Ujjainiya - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Rajput Clan}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2017}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2017}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2017}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2017}}
	The '''Ujjainiya''' (also spelled as '''Ujjaini''') are a [[Rajput]] [[clan]] that inhabits the state of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book \|title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia \|editor1-first=Surinder \|editor1-last=Singh \|editor2-first=I. D. \|editor2-last=Gaur \|pages=76–77 \|publisher=Pearson Education India \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC \|chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''\|first=Imtiaz \|last=Ahmad \|access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref>		The '''Ujjainiya Parmār''' (also spelled as '''Ujjaini''' or simply '''Ujjainiya''') are a [[Rajput]] [[clan]] that inhabits the [[Bhojpuri region\|Bhojpur region]] in the state of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book \|title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia \|editor1-first=Surinder \|editor1-last=Singh \|editor2-first=I. D. \|editor2-last=Gaur \|pages=76–77 \|publisher=Pearson Education India \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC \|chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''\|first=Imtiaz \|last=Ahmad \|access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> They were an offshoot of the [[Paramara dynasty\|Parmara]] Rajputs that claims [[Agnivansha\|Agnivanshi]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sharma \|first=Dasharatha \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A86fAAAACAAJ \|title=Early Chauhan Dynasties: A Study of Chauhan Political History, Chauhan Political Institutions and Life in the Chauhan Dominions from 800 to 1316 A. D. \|date=1975 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Limited) \|isbn=978-81-208-0492-0 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Kumar Suresh \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QVuAAAAMAAJ&q=parmar+agnivanshi \|title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh \|date=2005 \|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India \|isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 \|language=en}}</ref>

	They are considered to have played a prominent role in the political history of medieval Bihar with many of their strongholds being established in the erstwhile [[Shahabad district]] of West Bihar, the most notable of which are [[Dumraon Raj]] and [[Jagdispur]].<ref>{{cite journal \| title=The Role of Ujjainiya Rajputs in the Political History of Bihar \| author=Rajiva Nain Prasad \| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|volume = 30\| year=1968 \| pages= 167–177\|jstor = 44141471}}</ref>		They are considered to have played a prominent role in the political history of medieval Bihar with many of their strongholds being established in the erstwhile [[Shahabad district]] of West Bihar, the most notable of which are [[Dumraon Raj]] and [[Jagdispur]].<ref>{{cite journal \| title=The Role of Ujjainiya Rajputs in the Political History of Bihar \| author=Rajiva Nain Prasad \| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|volume = 30\| year=1968 \| pages= 167–177\|jstor = 44141471}}</ref>
	Their oral tradition is contained within a 19th century book called the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''. According to this, they trace their ancestry to [[Ujjain]] where the [[Parmar]] Rajput kings ruled. After settling in Bihar, the locals started to refer to them as Ujjainiya.<ref name="Ahmad" /> They call themselves ''Ujjainiya Parmars''.<ref name="westernRaj">{{cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT275 \|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare \|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd \|first=Saikat K. \|last=Bose \|year=2015 \|pages=Formation_of_Rajput_identity \| isbn=978-9-38446-454-7}}</ref>		Their oral tradition is contained within a 19th century book called the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''. According to this, they trace their ancestry to [[Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] where the [[Parmar (Rajput clan)\|Parmar]] Rajput kings ruled. After settling in Bihar, the locals started to refer to them as Ujjainiya.<ref name="Ahmad" /> They call themselves ''Ujjainiya Parmars''.<ref name="westernRaj">{{cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT275 \|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare \|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd \|first=Saikat K. \|last=Bose \|year=2015 \|pages=Formation_of_Rajput_identity \| isbn=978-9-38446-454-7}}</ref>

	== Origins ==		== Origins ==

	Certainly by the 17th century, as documented in a text that they consider to record their history, and perhaps as early as the 14th century, the Ujjainiya Parmar Rajputs believed themselves to be related to the royal family of Ujjain in Malwa.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59\|pages=59–60\|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1990\|first=Dirk H. A. \|last=Kolff \|author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff \|isbn=978-0-52152-305-9}}</ref> The oral tradition of the Ujjaniya, as written in the 19th century in a book called ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjaniya'', makes a similar claim of a royal relationship.<ref name="Ahmad" /> This document contains a family tree which claims to directly link the Paramara King, The great [[Bhoja]] Raj Parmar to certain Ujjainiya chieftains in Bihar.<ref>{{cite journal \| title=Tradition and Genealogy of the Ujjainiyas in Bihar \| author=Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya \| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|volume = 24\| year=1961 \| pages= 351–352\|jstor = 44140725}}</ref>		Certainly by the 17th century, as documented in a text that they consider to record their history, and perhaps as early as the 14th century, the Ujjainiya Parmar Rajputs believed themselves to be related to the royal family of Ujjain in [[Malwa]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59\|pages=59–60\|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1990\|first=Dirk H. A. \|last=Kolff \|author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff \|isbn=978-0-52152-305-9}}</ref> The oral tradition of the Ujjaniya, as written in the 19th century in a book called ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjaniya'', makes a similar claim of a royal relationship.<ref name="Ahmad" /> This document contains a family tree which claims to directly link the Paramara King, The great [[Bhoja]] Raj Parmar to certain Ujjainiya chieftains in Bihar.<ref>{{cite journal \| title=Tradition and Genealogy of the Ujjainiyas in Bihar \| author=Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya \| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|volume = 24\| year=1961 \| pages= 351–352\|jstor = 44140725}}</ref>

	By the 17th century, the Ujjainiyas were recognised as Parmar Rajputs by the Rajputs of [[Rajasthan]] and were allowed a place in the Rajasthani bardic ''khyat''.<ref name="AlamSubrahmanyam1998">{{cite book\|author1=Muzaffar Alam\|author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam\|title=The Mug̲h̲al State, 1526-1750\|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059\|year=1998\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6\|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059/page/n115 109]}}</ref>		By the 17th century, the Ujjainiyas were recognised as Parmar Rajputs by the Rajputs of [[Rajasthan]] and were allowed a place in the Rajasthani bardic ''khyat''.<ref name="AlamSubrahmanyam1998">{{cite book\|author1=Muzaffar Alam\|author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam\|title=The Mug̲h̲al State, 1526-1750\|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059\|year=1998\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6\|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059/page/n115 109]}}</ref>
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	==History==		==History==
	===Arrival in Bihar and war with the Cheros===		===Arrival in Bihar and war with the Cheros===
	During the 14th century, the Ujjainiyas who were under the leadership of Hunkar Singh, came into conflict with the [[Chero dynasty]] who were the traditional rulers of much of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]. In the ensuing battles, both sides suffered many casualties with the Cheros losing more than 20,000 men however eventually the Chero rulers were expelled from Western Bihar and retreated to [[Palamau district\|Palamau]] in modern-day Jharkhand.<ref name="Gopal2017">{{cite book\|author=Surendra Gopal\|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT289\|date=22 December 2017\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6\|pages=289–295}}</ref> The conflict between the Ujjainiyas ~~ans~~ the Cheros lasted for centuries as many Cheros who remained resented the Ujjainiyas and continued to rebel against them by undertaking a protracted guerilla campaign against them.<ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book\|author1=Surinder Singh\|author2=I. D. Gaur\|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA77\|year=2008\|publisher=Pearson Education India\|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7\|pages=77–}}</ref>		During the 14th century, the Ujjainiyas who were under the leadership of Hunkar Singh, came into conflict with the [[Chero dynasty]] who were the traditional rulers of much of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]. In the ensuing battles, both sides suffered many casualties with the Cheros losing more than 20,000 men however eventually the Chero rulers were expelled from Western Bihar and retreated to [[Palamau district\|Palamau]] in modern-day Jharkhand.<ref name="Gopal2017">{{cite book\|author=Surendra Gopal\|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT289\|date=22 December 2017\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6\|pages=289–295}}</ref> The conflict between the Ujjainiyas and the Cheros lasted for centuries as many Cheros who remained resented the Ujjainiyas and continued to rebel against them by undertaking a protracted guerilla campaign against them.<ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book\|author1=Surinder Singh\|author2=I. D. Gaur\|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA77\|year=2008\|publisher=Pearson Education India\|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7\|pages=77–}}</ref>

	===Conflict with the Jaunpur Sultanate===		===Conflict with the Jaunpur Sultanate===
	{{See also\|Jaunpur-Bhojpur War}}		{{See also\|Jaunpur-Bhojpur War}}
	Once the Ujjainiyas established sway over Western Bihar, they came into conflict with the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] which lasted for more than 100 years. The Ujjainiyas responded to the Jaunpur Sultan, Malik Sarwar disturbing Brahmins in their prayers. The Ujjainiya chieftain, Raja Harraj was initially successful in protecting these Brahmins and defeating the forces of Malik Sarwar however the Ujjainiyas were defeated in subsequent battles and ~~forced to hide~~ in the forests and resort to guerrilla warfare.<ref>{{cite journal \| title=The Relation of Bhojpur and Jaunpur (From 1389 A.D. to 1519 A.D \| author= Md. Iftekhar Alam \| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|volume = 44\| year=1983 \| pages= 213\|jstor = 44139839}}</ref>		Once the Ujjainiyas established sway over Western Bihar, they came into conflict with the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] which lasted for more than 100 years. The Ujjainiyas responded to the Jaunpur Sultan, Malik Sarwar disturbing Brahmins in their prayers. The Ujjainiya chieftain, Raja Harraj was initially successful in protecting these Brahmins and defeating the forces of Malik Sarwar however the Ujjainiyas were defeated in subsequent battles and retreated in the forests and resort to guerrilla warfare.<ref>{{cite journal \| title=The Relation of Bhojpur and Jaunpur (From 1389 A.D. to 1519 A.D \| author= Md. Iftekhar Alam \| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|volume = 44\| year=1983 \| pages= 213\|jstor = 44139839}}</ref>

	=== Battle of Surajgarha ===		=== Battle of Surajgarha ===
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	* [[Babu Amar Singh]]		* [[Babu Amar Singh]]
	* [[Kunwar Dhir]]		* [[Kunwar Dhir]]
			* [[Gajpati Ujjainia]]

	== See also ==		== See also ==
	*[[Ganwaria Rajput]]		*[[Ganwaria Rajput]]
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	[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]		[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
			[[Category:History of Ujjain]]

223.226.163.146 at 19:38, 28 August 2021

2021-08-28T19:38:31Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
The '''Ujjainiya''' (also spelled as '''Ujjaini''') are a [[Rajput]] [[clan]] that inhabits the state of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book |title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |pages=76–77 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''|first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref>

They are considered to have played a prominent role in the political history of medieval Bihar with many of their strongholds being established in the erstwhile [[Shahabad district]] of West Bihar, the most notable of which are [[Dumraon Raj]] and [[Jagdispur]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Role of Ujjainiya Rajputs in the Political History of Bihar | author=Rajiva Nain Prasad | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 30| year=1968 | pages= 167–177|jstor = 44141471}}</ref>
Their oral tradition is contained within a 19th century book called the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''. According to this, they trace their ancestry to [[Ujjain]] where the [[Parmar]] Rajput kings ruled. After settling in Bihar, the locals started to refer to them as Ujjainiya.<ref name="Ahmad" /> They call themselves ''Ujjainiya Parmars''.<ref name="westernRaj">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT275 |title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |first=Saikat K. |last=Bose |year=2015 |pages=Formation_of_Rajput_identity | isbn=978-9-38446-454-7}}</ref>

== Origins ==

Certainly by the 17th century, as documented in a text that they consider to record their history, and perhaps as early as the 14th century, the Ujjainiya Parmar Rajputs believed themselves to be related to the royal family of Ujjain in Malwa.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59|pages=59–60|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990|first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |isbn=978-0-52152-305-9}}</ref> The oral tradition of the Ujjaniya, as written in the 19th century in a book called ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjaniya'', makes a similar claim of a royal relationship.<ref name="Ahmad" /> This document contains a family tree which claims to directly link the Paramara King, The great [[Bhoja]] Raj Parmar to certain Ujjainiya chieftains in Bihar.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Tradition and Genealogy of the Ujjainiyas in Bihar | author=Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 24| year=1961 | pages= 351–352|jstor = 44140725}}</ref>

By the 17th century, the Ujjainiyas were recognised as Parmar Rajputs by the Rajputs of [[Rajasthan]] and were allowed a place in the Rajasthani bardic ''khyat''.<ref name="AlamSubrahmanyam1998">{{cite book|author1=Muzaffar Alam|author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|title=The Mug̲h̲al State, 1526-1750|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059/page/n115 109]}}</ref>

==History==
===Arrival in Bihar and war with the Cheros===
During the 14th century, the Ujjainiyas who were under the leadership of Hunkar Singh, came into conflict with the [[Chero dynasty]] who were the traditional rulers of much of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]. In the ensuing battles, both sides suffered many casualties with the Cheros losing more than 20,000 men however eventually the Chero rulers were expelled from Western Bihar and retreated to [[Palamau district|Palamau]] in modern-day Jharkhand.<ref name="Gopal2017">{{cite book|author=Surendra Gopal|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT289|date=22 December 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6|pages=289–295}}</ref> The conflict between the Ujjainiyas ans the Cheros lasted for centuries as many Cheros who remained resented the Ujjainiyas and continued to rebel against them by undertaking a protracted guerilla campaign against them.<ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book|author1=Surinder Singh|author2=I. D. Gaur|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA77|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7|pages=77–}}</ref>

===Conflict with the Jaunpur Sultanate===
{{See also|Jaunpur-Bhojpur War}}
Once the Ujjainiyas established sway over Western Bihar, they came into conflict with the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] which lasted for more than 100 years. The Ujjainiyas responded to the Jaunpur Sultan, Malik Sarwar disturbing Brahmins in their prayers. The Ujjainiya chieftain, Raja Harraj was initially successful in protecting these Brahmins and defeating the forces of Malik Sarwar however the Ujjainiyas were defeated in subsequent battles and forced to hide in the forests and resort to guerrilla warfare.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Relation of Bhojpur and Jaunpur (From 1389 A.D. to 1519 A.D | author= Md. Iftekhar Alam | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 44| year=1983 | pages= 213|jstor = 44139839}}</ref>

=== Battle of Surajgarha ===

The Ujjainiyas under the leadership of Raja Gajpati helped [[Sher Shah Suri]] in the battle of Surajgarha against the [[Muslim]] rulers of Bengal who at the time were a major regional power. Raja Gajpati handpicked 2000 of his best men and was able to help Sher Shah Suri in achieving victory. General Ibrahim Khan was killed by Raja Gajpati and all the camp equipments, elephants and artillery pieces of the Bengal army fell into the hands of Ujjainiyas. In return for their help the Ujjainiyas were entitled to any spoils of war they have found.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Role of Ujjainia Chiefs of Bhojpur in the Battle of Surajgarha (1530 A.D.): Summary | author=Muhammad Iftekhar Alam | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 52| year=1991 | pages= 122–127|jstor = 44142625}}</ref>

== Role in military labour ==

The Ujjainiyas played a prominent role in the recruitment of [[Purbiya]] mercenary soldiers from [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] for Hindu rulers, the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s and the [[East India Company|British]]. For a period, their name was synonymous with the military labour market of Northern India.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=j.ctt6wp6pg.11 | title=Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000 | journal=Fighting for a Living | publisher=Amsterdam University Press | author=Dirk H.A. Kolff | year=2013 | pages=257}}</ref>

==Personalities==
* [[Kunwar Singh|Veer Kunwar Singh]]
* [[Raja Horil Singh]]
* [[Babu Amar Singh]]
* [[Kunwar Dhir]]
== See also ==
*[[Ganwaria Rajput]]
*[[Babu Saheb]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajput Groups |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]