CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-15T08:14:18Z

Removed empty portal template using script

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imported>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 5 templates: hyphenate params (1×); del |ref=harv (2×);

2021-01-20T04:32:56Z

Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 5 templates: hyphenate params (1×); del |ref=harv (2×);

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Udayagiri
| native_name =
| image = Udayagiri WIKI.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
|relief=yes
| caption = Main Stupa
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| map_size = 250
| location = India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.6416|86.2692|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| rite =
| region =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| cercle =
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| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status = Preserved
| heritage_designation =
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{{BuddhasHolySites}}
'''Udayagiri''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: ଉଦୟଗିରି) is the largest [[Buddhist]] complex<ref name=Department>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/new/udaygiri.html|title=Udayagiri|publisher=Government of Odisha, Department of Tourism}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It is composed of major [[stupa]]s and monasteries ([[vihara]]s). Together with the nearby complexes of [[Lalitgiri]] and [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]], it is part of the "Diamond Triangle" of the "Ratnagiri-Udayagiri-Lalitgiri" complex.<ref name=Kumar>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first= Arjun |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/news/31224944_1_cuttack-buddhist-heritage-monastery|title=Sounds of silence at Buddhist sites in Odisha, Ratnagiri-Udayagiri-Lalitgiri|date=22 March 2012|newspaper=Economic times}}</ref> It used to be thought that one or all of these were the [[Pushpagiri Vihara]] known from ancient records,{{Sfn|Hoiberg| Ramchandani|2000|pp=175–176}} but this has now convincingly located at a different site. Per epigraphical artifacts found at the site, Udayagiri's historical name was "Madhavapura Mahavihara."<ref name="ASI">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2005_orissa.asp|title= Excavations – 2000–2005 – Orissa|work= Various Udaygiri-2, dt. Jajpur|access-date=9 April 2015|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> This Buddhist complex, preceded by the Ratnagiri and Lalitgiri sites, with their monasteries, is believed to have been active between the 7th and the 12th centuries.<ref name=Department/>

==Location==
Udayagiri is situated in the foothills, {{Convert|90|km}} to the north-east from [[Bhubaneswar]],<ref name="ASI"/> and {{Convert|70|km}} north-east of [[Cuttack]] in [[Jajpur district]].<ref name=Department/><ref name=Kumar/> As the crow flies, Ratnagiri and Udaygiri are about 11 km apart, and both about 7 km from Lalitgiri. The site now recognised as Puspagiri is some 18 km distant from Udaygiri, the closest to it of the "triangle" sites.

==Findings==
Numerous excavations by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) have been conducted at Udayagiri since 1958.<ref name="ASI"/> The Udayagiri Site 1, the first site to be excavated, is in a depression between two valleys.<ref name=Kumar/> In the excavations done during the period between 1985–86 and 1989–90, at the Udayagiri Site 2, the antiquities exposed consisted of a Buddhist Monastic complex enclosed within a compound wall, including a stupa of {{Convert|7|m}} height with four images of [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|dhyani Buddhas]] fixed at its four cardinal points. On the basis of the epigraphical evidence archaeologist have inferred that this site is "Madhavapura Mahavihara". During the large excavation from 1997 to 2000, a second part of Udayagiri-2 was discovered with additional stupas and monasteries. These antiquities consist of two eighth century monastic complexes, statues of [[Buddha]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]], [[Manjusri]], [[Avalokiteśvara]], [[Jatamukuta Lokesvara]] and many [[terracotta]] (earthenware) seals.<ref name="ASI"/> A [[Stepwell|stepped stone well]] with epigraphic inscriptions has also been discovered.<ref name=Department/> Also seen near one of the entry gates at the site is a human figure swinging on a rope, with eyes closed, in a state of perfect happiness.<ref name=Kumar/>

During the recent investigations conducted between 2001 and 2004 the antiquities unearthed included a stone finish flooring in the foreground of the excavated monastery, the main drain of the monastery flowing out to the north, a large stone raised platform {{Convert|14.05|x|13.35|m}} in size built in seven layers with [[ashlar masonry]] accessed through a series of steps, and marked in its northern end by a chandrashila (moon rock). Also found were [[apsidal]] [[Chaitya|chaitya-grihas]] (an old one replaced by another built in brick) facing east with a [[stupa]] diefied in it, built with stone and bricks, founded on the raised platform, and remnants of stone [[jali]] embellished with the theme of a three-hooked [[snake]] inferred as [[gavaksha]]s (horse-shoe arches).<ref name="ASI"/>
[[File:Udayagiri Buddhist Complex, Orissa ei4-06.jpg|thumb|Buddha, flanked by [[Manjusri]] (left), holding an upraised sword (his attribute) and a chauri, partially broken off. To the right is [[Avalokiteshvara]], holding a lotus and chauri.]]

Images of Tara in the form of Tara Kurukulla or Kurukulla Tara have been reported from Udayagiri and also from Lalitgiri and Ratnagiri; these are an [[Emanationism|emanation]] form of [[Amitābha]] seated in a [[lalitasana]] posture.{{Sfn|Session|2000|p=74}} Images of [[Hariti]] have been found in Udayagiri and also in Lalitgiri and Ratnagiri. This image portrays the goodess in a seated position breast feeding a child or with the child seated on its lap. Hariti was once a child abductor, but Buddha persuaded her to become the protector of children.{{Sfn|Session|2000|p=76}}

Also seen in the western, southern and northern parts of the chaitya-griha are remnants of a number of stupas in three groups, built in stone with only their plain plinths seen in a preserved state. An important discovery in the precincts of the chaitya-griha, is of statues of Avalokiteswara, [[Tathāgata]], Bhikruti-Tara and Chunda embedded in niches, marking the four cardinal points. Other findings are of 14 stupas (built in brick with mud mortar) dated between the 1st and 12th centuries, and also many 5th- to 13th-century [[epigraphy|epigraphs]]. [[Votive offering|Votive stupas]], made of stone, are also seen along a stone paved path. At the eastern part of the chaitya-griha are residential houses consisting of six rooms with artifacts of domestic goods.<ref name="ASI"/> Though located only {{Convert|5|km}} away from Ratnagiri, the site has not revealed any artifacts which could provide a link to the [[Vajrayana]] tantric cult found at Ratnagiri.<ref name=Department/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>

Image:Stupas of Udayagiri.jpg|Stupas of Udayagiri Buddhist complex, Odisha

Image:Udayagiri monastery site.jpg

Image:Buddhist remains from Udayagiri.jpg

Image:Main Buddha in Udayagiri monasteries complex.jpg

</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1=Hoiberg|first1= Dale |last2= Ramchandani |first2=Indu |title=Students' Britannica India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA176|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Session|first=Indian Art History Congress|title=Proceedings of Indian Art History Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh5NAAAAYAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Indian Art History Congress}}

==Further reading==
* Donaldson, Thomas Eugene, ''Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Odisha'', 2001, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|81-7017-375-2}}, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&printsec=frontcover Volume 1 is the text], given page references, and [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PvevNuX6c04C&pg=PT71Volume 2 the plates], given figure numbers.

==External links==
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/nbg90455/sets/72157625978915251/detail/ Flickr.com: Photos of Udayagiri Complex]
{{commons category|position=left|Udayagiri Buddhist Complex}}

{{Odisha}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Ancient universities of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Buddhist universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Defunct Buddhist monasteries]]
[[Category:Education in Odisha]]
[[Category:Former Buddhist temples]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:Ruins in India]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:6th-century Buddhist temples]]
[[Category:6th-century Buddhism]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 6th century]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:12th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]

Udayagiri, Odisha - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

imported>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 5 templates: hyphenate params (1×); del |ref=harv (2×);