Ulugh Khan - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-10-16T07:30:39Z

robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:00, 16 October 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{distinguish\|text=[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], who was known as Ulugh Khan before ascending the throne}}		{{distinguish\|text=[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], who was known as Ulugh Khan before ascending the throne}}
	{{distinguish\|text=[[Alp Khan]], who has been wrongly mentioned as Ulugh Khan in the writings of [[James Macnabb Campbell]]}}		{{distinguish\|text=[[Alp Khan]], who has been wrongly mentioned as Ulugh Khan in the writings of [[James Macnabb Campbell]]}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November ~~2022~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2018}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=November ~~2022~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=November 2018}}

	'''Almas Beg''' (died c. 1302), better known by his title '''Ulugh Khan''', was a brother and a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held the [[iqta']] of [[Bayana]] in present-day India.		'''Almas Beg''' (died c. 1302), better known by his title '''Ulugh Khan''', was a brother and a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held the [[iqta']] of [[Bayana]] in present-day India.

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-10-16T07:30:39Z

robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:00, 16 October 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Delhi Sultanate ~~general~~}}		{{Short description\|General of Delhi Sultanate}}
	{{distinguish\|text=[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], who was known as Ulugh Khan before ascending the throne}}		{{distinguish\|text=[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], who was known as Ulugh Khan before ascending the throne}}
	{{distinguish\|text=[[Alp Khan]], who has been wrongly mentioned as Ulugh Khan in the writings of [[James Macnabb Campbell]]}}		{{distinguish\|text=[[Alp Khan]], who has been wrongly mentioned as Ulugh Khan in the writings of [[James Macnabb Campbell]]}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November ~~2018~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2022}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=November ~~2018~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=November 2022}}

	'''Almas Beg''' (died c. ~~1301/02~~), better known by his title '''Ulugh Khan''', was a brother and a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held the [[iqta']] of [[Bayana]] in present-day India.		'''Almas Beg''' (died c. 1302), better known by his title '''Ulugh Khan''', was a brother and a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held the [[iqta']] of [[Bayana]] in present-day India.

	Ulugh Khan played an important role in Alauddin's ascension to the throne of Delhi in 1296. He lured the former Sultan [[Jalaluddin Khalji\|Jalaluddin]] to [[Kara-Manikpur\|Kara]], where Alauddin assassinated Jalaluddin. He successfully [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan\|besieged Multan]], and subjugated the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.		Ulugh Khan played an important role in Alauddin's ascension to the throne of Delhi in 1296. He lured the former Sultan [[Jalaluddin Khalji\|Jalaluddin]] to [[Kara-Manikpur\|Kara]], where Alauddin assassinated Jalaluddin. He successfully [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan\|besieged Multan]], and subjugated the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.
Line 80:		Line 80:

	In 1304, Alauddin sent another army to Gujarat, and annexed it to the Delhi Sultanate. According to [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Ashiqa'', which is of little historical value, Ulugh Khan led this invasion. However, this claim is of doubtful accuracy, and is not supported by other sources. [[Isami (historian)\|Isami]] names the commander of the second Gujarat campaign as Malik Jhitam, not Ulugh Khan. The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] also suggests that Ulugh Khan was already dead by this time.{{sfn\|Asoke Kumar Majumdar\|1956\|p=191}} The 18th century text ''Mirat-i-Ahmadi'' claims that Ulugh Khan governed Gujarat for 20 years, and was later executed as a result of a conspiracy by [[Malik Kafur]]. However, the author has obviously confused [[Alp Khan]] with Alauddin's brother Ulugh Khan.{{sfn\|Edward Clive Bayley\|1886\|p=39}}		In 1304, Alauddin sent another army to Gujarat, and annexed it to the Delhi Sultanate. According to [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Ashiqa'', which is of little historical value, Ulugh Khan led this invasion. However, this claim is of doubtful accuracy, and is not supported by other sources. [[Isami (historian)\|Isami]] names the commander of the second Gujarat campaign as Malik Jhitam, not Ulugh Khan. The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] also suggests that Ulugh Khan was already dead by this time.{{sfn\|Asoke Kumar Majumdar\|1956\|p=191}} The 18th century text ''Mirat-i-Ahmadi'' claims that Ulugh Khan governed Gujarat for 20 years, and was later executed as a result of a conspiracy by [[Malik Kafur]]. However, the author has obviously confused [[Alp Khan]] with Alauddin's brother Ulugh Khan.{{sfn\|Edward Clive Bayley\|1886\|p=39}}

			== In famous culture ==

			He was portrayed by Ashwin Dhar in Bollywood movie [[Padmavat]] which was based on poem of [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]] written on background of [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)\|Siege of Chittorgarh]] by [[Alauddin Khilji]].

	== References ==		== References ==

imported>Citation bot: Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Year of death uncertain‎ | via #UCB_Category 541/1223

2021-03-12T03:06:32Z

Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Year of death uncertain‎ | via #UCB_Category 541/1223

New page

{{Short description|Delhi Sultanate general}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], who was known as Ulugh Khan before ascending the throne}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Alp Khan]], who has been wrongly mentioned as Ulugh Khan in the writings of [[James Macnabb Campbell]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

'''Almas Beg''' (died c. 1301/02), better known by his title '''Ulugh Khan''', was a brother and a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held the [[iqta']] of [[Bayana]] in present-day India.

Ulugh Khan played an important role in Alauddin's ascension to the throne of Delhi in 1296. He lured the former Sultan [[Jalaluddin Khalji|Jalaluddin]] to [[Kara-Manikpur|Kara]], where Alauddin assassinated Jalaluddin. He successfully [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan|besieged Multan]], and subjugated the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.

In 1298, Ulugh Khan [[Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98|repulsed a Mongol invasion]] from the [[Chagatai Khanate]], which greatly increased Alauddin's prestige. The next year, he and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|raided]] the wealthy province of Gujarat, obtaining a huge amount of wealth for Alauddin's treasury. He led the reinforcement unit in the [[Battle of Kili]] (1299) against the Mongols, and held command in the initial phases of the [[Siege of Ranthambore (1301)|Siege of Ranthambore]] (1301). He died a few months after the Ranthambore campaign ended, although a fictional account in Amir Khusrau's ''Ashiqa'' suggests that he led Alauddin's forces in the later years.

== Early life ==

Ulugh Khan was originally known as Almas Beg. His father Shihabuddin Mas'ud was the elder brother of the [[Khalji dynasty]]'s founder Sultan [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalaluddin]]. Besides his elder brother Alauddin (originally known as Ali Gurshasp), he had two other brothers Qutlugh Tigin and Muhammad.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=326}}

Both Alauddin and Ulugh Khan married Jalaluddin's daughters. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin was appointed as ''Amir-i-Tuzuk'' (equivalent to [[Master of ceremonies]]), while Almas Beg was given the post of ''Akhur-beg'' (equivalent to [[Master of the Horse]]).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=41}}

== Role in Alauddin's ascension ==

In 1291, Jalaluddin appointed Alauddin as the governor of [[Kara-Manikpur|Kara]] province. Over the next few years, Alauddin hatched a conspiracy to overthrow Jalaluddin. In 1296, Alauddin [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|raided Devagiri]], but did not surrender the loot to Jalaluddin in Delhi. Instead, he returned to Kara, and then sent a letter of apology to Jalaluddin.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=323}} Ulugh Khan assured Jalaluddin that Alauddin was loyal to him, and convinced him to visit Kara and meet Alauddin, saying that Alauddin would commit suicide out of guilt if Jalaluddin didn't pardon him personally. A gullible Jalaluddin visited Kara, where Alauddin killed him on 20 July 1296.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=324}}

When Alauddin became the Sultan of Delhi in 1296, he made his brother ''barbeg'' with the title Ulugh Khan ("Great [[Khan (title)|Khan]]".{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|2013|p=61}}).

== Military career ==

Ulugh Khan was an able general, and played an important role in Alauddin's military conquests. According to [[Ziauddin Barani]], Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion, and compared his four generals (Ulugh, [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat]], [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar]] and [[Alp Khan|Alp]]) to [[Muhammad]]'s four [[Rashidun]] [[caliph]]s.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=336-337}}

=== Siege of Multan ===

{{main|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan}}

After usurping the throne of Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate the surviving family of Jalaluddin. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000-40,000 strong army led by Ulugh Khan and [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]] to [[Multan]], which was governed by Jalaluddin's son Arkali Khan. Faced with a certain defeat, the leaders of the defending forces deserted Arkali Khan and defected to the Delhi forces after two months of siege.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=331}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=79}}

Arkali Khan and his younger brother Ruknuddin Ibrahim visited Ulugh Khan's camp to negotiate a truce. Ulugh Khan received them with dignity, and promised not to harm them. However, after occupying Multan, he did not keep this promise, and imprisoned them, their family members, and their loyal officers.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=331}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=79}} The captives were later blinded and/or killed by [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] on Alauddin's orders.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=331}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=79}}

=== 1298 victory over the Mongols ===

{{main|Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98}}

In the winter of 1297, the [[Mongols]] led by a [[noyan]] of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] raided [[Punjab]], advancing as far as [[Kasur]]. Alauddin dispatched Ulugh Khan (possibly supported by [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]]) to check the Mongol advance.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} According to the Delhi courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], Ulugh Khan covered the distance of two marches in a single day to face the Mongols, and reached the banks of the [[Sutlej River]] on 6 February 1298. There, he ordered his soldiers to cross the Sutlej River without the boats, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mongols.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} Khusrau states that 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as captives.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=221}} The victory increased Alauddin's prestige, and stabilized his position on the throne of Delhi.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}}

=== Gujarat ===

{{main|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat}}

In early 1299, Alauddin sent an army led by Ulugh Khan and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] to invade the wealthy [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]]-ruled kingdom of Gujarat. According to the [[Jain]] chronicler Jinaprabha Suri, Ulugh Khan's forces defeated the army of the defending king [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna]] at [[Ashapalli|Asapalli]] (present-day [[Ahmedabad]]).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=188}} Karna fled from the battlefield, after which Ulugh Khan's army thoroughly sacked the wealthy city of [[Anahilavada]] (Patan).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=84}} According to Jinaprabha, Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan destroyed hundreds of other towns, including Asapalli, [[Vanthali|Vanmanthali]] and [[Surat]]. They also looted several monasteries, palaces and temples.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=85}} This account is also confirmed by the Muslim chroniclers [[Ziauddin Barani]] and [[Isami (historian)|Isami]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=86}}

The Delhi army left Gujarat with a huge amount of wealth and several prisoners. During a halt near [[Jalore]], Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan punished some of the soldiers for not remitting the ''[[khums]]'' (one-fifth share of the loot) to the imperial treasury. This resulted in a mutiny, mainly by the Mongol (Mughal) soldiers, who had converted to Islam recently. The mutineers murdered Ulugh Khan's secretary and Nusrat Khan's brother Malik A'izzudin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=87}} The next day, around 2000-3000 of them attacked Ulugh Khan's camp. The attackers misidentified a nephew of Alauddin as Ulugh Khan, and killed him. Ulugh Khan, who was in a [[toilet (room)|lavatory]] at the time of the attack, escaped to Nusrat Khan's tent, where the loyal soldiers assembled and forced the rebels to retreat.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=87}} After the army reached Delhi, severe punishments were meted out to the family members of the rebels.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=88}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=335}}

=== Battle of Kili ===

{{main|Battle of Kili}}

While Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan were in Gujarat, [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]] repulsed a [[Mongol invasion of Sindh|Mongol invasion in Sindh]]. This victory established Zafar Khan's reputation as a brilliant general, and according to the near-contemporary chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], made both Alauddin and Ulugh Khan jealous of Zafar Khan's newly acquired fame. Barani also claims that the two brothers made plans to blind or poison Zafar Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=155}} Historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] doubts the truthfulness of Barani's allegations.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}}

At the 1299 Battle of Kili against the Mongols, Ulugh Khan led the reinforcement unit of the Delhi army.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=339}} During the battle, Zafar Khan attacked a Mongol contingent without Alauddin's permission, and was killed after inflicting heavy casualties on the Mongols. According to the 17th-century historian Hajiuddabir's ''Zafarul-vali'', Ulugh Khan did not come to Zafar Khan's rescue because he maintained an ill-will against Zafar Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=160}} The Mongols ultimately retreated from the battlefield.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=221-222}}

=== Siege of Ranthambhore ===

{{main|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore}}

In 1299, [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]], the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana]] ruler of Ranthambore, had granted asylum to the Mongol fugitives who had led the mutiny against Ulugh Khan at Jalore.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=88}} Ulugh Khan, who was the governor of [[Bayana]] near Ranthambore, urged Hammira to kill these fugitives as a friendly ruler or face an invasion. When Hammira refused to kill or surrender the fugitives, Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan to invade Ranthambore in 1301.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=342}}

Ulugh Khan marched up to the [[Banas River]], where he defeated and killed Hammira's general Bhimasimha.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=109-110}} Subsequently, the Delhi army suffered a defeat at a mountain pass called Hinduvata.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=111}} Alauddin dispatched [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] in support of Ulugh Khan, and the reinforced Delhi army once again marched towards Ranthambore. According to the ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'', this time, Ulugh Khan pretended that he was coming to negotiate a truce with Hammira, and therefore, Hammira allowed him to cross the Hinduvata mountain pass.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=112}} The Delhi army captured [[Jhain]], and then reached Ranthambore, where Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege. Taking advantage of the mourning in the invaders' camp, Hammira's army attacked them, and forced Ulugh Khan to retreat to Jhain.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=342}}

When Alauddin learned about Ulugh Khan's defeat, he personally led a stronger army to Ranthambore. While he was at Ranthambore, an officer called Haji Maula took control of Delhi, prompting Alauddin to send his general Malik Hamiduddin to Delhi. Some days later, Alauddin received the news that Haji Maula had appointed [[Iltutmish]]'s descendant Alavi as a [[puppet monarch]] in Delhi. Alauddin then sent Ulugh Khan to Delhi. By the time Ulugh Khan reached Delhi, Hamiduddin had already quelled the revolt.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=110}} Ulugh Khan ordered all the surviving rebels to be killed. The grandsons of Haji Maula's former master Fakhruddin were also killed, although they had not played any part in the rebellion.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=347}}

Alauddin captured the fort in July 1301, and placed it under Ulugh Khan's charge. However, the local public hated Ulugh Khan so much, that he decided not to go beyond the suburbs of Ranthambore.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=115}}

{{see also|Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji#Rebellion of Haji Maula}}

== Last days ==

After his [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|conquest of Ranthambore]] in 1301, Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan to prepare for a march to the [[Kakatiya]] capital [[Warangal]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}} Ulugh Khan assembled a large army, but died a few months later.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=348}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=197}}

According to the 14th-century chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], his death greatly depressed Alauddin, who gave a lot of money away in charity for the salvation of his soul.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=348}} However, Barani's contemporary chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]] claims that Alauddin had ordered Ulugh Khan's killing by poisoning. During Alauddin's march to Ranthambore, his nephew Akat Khan made an [[Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji#Akat Khan's rebellion|attempt to assassinate him]]. When Alauddin fell unconscious, Akat Khan wrongly believed him to be dead, and spread the news. According to Isami's account, a servant of Alauddin told the Sultan that on hearing this news, Ulugh Khan had remarked that he was ready to fill the vacant throne. This made Alauddin suspicious of Ulugh Khan, leading to Ulugh Khan's murder. The 16th-century chronicler Husam Khan, in his ''Tabaqat-i-Bahadur Shahi'', also attributes Ulugh Khan's death to poisoning, a claim repeated by the later chronicler Haji-ud-dabir.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=114}}

Historian Banarsi Prasad Saksena dismisses Isami's account as false.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=348}} However, [[Kishori Saran Lal]] believes that given Alauddin's temperament, it is not impossible that he had his brother killed.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=114}}

In 1304, Alauddin sent another army to Gujarat, and annexed it to the Delhi Sultanate. According to [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Ashiqa'', which is of little historical value, Ulugh Khan led this invasion. However, this claim is of doubtful accuracy, and is not supported by other sources. [[Isami (historian)|Isami]] names the commander of the second Gujarat campaign as Malik Jhitam, not Ulugh Khan. The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] also suggests that Ulugh Khan was already dead by this time.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=191}} The 18th century text ''Mirat-i-Ahmadi'' claims that Ulugh Khan governed Gujarat for 20 years, and was later executed as a result of a conspiracy by [[Malik Kafur]]. However, the author has obviously confused [[Alp Khan]] with Alauddin's brother Ulugh Khan.{{sfn|Edward Clive Bayley|1886|p=39}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Edward Clive Bayley |author-link=Edward Clive Bayley |title=The Local Muhammadan Dynasties - Gujarát |series=The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39 |year=1886 |publisher=W.H. Allen and Co. }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sunil Kumar |chapter=The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate |editor=Richard M. Eaton |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA61 |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Alauddin Khalji}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ulugh}}
[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:13th-century births]]
[[Category:14th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Asian people of Turkic descent]]