https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Upasarga Upasarga - Revision history 2026-09-05T19:08:37Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upasarga&diff=147367&oldid=prev 223.204.219.111 at 15:18, 29 August 2021 2021-08-29T15:18:10Z <p></p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{about|a term in Sanskrit grammar|the concept in [[Yoga]]|Upasarga (yoga)}}<br /> <br /> &#039;&#039;&#039;Upasarga&#039;&#039;&#039; is a term used in [[Vyakarana|Sanskrit grammar]] for a special class of twenty prepositional particles prefixed to verbs or to action nouns.&lt;ref&gt;Monier-Williams, p.210&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Vedic]], these prepositions are separable from verbs; in classical Sanskrit the prefixing is obligatory. <br /> <br /> The twenty prefixes are recognized in [[Pāṇini|{{IAST|Pāṇini}}]]&#039;s [[Ashtadhyayi|{{IAST|Aṣṭādhyāyī}}]] at 1.4.58-59,&lt;ref&gt;Katre, p.91&lt;/ref&gt; and are enumerated in the [[Pāṇini#Gaņapāțha|{{IAST|gaṇapāṭha}}]] (#154):&lt;ref&gt;Katre, p.1301&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * &#039;&#039;pra&#039;&#039;- &quot;forth&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;parā&#039;&#039;- &quot;away&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;apa&#039;&#039;- &quot;away&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;sam&#039;&#039;-/&#039;&#039;saṃ-&#039;&#039; &quot;with&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;anu&#039;&#039;- &quot;after&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;ava&#039;&#039;- &quot;off, down&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;{{IAST|niḥ}}&#039;&#039;-/&#039;&#039;nis-&#039;&#039; &quot;away&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;{{IAST|duḥ}}&#039;&#039;-/&#039;&#039;dus-&#039;&#039; &quot;bad, difficult, hard&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;vi&#039;&#039;- &quot;apart, asunder&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;ā&#039;&#039;- &quot;near&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;- &quot;down&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;adhi&#039;&#039;- &quot;over&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;api&#039;&#039;- &quot;proximate&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;ati&#039;&#039;- &quot;beyond&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;- &quot;good, excellent&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;ut&#039;&#039;-/&#039;&#039;ud-&#039;&#039; &quot;up(wards)&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;[[abhi]]&#039;&#039;- &quot;to, towards&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;prati&#039;&#039;- &quot;against&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;pari&#039;&#039;- &quot;round, around&quot;<br /> * &#039;&#039;upa&#039;&#039;- &quot;towards, near&quot;<br /> <br /> By the usual rules of [[sandhi|euphonic combination]] the two prepositions ending in [[visarga]], &#039;&#039;{{IAST|niḥ}}&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;{{IAST|duḥ}}&#039;&#039;, have the alternative forms &#039;&#039;nis&#039;&#039;-/&#039;&#039;nir&#039;&#039;- and &#039;&#039;dus&#039;&#039;-/&#039;&#039;dur&#039;&#039;- respectively. The {{IAST|gaṇapāṭha}} listing has these variants, not the forms in [[pausa]], and thus has twenty-two items in all. <br /> <br /> A versified form of this list may be found in modern primers or textbooks:<br /> <br /> {{Quotation|<br /> {{IAST|praparāpasamanvavanirdurabhivyadhisūdatinipratiparyapayaḥ}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{IAST|upāṅiti viṃsatir eṣa sakhe upasargavidhiḥ kathitaḥ kavinā}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- add material on properties and compare with the wider &#039;&#039;gati&#039;&#039; class --&gt;<br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * Monier-Williams, M., &#039;&#039;A Sanskrit English Dictionary&#039;&#039;, (reprint) New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 2005 {{ISBN|81-208-3105-5}}<br /> * Katre, Sumitra M., &#039;&#039;{{IAST|Aṣṭādhyāyī}} of Pānini&#039;&#039;, New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 1989<br /> <br /> [[Category:Vyakarana]]<br /> [[Category:Prefixes]]</div> 223.204.219.111