.gatech.edu/urbanpubpol\|author=Library \|publisher=[[Georgia Institute of Technology\|Georgia Tech]] \|work=Research Guides \|title=Urban & Regional Policy \|location=USA}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://guides.library.harvard.edu/content.php?pid=193778 \|title=Urban Planning and Design \|work=Research Guides \|author=Harvard University Graduate School of Design \|author-link=Harvard University Graduate School of Design \|publisher=Harvard Library \|location=Massachusetts}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://libguides.library.hunter.cuny.edu/uap?hs=a \|title=Urban Affairs & Planning \|work=Topic Guides \|author=Hunter College Libraries \|publisher=[[CUNY Hunter College]] \|location=New York City \|access-date=21 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222173824/http://libguides.library.hunter.cuny.edu/uap?hs=a \|archive-date=22 February 2014 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://uiuc.libguides.com/cat.php?cid=7062 \|title=City Planning \|work=LibGuides \|author=University Library \|publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://libguides.mit.edu/urban \|title=Urban Studies & Planning \|work=Research Guides \|author= MIT Libraries \|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://guides.lib.umich.edu/content.php?pid=32580 \|publisher=University of Michigan \|work=Research Guides \|title=Urban & Regional Planning \|location=USA}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://guides.library.pdx.edu/usp?hs=a \|title=Urban Studies & Planning \|work=Research Guides \|author=Library \|publisher=[[Portland State University]] \|location=Oregon, USA \|access-date=21 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140036/http://guides.library.pdx.edu/usp?hs=a \|archive-date=2 April 2015 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all}}
			{{Clear}}

			{{Land-use planning\|selected=branches}}
			{{Land use}}
			{{Social sciences}}
			{{Authority control}}

			[[Category:Urban planning\| ]]

Dhaneesh Ram at 16:20, 18 March 2022

2022-03-18T16:20:22Z

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			==Further reading==
			* {{Cite encyclopedia \|last1=Pennington \|first1= Mark\|author-link1= Mark Pennington \|editor-first=Ronald \|editor-last=Hamowy \|editor-link=Ronald Hamowy \|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism \|title= Urban planning \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC \|doi= 10.4135/9781412965811.n316 \|year=2008 \|publisher= [[SAGE Publications\|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] \|location= Thousand Oaks, CA \|isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4 \|oclc=750831024\| lccn = 2008009151 \|pages=517–18 }}
			*Knox, P. L. (2020) Better by Design?: Architecture, Urban Planning, and the Good City. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/better-by-design
			* {{cite Q\|Q18606907}}<!-- s:Old Towns and New Needs; also the Town Extension Plan -->

Dhaneesh Ram at 16:19, 18 March 2022

2022-03-18T16:19:53Z

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	* [[Stroad]]		* [[Stroad]]
	{{div col end}}		{{div col end}}

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

Dhaneesh Ram at 16:19, 18 March 2022

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	The widely adopted consensus-building model of planning, which seeks to accommodate different preferences within the community has been criticized for being based upon, rather than challenging, the power structures of the community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last1=McAuliffe\|first1=Cameron\|last2=Rogers\|first2=Dallas\|date=March 2019\|title=The politics of value in urban development: Valuing conflict in agonistic pluralism\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095219831381\|journal=Planning Theory\|volume=18\|issue=3\|pages=300–318\|doi=10.1177/1473095219831381\|s2cid=150714892\|issn=1473-0952}}</ref> Instead, [[agonism]] has been proposed as a framework for urban planning decision-making.<ref name=":0" />		The widely adopted consensus-building model of planning, which seeks to accommodate different preferences within the community has been criticized for being based upon, rather than challenging, the power structures of the community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last1=McAuliffe\|first1=Cameron\|last2=Rogers\|first2=Dallas\|date=March 2019\|title=The politics of value in urban development: Valuing conflict in agonistic pluralism\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095219831381\|journal=Planning Theory\|volume=18\|issue=3\|pages=300–318\|doi=10.1177/1473095219831381\|s2cid=150714892\|issn=1473-0952}}</ref> Instead, [[agonism]] has been proposed as a framework for urban planning decision-making.<ref name=":0" />



			==See also==
			{{portal\|Architecture}}
			{{div col\|colwidth=25em}}
			* [[Air pollution]]
			* [[Bicycle-friendly]]
			* [[Circulation plan]]ning
			* [[Cycling infrastructure]]
			* [[Development studies]]
			* [[Stay-at-home order\|Domestic travel restrictions]]
			* [[Elbow roomers]]
			* [[Epidemiology]]
			* [[Index of urban planning articles]]
			* [[Land recycling]]
			* [[List of planned cities]]
			* [[List of planning journals]]
			* [[List of urban planners]]
			* [[List of urban theorists]]
			* [[Low emission zone]]
			* [[Noise pollution]]
			* [[Planning cultures]]
			* [[Regional planning]]
			* [[Road traffic safety]]
			* [[Rural development]]
			* [[Smart city]]
			* [[Universal design]]
			* [[Urban density]]
			* [[Urban economics]]
			* [[Urban planning education]]
			* [[Urban green space]]
			* [[Urban history]]
			* [[Urban informatics]]
			* [[Urban planning in communist countries]]
			* [[Urban studies]]
			* [[Urban theory]]
			* [[Urban vitality]]
			* [[Walkability]]
			* [[Walking audit]]
			* [[Stroad]]
			{{div col end}}

Dhaneesh Ram at 16:19, 18 March 2022

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	Some researchers suggest that urban planners around the world work in different "[[planning cultures]]", adapted to their local cities and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Friedman \|first=John \|year=2012 \|chapter=Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture? \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=87–98 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> However, professionals have identified skills, abilities and basic knowledge sets that are common to urban planners across national and regional boundaries.<ref>{{cite web\|title=American Institutes of Certified Planners Certification\|url=https://www.planning.org/aicp/\|website=American Planning Association\|publisher=American Planning Association\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Professional standards\|url=http://www.rtpi.org.uk/membership/professional-standards/\|website=Royal Institute of Town Planners\|publisher=Royal Town Planning Institute\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=About ISOCARP\|url=https://isocarp.org/about-isocarp/\|publisher=International Society of City and Regional Planners\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>		Some researchers suggest that urban planners around the world work in different "[[planning cultures]]", adapted to their local cities and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Friedman \|first=John \|year=2012 \|chapter=Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture? \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=87–98 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> However, professionals have identified skills, abilities and basic knowledge sets that are common to urban planners across national and regional boundaries.<ref>{{cite web\|title=American Institutes of Certified Planners Certification\|url=https://www.planning.org/aicp/\|website=American Planning Association\|publisher=American Planning Association\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Professional standards\|url=http://www.rtpi.org.uk/membership/professional-standards/\|website=Royal Institute of Town Planners\|publisher=Royal Town Planning Institute\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=About ISOCARP\|url=https://isocarp.org/about-isocarp/\|publisher=International Society of City and Regional Planners\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

			== Criticisms and debates in urban planning ==
			The school of [[neoclassical economics]] argues that planning is unnecessary, or even harmful, because [[Efficient-market hypothesis\|market efficiency]] allows for effective land use.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Klosterman\|first=Richard E.\|date=1985\|title=Arguments for and against Planning\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40112168\|journal=The Town Planning Review\|volume=56\|issue=1\|pages=5–20\|doi=10.3828/tpr.56.1.e8286q3082111km4\|jstor=40112168\|issn=0041-0020}}</ref> A [[Pluralist democracy\|pluralist]] strain of political thinking argues in a similar vein that the government should not intrude in the political competition between different interest groups which decides how land is used.<ref name=":1" /> The traditional justification for urban planning has in response been that the planner does to the city what the engineer or architect does to the home, that is, make it more amenable to the needs and preferences of its inhabitants.<ref name=":1" />

			The widely adopted consensus-building model of planning, which seeks to accommodate different preferences within the community has been criticized for being based upon, rather than challenging, the power structures of the community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last1=McAuliffe\|first1=Cameron\|last2=Rogers\|first2=Dallas\|date=March 2019\|title=The politics of value in urban development: Valuing conflict in agonistic pluralism\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095219831381\|journal=Planning Theory\|volume=18\|issue=3\|pages=300–318\|doi=10.1177/1473095219831381\|s2cid=150714892\|issn=1473-0952}}</ref> Instead, [[agonism]] has been proposed as a framework for urban planning decision-making.<ref name=":0" />

Dhaneesh Ram at 16:18, 18 March 2022

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	[[Building code]]s and other regulations dovetail with urban planning by governing how cities are constructed and used from the individual level.<ref>''Codes, rules, and standards are part of a matrix of relations that influence the practice of urban planning and design. These forms of regulation provide an important and inescapable framework for development, from the laying out of subdivisions to the control of stormwater runoff. The subject of regulations leads to the source of how communities are designed and constructed—defining how they can and can't be built—and how codes, rules, and standards continue to shape the physical space where we live and work.'' {{Cite book\|last=Ben-Joseph \|first=Eran \|year=2012 \|chapter=Codes and Standards in Urban Planning and Design \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=352–370 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> Enforcement methodologies include governmental [[zoning]], [[planning permission]]s, and [[building code]]s,<ref name="WIUP" /> as well as private [[easements]] and [[restrictive covenant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Smit\|first1=Anneke\|title=Public Interest, Private Property: Law and Planning Policy in Canada\|last2=Valiante\|first2=Marcia\|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0-7748-2931-1\|editor1-last=Smit\|editor1-first=Anneke\|location=Vancouver, British Columbia\|pages=1–36, page 10\|chapter=Introduction\|editor2-last=Valiante\|editor2-first=Marcia}}</ref>		[[Building code]]s and other regulations dovetail with urban planning by governing how cities are constructed and used from the individual level.<ref>''Codes, rules, and standards are part of a matrix of relations that influence the practice of urban planning and design. These forms of regulation provide an important and inescapable framework for development, from the laying out of subdivisions to the control of stormwater runoff. The subject of regulations leads to the source of how communities are designed and constructed—defining how they can and can't be built—and how codes, rules, and standards continue to shape the physical space where we live and work.'' {{Cite book\|last=Ben-Joseph \|first=Eran \|year=2012 \|chapter=Codes and Standards in Urban Planning and Design \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=352–370 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> Enforcement methodologies include governmental [[zoning]], [[planning permission]]s, and [[building code]]s,<ref name="WIUP" /> as well as private [[easements]] and [[restrictive covenant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Smit\|first1=Anneke\|title=Public Interest, Private Property: Law and Planning Policy in Canada\|last2=Valiante\|first2=Marcia\|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0-7748-2931-1\|editor1-last=Smit\|editor1-first=Anneke\|location=Vancouver, British Columbia\|pages=1–36, page 10\|chapter=Introduction\|editor2-last=Valiante\|editor2-first=Marcia}}</ref>


			==Urban planners==
			{{Further\|Urban planner\|}}
			An urban planner is a professional who works in the field of urban planning for the purpose of optimizing the effectiveness of a community's land use and infrastructure. They formulate plans for the development and management of urban and suburban areas, typically analyzing land use compatibility as well as economic, environmental and social trends. In developing any plan for a community (whether commercial, residential, agricultural, natural or recreational), urban planners must consider a wide array of issues including [[urban sustainability\|sustainability]], existing and potential [[pollution]], [[transport]] including potential [[traffic congestion\|congestion]], [[crime]], land values, economic development, social equity, [[zoning]] codes, and other legislation.

			The importance of the urban planner is increasing in the 21st century, as modern society begins to face issues of increased population growth, climate change and unsustainable development.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Heidari\|first1=Hadi\|last2=Arabi\|first2=Mazdak\|last3=Warziniack\|first3=Travis\|last4=Sharvelle\|first4=Sybil\|date=2021\|title=Effects of Urban Development Patterns on Municipal Water Shortage\|journal=Frontiers in Water\|volume=3\|page=694817\|language=English\|doi=10.3389/frwa.2021.694817\|bibcode=2021FrW.....394817H\|issn=2624-9375\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Heidari\|first1=Hadi\|last2=Arabi\|first2=Mazdak\|last3=Warziniack\|first3=Travis\|last4=Kao\|first4=Shih-Chieh\|date=June 2021\|title=Shifts in hydroclimatology of US megaregions in response to climate change\|journal=Environmental Research Communications\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=6\|pages=065002\|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac0617\|bibcode=2021ERCom...3f5002H\|issn=2515-7620\|doi-access=free}}</ref> An urban planner could be considered a [[Green-collar worker\|green collar]] professional.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Kamenetz\|first1=Anya\|title=Ten Best Green Jobs for the Next Decade\|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1129671/ten-best-green-jobs-next-decade\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826065655/https://www.fastcompany.com/1129671/ten-best-green-jobs-next-decade\|archive-date=26 August 2012\|access-date=14 January 2009\|website=fastcompany\|date=14 January 2009\|publisher=Fast Company}}</ref>

			Some researchers suggest that urban planners around the world work in different "[[planning cultures]]", adapted to their local cities and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Friedman \|first=John \|year=2012 \|chapter=Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture? \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=87–98 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> However, professionals have identified skills, abilities and basic knowledge sets that are common to urban planners across national and regional boundaries.<ref>{{cite web\|title=American Institutes of Certified Planners Certification\|url=https://www.planning.org/aicp/\|website=American Planning Association\|publisher=American Planning Association\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Professional standards\|url=http://www.rtpi.org.uk/membership/professional-standards/\|website=Royal Institute of Town Planners\|publisher=Royal Town Planning Institute\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=About ISOCARP\|url=https://isocarp.org/about-isocarp/\|publisher=International Society of City and Regional Planners\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

Dhaneesh Ram at 16:18, 18 March 2022

2022-03-18T16:18:17Z

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	[[File:Street Hierarchy and Accessibility.png\|thumb\|Street Hierarchy and Accessibility]]		[[File:Street Hierarchy and Accessibility.png\|thumb\|Street Hierarchy and Accessibility]]
	Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental approach, the transactive approach, the communicative approach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological approach.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Whittmore \|first=Andrew \|date=2 February 2015 \|title=How Planners Use Planning Theory \|publisher=Planetizen \| url = http://www.planetizen.com/node/73570/how-planners-use-planning-theory \| access-date =24 April 2015}} ''citing'' {{Cite journal\|last=Whittemore \|first=Andrew H. \|year=2014 \|title=Practitioners Theorize, Too Reaffirming Planning Theory in a Survey of Practitioners' Theories \|journal=Journal of Planning Education and Research \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=76–85 \|doi=10.1177/0739456X14563144\|s2cid=144888493 }})</ref> Some other conceptual planning theories include [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s The Three Magnets theory that he envisioned for the future of British settlement, also his [[Garden Cities of To-morrow\|Garden Cities]], the Concentric Model Zone also called the Burgess Model by sociologist [[Ernest Burgess]], the Radburn Superblock that encourages pedestrian movement, the Sector Model and the Multiple Nuclei Model among others.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Mohd Nazim Saifi\|date=2017-03-04\|title=Town planning theories concept and models\|url=https://www.slideshare.net/archndzyn/town-planning-theories-concept-and-models}}</ref>		Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental approach, the transactive approach, the communicative approach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological approach.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Whittmore \|first=Andrew \|date=2 February 2015 \|title=How Planners Use Planning Theory \|publisher=Planetizen \| url = http://www.planetizen.com/node/73570/how-planners-use-planning-theory \| access-date =24 April 2015}} ''citing'' {{Cite journal\|last=Whittemore \|first=Andrew H. \|year=2014 \|title=Practitioners Theorize, Too Reaffirming Planning Theory in a Survey of Practitioners' Theories \|journal=Journal of Planning Education and Research \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=76–85 \|doi=10.1177/0739456X14563144\|s2cid=144888493 }})</ref> Some other conceptual planning theories include [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s The Three Magnets theory that he envisioned for the future of British settlement, also his [[Garden Cities of To-morrow\|Garden Cities]], the Concentric Model Zone also called the Burgess Model by sociologist [[Ernest Burgess]], the Radburn Superblock that encourages pedestrian movement, the Sector Model and the Multiple Nuclei Model among others.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Mohd Nazim Saifi\|date=2017-03-04\|title=Town planning theories concept and models\|url=https://www.slideshare.net/archndzyn/town-planning-theories-concept-and-models}}</ref>

			==Technical aspects==
			{{Further\|Technical aspects of urban planning\|}}

			Technical aspects of urban planning involve the application of scientific, technical processes, considerations and features that are involved in planning for [[land use]], [[urban design]], [[natural resource]]s, [[transport]]ation, and [[infrastructure]]. Urban planning includes techniques such as: predicting [[population growth]], [[zoning]], geographic mapping and analysis, analyzing park space, surveying the [[water supply]], identifying transportation patterns, recognizing food supply demands, allocating healthcare and social services, and analyzing the impact of land use.

			In order to predict how cities will develop and estimate the effects of their interventions, planners use various models. These models can be used to indicate relationships and patterns in demographic, geographic, and economic data. They might deal with short-term issues such as how people move through cities, or long-term issues such as land use and growth.<ref>{{Cite book\|first=John D. \|last=Landis \|year=2012 \|chapter=Modeling Urban Systems\| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=323–350 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> One such model is the [[Geographic information system\|Geographic Information System]] (GIS) that is used to create a model of the existing planning and then to project future impacts on the society, economy and environment.

			[[Building code]]s and other regulations dovetail with urban planning by governing how cities are constructed and used from the individual level.<ref>''Codes, rules, and standards are part of a matrix of relations that influence the practice of urban planning and design. These forms of regulation provide an important and inescapable framework for development, from the laying out of subdivisions to the control of stormwater runoff. The subject of regulations leads to the source of how communities are designed and constructed—defining how they can and can't be built—and how codes, rules, and standards continue to shape the physical space where we live and work.'' {{Cite book\|last=Ben-Joseph \|first=Eran \|year=2012 \|chapter=Codes and Standards in Urban Planning and Design \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=352–370 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> Enforcement methodologies include governmental [[zoning]], [[planning permission]]s, and [[building code]]s,<ref name="WIUP" /> as well as private [[easements]] and [[restrictive covenant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Smit\|first1=Anneke\|title=Public Interest, Private Property: Law and Planning Policy in Canada\|last2=Valiante\|first2=Marcia\|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0-7748-2931-1\|editor1-last=Smit\|editor1-first=Anneke\|location=Vancouver, British Columbia\|pages=1–36, page 10\|chapter=Introduction\|editor2-last=Valiante\|editor2-first=Marcia}}</ref>

Dhaneesh Ram at 16:16, 18 March 2022

2022-03-18T16:16:34Z

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	Planning practices have incorporated policy changes to help address anthropocentric global [[climate change]]. London began to charge a congestion charge for cars trying to access already crowded places in the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Congestion Charge (Official)\|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge\|access-date=2020-09-25\|website=Transport for London }}</ref> Cities are also prioritising public transit and cycling by adopting such policies.		Planning practices have incorporated policy changes to help address anthropocentric global [[climate change]]. London began to charge a congestion charge for cars trying to access already crowded places in the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Congestion Charge (Official)\|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge\|access-date=2020-09-25\|website=Transport for London }}</ref> Cities are also prioritising public transit and cycling by adopting such policies.

			==Theories==
			{{Further\|Theories of urban planning\|}}
			{{See also\|Planning cultures}}
			[[File:Street Hierarchy and Accessibility.png\|thumb\|Street Hierarchy and Accessibility]]
			Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental approach, the transactive approach, the communicative approach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological approach.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Whittmore \|first=Andrew \|date=2 February 2015 \|title=How Planners Use Planning Theory \|publisher=Planetizen \| url = http://www.planetizen.com/node/73570/how-planners-use-planning-theory \| access-date =24 April 2015}} ''citing'' {{Cite journal\|last=Whittemore \|first=Andrew H. \|year=2014 \|title=Practitioners Theorize, Too Reaffirming Planning Theory in a Survey of Practitioners' Theories \|journal=Journal of Planning Education and Research \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=76–85 \|doi=10.1177/0739456X14563144\|s2cid=144888493 }})</ref> Some other conceptual planning theories include [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s The Three Magnets theory that he envisioned for the future of British settlement, also his [[Garden Cities of To-morrow\|Garden Cities]], the Concentric Model Zone also called the Burgess Model by sociologist [[Ernest Burgess]], the Radburn Superblock that encourages pedestrian movement, the Sector Model and the Multiple Nuclei Model among others.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Mohd Nazim Saifi\|date=2017-03-04\|title=Town planning theories concept and models\|url=https://www.slideshare.net/archndzyn/town-planning-theories-concept-and-models}}</ref>

Dhaneesh Ram at 16:16, 18 March 2022

2022-03-18T16:16:14Z

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	In the second half of the 20th century, urban planners gradually shifted their focus to individualism and diversity in urban centers.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Routley\|first=Nick\|date=2018-01-20\|title=The Evolution of Urban Planning\|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/evolution-urban-planning/\|access-date=2020-09-25\|website=Visual Capitalist\|language=en-US}}</ref>		In the second half of the 20th century, urban planners gradually shifted their focus to individualism and diversity in urban centers.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Routley\|first=Nick\|date=2018-01-20\|title=The Evolution of Urban Planning\|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/evolution-urban-planning/\|access-date=2020-09-25\|website=Visual Capitalist\|language=en-US}}</ref>

			== 21st century practices ==
			Urban planners studying the effects of increasing congestion in urban areas began to address the externalities, the negative impacts caused by [[induced demand]] from larger highway systems in western countries such as in the United States. The [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] predicted in 2018 that around 2.5 billion more people occupy urban areas by 2050 according to population elements of global migration. New planning theories have adopted non-traditional concepts such as [[Blue Zone]]s and [[Innovation district\|Innovation Districts]] to incorporate geographic areas within the city that allow for novel business development and the prioritization of infrastructure that would assist with improving the quality of life of citizens by extending their potential lifespan.

			Planning practices have incorporated policy changes to help address anthropocentric global [[climate change]]. London began to charge a congestion charge for cars trying to access already crowded places in the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Congestion Charge (Official)\|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge\|access-date=2020-09-25\|website=Transport for London }}</ref> Cities are also prioritising public transit and cycling by adopting such policies.

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	*Knox, P. L. (2020) Better by Design?: Architecture, Urban Planning, and the Good City. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/better-by-design		*Knox, P. L. (2020) Better by Design?: Architecture, Urban Planning, and the Good City. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/better-by-design
	* {{cite Q\|Q18606907}}<!-- s:Old Towns and New Needs; also the Town Extension Plan -->		* {{cite Q\|Q18606907}}<!-- s:Old Towns and New Needs; also the Town Extension Plan -->


			==External links==
			{{sisterlinks\|d=Q69883\|b=no\|wikt=no\|s=no\|q=no\|n=no\|v=Portal:Urban studies and planning\|m=no\|mw=no\|c=Category:Urban studies and planning\|species=no\|voy=no}}
			*{{Curlie\|Science/Social_Sciences/Urban_and_Regional_Planning/Directories/}}
			*[https://www.planning.org/ American Planning Association]

			=== Library guides for urban planning ===
			* {{cite web \|url=http://libguides.asu.edu/content.php?pid=225968&sid=1871515 \|title= Urban Planning Resources \|work=Research Guides \|author=Libraries \|publisher=[[Arizona State University]] \|location=USA}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://guides.library.ucla.edu/cat.php?cid=9712 \|title=Urban Planning \|work=Research Guides \|author=Library \|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] \|access-date=21 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330141343/http://guides.library.ucla.edu/cat.php?cid=9712 \|archive-date=30 March 2014 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/avery/urban_planning.html \|title=Urban Planning \|work=Research Guides \|author=Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library \|author-link=Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library \|location=New York \|publisher=Columbia University \|access-date=21 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124615/http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/avery/urban_planning.html \|archive-date=2 April 2015 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://libguides.gatech.edu/urbanpubpol\|author=Library \|publisher=[[Georgia Institute of Technology\|Georgia Tech]] \|work=Research Guides \|title=Urban & Regional Policy \|location=USA}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://guides.library.harvard.edu/content.php?pid=193778 \|title=Urban Planning and Design \|work=Research Guides \|author=Harvard University Graduate School of Design \|author-link=Harvard University Graduate School of Design \|publisher=Harvard Library \|location=Massachusetts}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://libguides.library.hunter.cuny.edu/uap?hs=a \|title=Urban Affairs & Planning \|work=Topic Guides \|author=Hunter College Libraries \|publisher=[[CUNY Hunter College]] \|location=New York City \|access-date=21 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222173824/http://libguides.library.hunter.cuny.edu/uap?hs=a \|archive-date=22 February 2014 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://uiuc.libguides.com/cat.php?cid=7062 \|title=City Planning \|work=LibGuides \|author=University Library \|publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://libguides.mit.edu/urban \|title=Urban Studies & Planning \|work=Research Guides \|author= MIT Libraries \|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://guides.lib.umich.edu/content.php?pid=32580 \|publisher=University of Michigan \|work=Research Guides \|title=Urban & Regional Planning \|location=USA}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://guides.library.pdx.edu/usp?hs=a \|title=Urban Studies & Planning \|work=Research Guides \|author=Library \|publisher=[[Portland State University]] \|location=Oregon, USA \|access-date=21 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140036/http://guides.library.pdx.edu/usp?hs=a \|archive-date=2 April 2015 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all}}
			{{Clear}}

			{{Land-use planning\|selected=branches}}
			{{Land use}}
			{{Social sciences}}
			{{Authority control}}

			[[Category:Urban planning\| ]]

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	[[Building code]]s and other regulations dovetail with urban planning by governing how cities are constructed and used from the individual level.<ref>''Codes, rules, and standards are part of a matrix of relations that influence the practice of urban planning and design. These forms of regulation provide an important and inescapable framework for development, from the laying out of subdivisions to the control of stormwater runoff. The subject of regulations leads to the source of how communities are designed and constructed—defining how they can and can't be built—and how codes, rules, and standards continue to shape the physical space where we live and work.'' {{Cite book\|last=Ben-Joseph \|first=Eran \|year=2012 \|chapter=Codes and Standards in Urban Planning and Design \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=352–370 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> Enforcement methodologies include governmental [[zoning]], [[planning permission]]s, and [[building code]]s,<ref name="WIUP" /> as well as private [[easements]] and [[restrictive covenant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Smit\|first1=Anneke\|title=Public Interest, Private Property: Law and Planning Policy in Canada\|last2=Valiante\|first2=Marcia\|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0-7748-2931-1\|editor1-last=Smit\|editor1-first=Anneke\|location=Vancouver, British Columbia\|pages=1–36, page 10\|chapter=Introduction\|editor2-last=Valiante\|editor2-first=Marcia}}</ref>		[[Building code]]s and other regulations dovetail with urban planning by governing how cities are constructed and used from the individual level.<ref>''Codes, rules, and standards are part of a matrix of relations that influence the practice of urban planning and design. These forms of regulation provide an important and inescapable framework for development, from the laying out of subdivisions to the control of stormwater runoff. The subject of regulations leads to the source of how communities are designed and constructed—defining how they can and can't be built—and how codes, rules, and standards continue to shape the physical space where we live and work.'' {{Cite book\|last=Ben-Joseph \|first=Eran \|year=2012 \|chapter=Codes and Standards in Urban Planning and Design \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=352–370 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> Enforcement methodologies include governmental [[zoning]], [[planning permission]]s, and [[building code]]s,<ref name="WIUP" /> as well as private [[easements]] and [[restrictive covenant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Smit\|first1=Anneke\|title=Public Interest, Private Property: Law and Planning Policy in Canada\|last2=Valiante\|first2=Marcia\|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0-7748-2931-1\|editor1-last=Smit\|editor1-first=Anneke\|location=Vancouver, British Columbia\|pages=1–36, page 10\|chapter=Introduction\|editor2-last=Valiante\|editor2-first=Marcia}}</ref>


			==Urban planners==
			{{Further\|Urban planner\|}}
			An urban planner is a professional who works in the field of urban planning for the purpose of optimizing the effectiveness of a community's land use and infrastructure. They formulate plans for the development and management of urban and suburban areas, typically analyzing land use compatibility as well as economic, environmental and social trends. In developing any plan for a community (whether commercial, residential, agricultural, natural or recreational), urban planners must consider a wide array of issues including [[urban sustainability\|sustainability]], existing and potential [[pollution]], [[transport]] including potential [[traffic congestion\|congestion]], [[crime]], land values, economic development, social equity, [[zoning]] codes, and other legislation.

			The importance of the urban planner is increasing in the 21st century, as modern society begins to face issues of increased population growth, climate change and unsustainable development.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Heidari\|first1=Hadi\|last2=Arabi\|first2=Mazdak\|last3=Warziniack\|first3=Travis\|last4=Sharvelle\|first4=Sybil\|date=2021\|title=Effects of Urban Development Patterns on Municipal Water Shortage\|journal=Frontiers in Water\|volume=3\|page=694817\|language=English\|doi=10.3389/frwa.2021.694817\|bibcode=2021FrW.....394817H\|issn=2624-9375\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Heidari\|first1=Hadi\|last2=Arabi\|first2=Mazdak\|last3=Warziniack\|first3=Travis\|last4=Kao\|first4=Shih-Chieh\|date=June 2021\|title=Shifts in hydroclimatology of US megaregions in response to climate change\|journal=Environmental Research Communications\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=6\|pages=065002\|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac0617\|bibcode=2021ERCom...3f5002H\|issn=2515-7620\|doi-access=free}}</ref> An urban planner could be considered a [[Green-collar worker\|green collar]] professional.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Kamenetz\|first1=Anya\|title=Ten Best Green Jobs for the Next Decade\|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1129671/ten-best-green-jobs-next-decade\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826065655/https://www.fastcompany.com/1129671/ten-best-green-jobs-next-decade\|archive-date=26 August 2012\|access-date=14 January 2009\|website=fastcompany\|date=14 January 2009\|publisher=Fast Company}}</ref>

			Some researchers suggest that urban planners around the world work in different "[[planning cultures]]", adapted to their local cities and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Friedman \|first=John \|year=2012 \|chapter=Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture? \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=87–98 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> However, professionals have identified skills, abilities and basic knowledge sets that are common to urban planners across national and regional boundaries.<ref>{{cite web\|title=American Institutes of Certified Planners Certification\|url=https://www.planning.org/aicp/\|website=American Planning Association\|publisher=American Planning Association\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Professional standards\|url=http://www.rtpi.org.uk/membership/professional-standards/\|website=Royal Institute of Town Planners\|publisher=Royal Town Planning Institute\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=About ISOCARP\|url=https://isocarp.org/about-isocarp/\|publisher=International Society of City and Regional Planners\|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

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	[[File:Street Hierarchy and Accessibility.png\|thumb\|Street Hierarchy and Accessibility]]		[[File:Street Hierarchy and Accessibility.png\|thumb\|Street Hierarchy and Accessibility]]
	Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental approach, the transactive approach, the communicative approach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological approach.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Whittmore \|first=Andrew \|date=2 February 2015 \|title=How Planners Use Planning Theory \|publisher=Planetizen \| url = http://www.planetizen.com/node/73570/how-planners-use-planning-theory \| access-date =24 April 2015}} ''citing'' {{Cite journal\|last=Whittemore \|first=Andrew H. \|year=2014 \|title=Practitioners Theorize, Too Reaffirming Planning Theory in a Survey of Practitioners' Theories \|journal=Journal of Planning Education and Research \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=76–85 \|doi=10.1177/0739456X14563144\|s2cid=144888493 }})</ref> Some other conceptual planning theories include [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s The Three Magnets theory that he envisioned for the future of British settlement, also his [[Garden Cities of To-morrow\|Garden Cities]], the Concentric Model Zone also called the Burgess Model by sociologist [[Ernest Burgess]], the Radburn Superblock that encourages pedestrian movement, the Sector Model and the Multiple Nuclei Model among others.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Mohd Nazim Saifi\|date=2017-03-04\|title=Town planning theories concept and models\|url=https://www.slideshare.net/archndzyn/town-planning-theories-concept-and-models}}</ref>		Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental approach, the transactive approach, the communicative approach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological approach.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Whittmore \|first=Andrew \|date=2 February 2015 \|title=How Planners Use Planning Theory \|publisher=Planetizen \| url = http://www.planetizen.com/node/73570/how-planners-use-planning-theory \| access-date =24 April 2015}} ''citing'' {{Cite journal\|last=Whittemore \|first=Andrew H. \|year=2014 \|title=Practitioners Theorize, Too Reaffirming Planning Theory in a Survey of Practitioners' Theories \|journal=Journal of Planning Education and Research \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=76–85 \|doi=10.1177/0739456X14563144\|s2cid=144888493 }})</ref> Some other conceptual planning theories include [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s The Three Magnets theory that he envisioned for the future of British settlement, also his [[Garden Cities of To-morrow\|Garden Cities]], the Concentric Model Zone also called the Burgess Model by sociologist [[Ernest Burgess]], the Radburn Superblock that encourages pedestrian movement, the Sector Model and the Multiple Nuclei Model among others.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Mohd Nazim Saifi\|date=2017-03-04\|title=Town planning theories concept and models\|url=https://www.slideshare.net/archndzyn/town-planning-theories-concept-and-models}}</ref>

			==Technical aspects==
			{{Further\|Technical aspects of urban planning\|}}

			Technical aspects of urban planning involve the application of scientific, technical processes, considerations and features that are involved in planning for [[land use]], [[urban design]], [[natural resource]]s, [[transport]]ation, and [[infrastructure]]. Urban planning includes techniques such as: predicting [[population growth]], [[zoning]], geographic mapping and analysis, analyzing park space, surveying the [[water supply]], identifying transportation patterns, recognizing food supply demands, allocating healthcare and social services, and analyzing the impact of land use.

			In order to predict how cities will develop and estimate the effects of their interventions, planners use various models. These models can be used to indicate relationships and patterns in demographic, geographic, and economic data. They might deal with short-term issues such as how people move through cities, or long-term issues such as land use and growth.<ref>{{Cite book\|first=John D. \|last=Landis \|year=2012 \|chapter=Modeling Urban Systems\| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=323–350 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> One such model is the [[Geographic information system\|Geographic Information System]] (GIS) that is used to create a model of the existing planning and then to project future impacts on the society, economy and environment.

			[[Building code]]s and other regulations dovetail with urban planning by governing how cities are constructed and used from the individual level.<ref>''Codes, rules, and standards are part of a matrix of relations that influence the practice of urban planning and design. These forms of regulation provide an important and inescapable framework for development, from the laying out of subdivisions to the control of stormwater runoff. The subject of regulations leads to the source of how communities are designed and constructed—defining how they can and can't be built—and how codes, rules, and standards continue to shape the physical space where we live and work.'' {{Cite book\|last=Ben-Joseph \|first=Eran \|year=2012 \|chapter=Codes and Standards in Urban Planning and Design \| editor1-last=Weber \|editor1-first=Rachel \|editor2-last=Crane \|editor2-first=Randall \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning \|location=Oxford, England \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=352–370 \|isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> Enforcement methodologies include governmental [[zoning]], [[planning permission]]s, and [[building code]]s,<ref name="WIUP" /> as well as private [[easements]] and [[restrictive covenant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Smit\|first1=Anneke\|title=Public Interest, Private Property: Law and Planning Policy in Canada\|last2=Valiante\|first2=Marcia\|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0-7748-2931-1\|editor1-last=Smit\|editor1-first=Anneke\|location=Vancouver, British Columbia\|pages=1–36, page 10\|chapter=Introduction\|editor2-last=Valiante\|editor2-first=Marcia}}</ref>

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	Planning practices have incorporated policy changes to help address anthropocentric global [[climate change]]. London began to charge a congestion charge for cars trying to access already crowded places in the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Congestion Charge (Official)\|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge\|access-date=2020-09-25\|website=Transport for London }}</ref> Cities are also prioritising public transit and cycling by adopting such policies.		Planning practices have incorporated policy changes to help address anthropocentric global [[climate change]]. London began to charge a congestion charge for cars trying to access already crowded places in the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Congestion Charge (Official)\|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge\|access-date=2020-09-25\|website=Transport for London }}</ref> Cities are also prioritising public transit and cycling by adopting such policies.

			==Theories==
			{{Further\|Theories of urban planning\|}}
			{{See also\|Planning cultures}}
			[[File:Street Hierarchy and Accessibility.png\|thumb\|Street Hierarchy and Accessibility]]
			Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental approach, the transactive approach, the communicative approach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological approach.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Whittmore \|first=Andrew \|date=2 February 2015 \|title=How Planners Use Planning Theory \|publisher=Planetizen \| url = http://www.planetizen.com/node/73570/how-planners-use-planning-theory \| access-date =24 April 2015}} ''citing'' {{Cite journal\|last=Whittemore \|first=Andrew H. \|year=2014 \|title=Practitioners Theorize, Too Reaffirming Planning Theory in a Survey of Practitioners' Theories \|journal=Journal of Planning Education and Research \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=76–85 \|doi=10.1177/0739456X14563144\|s2cid=144888493 }})</ref> Some other conceptual planning theories include [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s The Three Magnets theory that he envisioned for the future of British settlement, also his [[Garden Cities of To-morrow\|Garden Cities]], the Concentric Model Zone also called the Burgess Model by sociologist [[Ernest Burgess]], the Radburn Superblock that encourages pedestrian movement, the Sector Model and the Multiple Nuclei Model among others.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Mohd Nazim Saifi\|date=2017-03-04\|title=Town planning theories concept and models\|url=https://www.slideshare.net/archndzyn/town-planning-theories-concept-and-models}}</ref>