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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Ujani Dam<br />Bhima Dam
| image = Upstream of the Bhima Dam and reservoir.jpg
| image_caption = View of Ujani or Bhima Dam and reservoir looking upstream
| name_official = Ujani Dam<br />Bhima Dam
| dam_crosses = [[Bhima River]]
| location = Ujani, Indapur ,pune
| dam_type = Composite: [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]/[[Gravity dam|Gravity]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2534|m|abbr=on}} (2.534 km)
| dam_height = {{convert|56.4|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest = {{convert|6.7|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_volume = {{convert|3320000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}
| spillway_count = 41 Gates
| spillway_type = Concrete
| spillway_capacity = {{convert|15717|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| construction_began = 1969
| opening = June 1980
| cost = [[rupee|Rs]] 8,329.6 cr (1983–84)
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| operator = Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra
| res_name = '''Yashwant Sagar'''
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|3140000000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on|lk=out}} (110.89 TMC)
| res_capacity_active = {{convert|1440000000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on|lk=out}} (53 TMC)
| res_capacity_inactive= {{convert|1802000000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on|lk=out}} (59 TMC)
| res_catchment = {{convert|14850|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{convert|337|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator = Government of Maharashtra
| plant_type = P
| plant_turbines = Reversible Pump Turbine
| plant_capacity = 12 MW
| plant_annual_gen = 105 GWh initial years reducing to 21 GWh later as irrigation develops
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = Maharashtra
| location_map_caption = Location of Ujjani Dam and Reservoir in Maharashtra
| location_map_size = 250px
| coordinates = {{coord|18|04|26|N|75|07|12|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Ujani Dam''', also known as Bhima Dam or Bhima Irrigation Project, on the [[Bhima River]], a tributary of the Krishna River, is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] cum [[Gravity dam|Masonry gravity dam]] located near Ujjani village of Madha Taluk in [[Solapur district]] of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref name=Salient>{{cite web|url=http://www.solapurcada.org/solapurcada.org/Salient%20features%20of%20Ujjani.htm|title=Salient Features of Ujjani Project – Cada:Solapur|access-date=27 June 2011|publisher=Solapurcada.org|archive-date=26 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326081325/http://www.solapurcada.org/solapurcada.org/Salient%20features%20of%20Ujjani.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Dam>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20dams%202009.pdf|title=National Register of Large Dams|work=Maharashtra: Ujjini Dam|number=843|access-date=30 June 2011|publisher=Central water Commission, Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Gazette>{{cite web|url=http://solapur.gov.in/htmldocs/1977/agri_irrigation.html|title=Irrigation|work=Major Irrigation Works|publisher=The Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra}}</ref><ref name=Bhima>{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/India_information/KRISHNA_PROJECTS.htm|title=Major Existing Water Resources Projects in the Krishna Basin|work=Bhima Irrigation Project|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Hydrology and Water Resources Information System for India|archive-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217215442/http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/India_information/KRISHNA_PROJECTS.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Bhima River, which originates in [[Bhimashankar]] of the [[Western Ghats]], and forms the Bhima Valley with its tributary rivers and streams, has twenty-two dams built on it of which the Ujjani Dam is the terminal dam on the river and is the largest in the valley that intercepts a catchment area of {{convert|14858|km2|abbr=on}} (which includes a free catchment of {{convert|9766|km2|abbr=on}}).<ref name=Salient/><ref name=Bhima/><ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite book|author=B. N. Pandey|title=Biodiversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKzSoaCWNsC&pg=PA61|access-date=30 June 2011|date=1 January 2007|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0267-5|pages=61–}}</ref><ref name=Shrishti>{{cite web|url=http://rcse.edu.shiga-u.ac.jp/gov-pro/plan/2010list/10/indian_lakes/ujjani_reservoir-a_world_lake_vision_candidate-waiting_for_restoration.pdf|title=Ujjain Reservoir in Pune District; Maharashtra India; A World Lake Vision Candidatewaiting for ecological restoration|access-date=1 June 2011|publisher=Shrishti Eco-Research Institute(SERI)|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926095208/http://rcse.edu.shiga-u.ac.jp/gov-pro/plan/2010list/10/indian_lakes/ujjani_reservoir-a_world_lake_vision_candidate-waiting_for_restoration.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The construction of the dam project including the canal system on both banks was started in 1969 at an initial estimated cost of [[rupee|Rs]] 400 million and when completed in June 1980 the cost incurred was of the order of Rs 3295.85 million.<ref name=Gazette/>

The reservoir created by the {{convert|56.4|m|abbr=on}} high earth cum concrete gravity dam on the Bhima River has a gross storage capacity of {{convert|3.320|km3|abbr=on}}. The annual utilization is {{convert|2.410|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Bhima/> The project provides multipurpose benefits of irrigation, hydroelectric power, drinking, and industrial water supply and fisheries development. The irrigation supplies benefit {{convert|500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of agricultural land, particularly in the Solapur district. Water supplied from the reservoir to irrigate agricultural areas primarily aims to reduce the incidence of famines and scarcity during drought conditions. The reservoir operation also lessens the threat due to floods to cities such as [[Pandharpur]] (an important religious pilgrimage centre for the [[Hindus]]). As a result of irrigation facilities, some of the important crops grown under irrigated conditions are sugarcane, wheat, millet and cotton.<ref name=Gazette/><ref name="(India)">{{cite book|author=Encyclopædia Britannica (India)|title=Students' Britannica India|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA56|access-date=30 June 2011|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|pages=56–}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Road on the top of Bhima Dam.jpg|left|thumb|Road over the Bhima Dam]]
The Bhima River on which the Ujjani Dam has been built rises from Bhimashankar hills in the Western Ghats, also known as the [[Sahyadri]] hill range. The river flows for a length of {{convert|725|km|abbr=on}} till it meets the Krishna River (one of the two major river systems in Maharashtra, the other being the [[Godavari River]]) near Raichur in Raichur district in Karnataka. Bhima River Basin has many tributaries of which the major ones are the [[Kundali River]], [[Kumandala River]], [[Ghod river]], Bhama River, [[Indrayani River]], [[Mula River (India)|Mula River]], [[Mutha River]], [[Pavna River]], Bori, Sina, Man, Bhogwati and [[Nira river|Nira]]. The total drainage area of {{convert|48631|km2|abbr=on}} of Bhima River basin, an inter state river basin, covers both Maharashtra (75%) and [[Karnataka]] (25%) states, out of which {{convert|14858|km2|abbr=on}} drains into the Ujjani Reservoir created by the Ujjani Dam. The Upper Bhima River basin is subdivided into three zones namely northern, middle and southern, the main stem of the river is in the middle zone where the Bhima Dam is built, while the southern zone is dominated by five reservoirs. The basin above the dam has intense rural, agricultural, urban and industrial activities. The river basin, which has a slope from west to east has extreme [[Physical geography|physiographic]] and agro-climatic variations. The [[drainage basin]] has rich and fertile agricultural land, and several water resources development projects have been built on its river system. Government of Maharashtra has classified the stretches of the Upper Bhima River for the purpose of various uses as, A-I for drinking water without conventional treatment but after disinfection, A-II Drinking water after conventional treatment followed by disinfection, A-III for fish and wildlife propagation and A-IV for agriculture, industrial cooling and process.<ref name=Shrishti/><ref name=Pune>{{cite web|url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/files/envreportPune.pdf|title=Report of Environmental Status of Pune Region|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Envis, Government of Maharashtra|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=brit>{{cite web|url=http://geoanalyzer.britannica.com/ebc/article-9357199|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102131650/http://geoanalyzer.britannica.com/ebc/article-9357199|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2013|title=Bhima River|access-date=30 June 2011|publisher=Britannica Concise article}}</ref> The dam and the reservoir are approachable from [[Pune|Pune city]], which is {{convert|160|km|abbr=on}} away.<ref name=Global/> The dam is about {{convert|5|mi|abbr=on}} upstream of the bridge across the Bhima River on the Pune-Sholapur Road.<ref name=Gazette/>

===Climate===
[[File:Ujjani dam.png|thumb|left|200px|The reservoir as seen from a satellite]]
The basin experiences tropical monsoon climatic conditions. The rainfall is dictated by the southwest monsoon, which varies from {{convert|6000|-|3000|mm|abbr=on}} (from South to North) near the North–South trending mountain range of the basin but drastically drops to {{convert|700|mm|abbr=on}} within a distance of {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} towards the east. The average annual precipitation of the basin above the dam in the Upper Bhima River Basin (UBB) has been assessed as {{convert|1096|mm|abbr=on}} out of which {{convert|945|mm|abbr=on}} (87%) occurs during the four monsoon months (mid June to mid September). Thereafter, the basin falls under the rain shadow area towards the east with rainfall incidence ranging between {{convert|450|-|600|mm|abbr=on}} and is thus under drought conditions quite frequently.<ref name=Ranade>{{cite web|url=http://www.riversymposium.com/2006/index.php?element=06RANADEVidyanand|title=Participatory Irrigation Management and mini watershed development for well being of the community|author=Vidyanand Ranade|access-date=2 July 2010|publisher=riversymposium.com|year=2006|archive-date=3 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003232158/http://www.riversymposium.com/2006/index.php?element=06RANADEVidyanand|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Based on rainfall data and other characteristics of the basin, the average annual yield of the Upper Bhima River basin has been assessed as {{convert|7.373|km3|abbr=on}}. Since the Bhima River which is a major tributary of the Krishna River is an interstate river, the flows are shared by the Upper riparian state of Maharashtra with the lower riparian Karnataka state. The [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]], in its award in the year 1976 permitted Maharashtra to use only {{convert|4.753|km3|abbr=on}} from the Upper Bhima River Basin.<ref name=Ranade/> The Bhima or Ujjani dam has a planned annual utilization of {{convert|1.878|km3|abbr=on}} (including evaporation losses).<ref name=Salient/>

==Features==
[[File:Gate controlled Spillway of Bhima dam.jpg|right|thumb|Gate Controlled Spillway of Bhima or Ujjani Dam]]
The Ujjani Dam commissioned in June 1980 is an earth cum concrete masonry dam, which has created a multipurpose reservoir. The total length of the dam is {{convert|2534|m|abbr=on}}, which comprises a central portion which is the spillway dam of {{convert|602|m|abbr=on}} length, of concrete gravity section of {{convert|56.4|m|abbr=on}} (maximum height above the deepest foundation level). The spillway is flanked by Non Overflow (NOF) concrete gravity dams of {{convert|314|m|abbr=on}} length. Earth dam sections flank the NOF dams on the left and right banks. The volume content of the dams is {{convert|3.320|km3|abbr=on}}. The gross storage capacity created is {{convert|3.320|km3|abbr=on}} at the Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of {{convert|497.58|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Salient/> The spillway, structure has an Ogee shaped downstream slope designed to dispose a design flood discharge of {{convert|15717|m3/s|abbr=on}} (the maximum probable flood discharge of {{convert|18013|m3/s|abbr=on}} and a breaching section is provided between the NOF block and the earth dam section, controlled by 41 radial gates of {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}}x{{convert|6.5|m|abbr=on}} size erected over the crest of the dam. In addition, four river sluices (gate controlled) are also provided in the body of the spillway pier numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6 with outlet level at {{convert|470|m|abbr=on}}, with each sluice designed for a discharge capacity of {{convert|60|m3/s|abbr=on}} for silt flushing. The energy dissipation arrangements on the downstream slope of the spillway is in the form of high level and low level slotted roller bucket type. Measuring instruments have been installed in the body of the dam to record and analyse various parameters related to the behaviour of the dam over the years as part of the dam safety programme<ref name=Salient/><ref name=Bhima/> The dam is founded on massive [[basalt]]ic rock formations.

===Reservoir===
[[File:Full doownstream view of the Bhima or Ujjani Dam.jpg|right|thumb|Panoramic view of Ujjani or Bhima Dam and the reservoir]]
The reservoir created by the dam has a water spread area of {{convert|357|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} at the High Flood Level (HFL) and {{convert|336.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} at Full Reservoir Level causing submergence of land and houses in 82 villages.<ref name=Salient/><ref name=Bhima/> The reservoir stretches upstream of the dam to a length of around 50 km, and the maximum width of the reservoir is {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}}. The rim of the reservoir periphery measures {{convert|670|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Salient/>

As a result of reservoir submergence, realignment of railway line (of the [[Daund]] [[Solapur]] section) to a length of {{convert|33.251|km|abbr=on}}, realignment of [[National Highway (India)|National Highway No. 9]] between Pune and Solapur sector over a length of {{convert|23.4|km|abbr=on}}, and the State Highway between [[Tembhurni]] and [[Karmala]] to the extent of {{convert|15.35|km|abbr=on}} was involved.<ref name=Salient/>

Two years after the commissioning of the project, the reservoir water quality was tested to establish its suitability for various uses. The physical and chemical analysis indicated that the [[pH]] values, free carbon dioxide, total hardness, alkalinity, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, sulphates, calcium and magnesium were within prescribed limits. Heavy metals, copper and lead were not present. However, during the rainy season, the iron content though high, was found to be within permissible limits. [[Potassium]] and [[ammonia]] were within prescribed safe limits of acceptance for use of stored water for drinking, industrial use and for fish propagation.<ref name=Abbasi>{{Cite book|last=Abbasi|first=Shahid A.|title= Water resources projects and their environmental impacts|pages=178–179|access-date=30 June 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eo44tioUHxgC&q=Fisheries+in+Ujjani+Reservoir&pg=PA178|publisher= Discovery Publishing House|year=2001|isbn= 81-7141-579-2}}</ref> However, since its creation in 1980, it is now recorded that substantial quantity of the untreated sewage is discharged into the streams which flow into the Ujjani Reservoir, particularly in the river stretch close to the Pune city.<ref name=Shrishti/>

The reservoir created by the Ujjani dam is also one of the largest backwaters in [[India]], Since its creation in 1980, the reservoir backwaters attract, every year, a large number of migratory birds (from [[North India]] and other countries); about 100–150 species of [[flamingo]]s and [[cormorants]] are reported.<ref name=Save>{{cite web|url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/?q=bird_protection_campaign|title=Ujani Dam: Theme: Save the Birds|access-date=30 June 2011|publisher=Environmental Information Centre, Government of Maharashtra|archive-date=19 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219061736/http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/?q=bird_protection_campaign|url-status=dead}}</ref> The migratory bird species in the Ujjani reservoir have been studied by the Science and Technology Park (STP), a Pune-based institution. Some of the key species which are found around backwaters are: [[greater flamingo]]s, [[pheasant-tailed jacana]], [[painted stork]], [[moorhen]], [[small pratincole]], [[River tern (bird)|river terns]], aquatic insects, [[pied kingfisher]] and [[stilt]]s.<ref name=Global>{{cite web|url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIPU&mydateHid=11-11-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00400&format=&publabel=TOI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009113931/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIPU&mydateHid=11-11-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00400&format=&publabel=TOI|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2011|title=Ujani likely to be on global map |access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Times of India|date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

==Benefits==
The Ujjani Dam and its large reservoir provide multi-purpose benefits of irrigation, [[hydroelectric]] power generation, drinking and industrial water supply, and fisheries.<ref name=Salient/>

===Irrigation===
[[File:Irrigation Canal taking off from the dam.jpg|right|thumb|Left bank irrigation canal from the Ujjani Dam]]
Irrigation from the storage created in the reservoir are provided via two irrigation canal systems originating from the dam – The Left Bank Main Canal (LBMC) and The Right Bank Main canal (RBMC) – the LBMC is {{convert|126|km|abbr=on}} long, designed to carry a discharge of {{convert|109|m3/s|abbr=on}} and provides irrigation to a command of {{convert|688.4|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} while the RBMC, which is {{convert|112|km|abbr=on}} long, designed to carry {{convert|42.5|m3/s|abbr=on}} provides irrigation benefits to an area of {{convert|44100|m3/s|abbr=on}} through its network of canal system.<ref name=Salient/>

Bhima to [[Sina River|Sina]] interlink (Jod Kalava) with 21 km long tunnel from Ujjani reservoir is constructed to supply water for vast lands in catchment area of [[Sina River|Sina tributary]].

The storage created by the Ujjani Dam has resulted in the irrigation of {{convert|500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, particularly in Solapur district, resulting in doubling the yield of [[sorghum]] (jowar) and tripling the yield of [[Peanut|groundnut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://operations.ifad.org/web/ifad/operations/country/project/tags/india/23/project%20overview|title=Bhima Command Area Development Project |access-date=30 June 2011|publisher=operations.ifad.org}}</ref> Farmers management organizations set up in the command area of the project are an important component of equitable distribution of irrigation under the rotational irrigation water management practice followed in the command. The irrigation component of the Ujjani Dam project was co-financed by [[International Fund for Agricultural Development|IFAD]] and the [[World Bank]] with specific objective to enhance the social and economic conditions of the [[Scheduled castes]] and [[Scheduled tribe]] people in the command.<ref name=Bhima/>

==Hydropower==
[[File:Pumped storage Powerhouse of 12 MW capacity.jpg|right|thumb|The 12 MW pumped storage powerhouse at the toe of the dam on the left bank]]
A [[pumped storage]] type powerhouse has been built at the toe of the dam with an installed capacity of 12 MW (one unit of vertical Francis-reversible pump turbine) on the left bank of the dam, {{convert|65|m|abbr=on}} downstream from the axis of the dam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2002/pdf/104_full.pdftitle=Ujjani_Dam_D02963|title=Ujjani Hydroelectric Project|access-date=30 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It operates below 20 percent load factor under a range of maximum head of {{convert|36.77|m|abbr=on}} and minimum head of {{convert|25.6|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Salient/><ref name="JainAgarwal2007">{{cite book|author1=Sharad K. Jain|author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal|author3=Vijay P. Singh|title=Hydrology and water resources of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA857|access-date=30 June 2011|date=5 March 2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1|pages=654, 857}}</ref> The hydropower component involved construction of a {{convert|13.42|m|abbr=on}} high [[weir]], {{convert|915|m|abbr=on}} below the Ujjani Dam to control the lower pond for operation during the pumping mode.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern power systems, Volume 4, Issues 7–12|access-date=30 June 2011|url= http://www.google.co.in/search?q=Ujjani+Dam&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a#sclient=psy&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US%3Aofficial&tbm=bks&source=hp&q=The+project+involves+the+construction+of+a+13.42+m+high+weir%2C+915+m+below+the+Ujjani+dam+which+will+control+the+lower+pond&aq=&aqi=&aql=&oq=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=a1cdc989cd0c377f&biw=1024&bih=598|publisher=Miller Freeman Publications|year=1984}}</ref> A penstock pipe of {{convert|3.2|m|abbr=on}} diameter ({{convert|12|mm|abbr=on}} thick) and {{convert|70|m|abbr=on}} length embedded in the dam diverts the flow of {{convert|44|m3/s|abbr=on}} from a gate controlled trash racks (15 panels) covered intake into the powerhouse. The lower pond in the pumped storage scheme of operation was built initially itself, soon after commissioning of the dam. The power plant is reported to be providing benefits since then. However, the power generation estimated initially at 105 GWh was expected to reduce to 21 GWh, as water was utilized for irrigation through the RBC and LBC canal systems.<ref name=Salient/>

During the drought year 2015, the inflows into the reservoir were very meagre due to the failure of rains in the catchment area. However, nearly 36 [[tmcft]] dead storage water available in the reservoir could not be used for the dire needs. With minor external modifications to the exiting reversible hydro turbine unit, all the dead storage water can be put to use during the drought years by using the hydro power plant for pumping water into the nearby left canal. Water would be released downstream into the tail pond through the existing river sluice gates. The pen stock of the hydro power unit is extended (less than 100 m long) to connect to the nearby left canal. The hydro power unit is operated in pumping mode to pump water from the tail pond to the left canal when the reservoir level is below the canal's minimum draw down level (MDDL). The pen stock extension piping is detached when water pumping to the canal is not required to restore its normal power generation when the reservoir level is above the left canal's MDDL<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Ujjani_Dam_D02963|title=Ujjani Dam D02963|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221144932/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Ujjani_Dam_D02963|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Other benefits==
The high density of phytoplankton (of many species) in the Ujjani Reservoir is conducive to proliferation of fish species.<ref name="SinghYadava2003">{{cite book|author1=Vijay P. Singh|author2=Ram Narayan Yadava|title=Environmental pollution: proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment (WE-2003), December 15–18, 2003, Bhopal, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD7PNcdmSBEC&pg=PA122|access-date=30 June 2011|year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-550-7|pages=122–}}</ref> Production of fish resources from the reservoir has been estimated at 712 tonnes per year, and 19 percent of the catch consists species of [[major carps]]. Fish yield is reported to be 2450 kg/km<sup>2</sup> of the water spread area of the reservoir.<ref name="Sugnnan1997">{{cite book|author=V.V. Sugnnan|title=Reservoir Fisheries of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6V3n2iIiXZgC&pg=PA211|access-date=30 June 2011|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Daya Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7035-198-6|pages=211–214}}</ref>

==Bird watching==
With the water reservoir of Ujani Dam, Bhigwan is a small town developed on the Pune-Solapur Highway around 105 km from Pune which is on the backwaters of Ujani dam. Bhigwan is famous for [[birdwatching]] especially flamingos and wild life photography.<ref>[http://www.mumbaitravellers.in/1-day-birdwatching-and-photography-at-bhigwan/ Bhigwan]</ref><ref>[http://www.punemirror.in/pune/others/Bhigwan-low-on-flamingos-this-year/articleshow/50097581.cms Bhigwan low on flamingos this year]</ref> It is also known as mini [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]].<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bhigwan-is-a-new-flock-spot-for-birding-near-mumbai/16912178 Bhigwan is a new flock-spot for birding near Mumbai]</ref> Many kinds of Ducks, Herons, Egrets, Raptors and Waders along with flocks of hundreds of flamingos can be seen. Variety of birds at Bhigwan gives of sighting of almost all the prime bird species there and also creates great photographic opportunities for wildlife photographers. At times, 1,000-1,200 flamingos are seen.<ref>[http://www.placesnearpune.com/2013/02/bird-watching-bhigwan-flamingos/ Bhigwan]</ref> The low rains and low water level has now reduced the number of flamingos over some years. It is a favorite spot for migratory birds, with more than 230 species found here. One can see flamingos, painted storks, bar-headed geese, demoiselle cranes, etc. These birds can be seen in the winter season between December and March. The bird generally migrates via marine routes and adult females depart from the breeding grounds .<ref>[http://www.punemirror.in/pune/others/Birders-at-Bhigwan-get-a-rare-treat/articleshow/51502038.cms Birders at Bhigwan get a rare treat]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 1980]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1980]]
[[Category:Dams in Pune district]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India]]
[[Category:Dams on the Krishna River]]
[[Category:Masonry dams]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Ujjani Dam - Revision history

JyotikaSBaliarsingh at 17:01, 11 November 2025