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->1234qwer1234qwer4: decapitalise, replaced: ==Early life and Education== → ==Early life and education==

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decapitalise, replaced: ==Early life and Education== → ==Early life and education==

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{{short description|Indian Scholar}}
'''{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}'''
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image = Molana Sindhi.jpg
| occupation = [[Political activist]]/[[Islamic Philosophy|Islamic philosopher]]/[[Islamic scholar|scholar]]
| office1 = [[Home Minister]] of the [[Provisional Government of India]]
| term_start1 = 1 December 1915
| term_end1 = January 1919
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| caption = Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi
| name = '''Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi'''
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1872|03|10}}
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1944|08|21|1872|03|10}}<ref name=findpk/>
| death_place = [[Rahim Yar Khan District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Sindhi|first=Ubaidullah|title=At-Tamheed li Ta'reef Aimma at-Tajdeed|date=1976|publisher=THe Sindhi Adabi Board|pages=286}}</ref>
}}
'''Buta Singh Uppal''', later known as '''Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi''' ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: عبیداللہ سنڌي ([[Nastaleeq]]), उबैदुल्लाह सिंधी ([[Devanagari]]), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: مولانا عبداللہ ([[Shahmukhi]]), ਮੌਲਾਨਾ ਉਬੈਦੁਲਾ ([[Gurmukhi]]), {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|مولانا عبیداللہ سندھی}}}}), (10 March 1872 – 21 August 1944) was a political activist of the [[Indian independence movement]] and one of its vigorous leaders. According to ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', Karachi, Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi struggled for the independence of British India and for an exploitation-free society in India.<ref name=Dawn>[http://www.dawn.com/news/317843 'Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi remembered'], Dawn (newspaper), Published 23 Aug 2008, Retrieved 6 March 2019.</ref> He was also Home Minister of first Provisional Government of India established in Afghanistan in 1915.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Naim Ullah|date=2015|title=Political ideas and role of Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/simple-search?query=Maulana%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+Hussain%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+Ahmed%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+Madani%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+a%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+Prolific%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+personality%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%281879%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+A.D.%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C-1957%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C+A.D.%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%29&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&etal=0&start=10|journal=Aligarh Muslim University}}</ref>

Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi was the Life Member of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], A Central University in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. He served the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] for a long period of time on a very low salary. A boys' hostel in Dr. Zakir Husain Hall of Boys' Residence in [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] has been named after him.

==Early life and education==

Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi R.A was born on 10 March 1872<ref name=findpk>[http://www.findpk.com/pof/maulana_obaidullah_sindhi.html Profile and commemorative postage stamp image of Ubaidullah Sindhi on findpk.com website] Retrieved 7 March 2019</ref> in an [[Sikh|Sikh Khatri]] family in the district of [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, British India]] as Buta Singh Uppal. His father died four months before Ubaidullah was born, and the child was raised for two years by his paternal grandfather. Following the paternal grandfather's death, he was taken by his mother to the care of her father, at his maternal grandfather's house. Later, young Buta Singh was entrusted to the care of his uncle at [[Jampur Tehsil]], [[Punjab, British India]], when his maternal grandfather died. Buta Singh Uppal converted to [[Islam]] at age 15 and chose "Ubaidullah Sindhi" as his new name, and later enrolled in the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he was, at various times, associated with other noted Islamic scholars of the time, including [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi|Maulana Rasheed Gangohi]] and [[Mahmud al-Hasan|Maulana Mahmud al-Hasan]]. Maulana Sindhi returned to the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1909, and gradually involved himself in the [[Pan-Islamic movement]]. During [[World War I]], he was among the leaders of the Deoband School, who, led by [[Mahmud al-Hasan|Maulana Mahmud al-Hasan]], left [[India]] to seek support among other nations of the world for a Pan-Islamic revolution in India in what came to be known as the [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]].<ref name=findpk/>

Ubaidullah had reached [[Kabul]] during the war to rally the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] Amir Habibullah Khan, and after a brief period there, he offered his support to Raja Mahendra Pratap's plans for revolution in [[British India]] with [[Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition|German support]]. He joined the [[Provisional Government of India]] formed in Kabul in December 1915, and remained in [[Afghanistan]] until the end of [[World War I]], and then left for [[Russia]]. He subsequently spent two years in [[Turkey]] and, passing through many countries, eventually reached [[Hijaz]] ([[Saudi Arabia]]) where he spent about 14 years learning and pondering over the philosophy of [[Islam]] especially in the light of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]'s works. In his career, he was a Pan-Islamic thinker.<ref name=findpk/><ref name=Dawn/>

==Conversion to Islam ==
When he was at school, a Hindu friend gave him the book ''Tufatul Hind'' to read. It was written by a converted scholar Maulana Ubaidullah of [[Malerkotla]]. After reading this book and some other books like ''Taqwiyatul Eeman'' and ''Ahwaal ul Aakhira'', Ubaidullah's interest in Islam grew, leading eventually to his conversion to Islam. In 1887, the year of his conversion, he moved from Punjab to [[Sindh]] area where he was taken as a student by [[Hafiz Muhammad Siddique]] of Chawinda (Bhar Chandi Shareef). He subsequently studied at ''Deen Pur Shareef'' (a village near Khanpur, Distt Rahim Yar Khan) under Maulana Ghulam Muhammad R.A, Where he delved deeper into Islamic education and training in the mystical order. In 1888, Ubaidullah was admitted to [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he studied various Islamic disciplines in depth under the tutelage of noted Islamic scholars of the time including Maulana Abu Siraj, [[Maulana Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi]] and Maulana [[Mahmud al Hasan]]. He took lessons in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and [[Tirmidhi]] from Maulana Nazeer Husain Dehalvi and read logic and philosophy with Maulana Ahmad Hasan Cawnpuri.

In 1891, Ubaidullah graduated from the Deoband school. He left for [[Sukkur]] area in Sindh province, and started teaching in Amrote Shareef under, or with, [[Maulana Taj Mohammad Amrothi]], who became his mentor after the death of [[Hafiz Muhammad Siddique]] of Bhar Chandi. Ubaidullah married the daughter of Maulana Azeemullah Khan, a teacher at Islamiyah High School, at that time. In 1901, Ubaidullah established the ''Darul Irshaad'' in Goth Peer Jhanda village in Sindh. He worked on propagating his school for nearly seven years. In 1909, at the request of Mahmud Al Hasan, he returned to Deoband School in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Here, he accomplished much for the student body, Jamiatul Ansaar. Ubaidullah was now very active in covert anti-British propaganda activities, which led to him alienating a large number of the Deoband School leaders. Subsequently, Ubaidullah moved his work to [[Delhi]] at Mahmud al Hasan's request. At Delhi, he worked with [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] and Dr. Ansari. In 1912, he established a [[madrassah]], Nazzaaratul Ma'arif, which was successful in propagating and spreading Islam among the people.

==Attempt to involve Afghanistan's ruler ==
{{Main|Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal|Provisional Government of India}}
{{See also|Indo-German Conspiracy}}
With the onset of [[World War I]] in 1914, efforts were made by the Darul Uloom Deoband to forward the cause of Pan-Islam in British India with the help of the other sympathetic nations of the world. Led by Mahmud al Hasan, plans were sketched out for an insurrection beginning in the tribal belt of [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] of British India.<ref name=Jalal2007105>{{Harvnb|Jalal|2007|p=105}}</ref><ref name=Reetz142>{{Harvnb|Reetz|2007|p=142}}</ref> [[Mahmud al Hasan]], left India to seek the help of Galib Pasha, the Turkish governor of [[Hijaz]], while at Hasan's directions, Ubaidullah proceeded to [[Kabul]] to seek [[Habibullah Khan|Emir Habibullah]]'s support there. Initial plans were to raise an Islamic army (''Hizb Allah'') headquartered at [[Medina]], with an Indian contingent at [[Kabul]]. Maulana Hasan was to be the General-in-chief of this army.<ref name=Reetz142/> Some of Ubaidullah's students went to Kabul to explore things before Ubaidullah arrived there. While at Kabul, Ubaidullah came to the conclusion that focusing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]] would best serve the pan-Islamic cause.<ref name="Ansari 1986 515">{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=515}}</ref> Ubaidullah had proposed to the Afghan Emir that he declare war against British India.<ref name=Qureshi78>{{Harvnb|Qureshi|1999|p=78}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Qureshi|1999|pp=77–82}}</ref> [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] is known to have been involved in the movement prior to his arrest in 1916.<ref name=Jalal2007105/><ref name=findpk/>

Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi and Mahmud al Hasan (principal of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had proceeded to Kabul in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of British India. For this purpose, Ubaid Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan|Amir of Afghanistan]] declares war against [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to [[Hijaz]]. Ubaidullah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Emir Habibullah of Afghanistan. At Kabul, Ubaidullah along with some of his students, were to make their way to [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain. But it was eventually decided that the pan-Islamic cause was to be best served by focusing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref name="Ansari 1986 515"/>

In late 1915, Sindhi was met in Kabul by the 'Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition' sent by the [[Indian Independence Committee]] in [[Berlin]] and the German war ministry. Nominally led by the exiled Indian prince [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], it had among its members the Islamic scholar [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]], and the German officers [[Werner Otto von Hentig]] and [[Oskar Niedermayer]], as well as a number of other notable individuals. The expedition tried to rally Emir Habibullah's support, and through him, begin a campaign into British India. It was hoped that it would initiate a rebellion in British India. On 1 December 1915, the [[Provisional Government of India]] was founded at Emir Habibullah's 'Bagh-e-Babur palace' in the presence of the Indian, German, and Turkish members of the expedition. It was declared a 'revolutionary government-in-exile' which was to take charge of independent India when British authority is overthrown.<ref name=Hughes469>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=469}}</ref> Mahendra Pratap was proclaimed its President, Barkatullah the Prime minister, Ubaidullah Sindhi the Minister for India, another Deobandi leader ''Moulavi Bashir'' its War Minister, and [[Champakaran Pillai]] was to be the Foreign Minister.<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=516}}</ref> The Provisional Government of India obtained support from Galib Pasha and proclaimed Jihad against Britain. Recognition was sought from the [[Russian Empire]], [[Republican China#Republican China.2C 1911-1949|Republican China]] and [[Imperial Japan|Japan]].<ref name=Andreyev95>{{Harvnb|Andreyev|2003|p=95}}</ref> This provisional government would later attempt to obtain support from [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leadership. After the [[February Revolution]] in Russia in 1917, Pratap's government corresponded with the nascent Soviet government. In 1918, Mahendra Pratap met [[Trotsky]] in [[Petrograd]] before meeting the [[Kaiser]] in Berlin, urging both to mobilise against British India.<ref name=Hughes474>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=474}}</ref><ref name=Hughes470>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=470}}</ref>

However, these plans faltered, Emir Habibullah remained steadfastly neutral while he awaited a concrete indication where the war was headed, even as his advisory council and family members indicated their support against Britain. The Germans withdrew their support in 1917, but the 'Provisional Government of India' stayed behind at Kabul. In 1919, this government was ultimately dissolved under British diplomatic pressure on Afghanistan. Ubaidullah had stayed in Kabul for nearly seven years. He even encouraged the young King [[Amanullah Khan]], who took power in Afghanistan after Habibullah's assassination, in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. The conclusion of the war, ultimately, forced Ubaidullah Sindhi to leave Afghanistan as King Amanullah came under pressure from Britain.<ref name="Dawn1">[https://www.dawn.com/news/642407 Of socialism and Islam] Dawn (newspaper), Published 8 July 2011, Retrieved 6 March 2019</ref>

==Later works==
Ubaidullah then proceeded from Afghanistan to Russia, where he spent seven months at the invitation of the Soviet leadership, and was officially treated as a guest of the state. During this period, he studied the ideology of [[socialism]]. According to an article in a major newspaper of Pakistan, titled 'Of socialism and Islam', "Islam showed not only deep sympathy for the poor and downtrodden but also condemned strongly the concentration of wealth in a number of Makkan surahs. Makkah, as an important centre of international trade, was home to the very rich (tribal chiefs) and the extremely poor."<ref name="Dawn1"/> In Russia, however, he was unable to meet [[Lenin]] who was severely ill at the time. Some people, at that time, thought that Sindhi was impressed by Communist ideals during his stay in Russia, however that is not true at all.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sindhi|first1=Ubaidullah|title=Shaoor o Aghai}}</ref> In 1923, Ubaidullah left Russia for [[Turkey]] where he initiated the third phase of the 'Shah Waliullah Movement' in 1924. He issued the 'Charter for the Independence of India' from [[Istanbul]]. Ubaidullah then left for [[Mecca]], Arabia in 1927 and remained there until 1929. During this period, he brought the message of the rights of Muslims and other important religious issues to the people of Arabia. During his stay in Russia, he was not impressed by the Communist ideas but rather, after the Soviet revolution, he presented his belief to the Soviet government that: "Communism is not a natural law system but rather is a reaction to oppression, the natural law is offered by Islam".{{Cite quote| date= December 2012}} He attempted to convince them in a very systematic and logical manner. But he could not give an answer at that time, when he was asked to provide an example of a state which was being run according to the laws of Islam.

==Literary works==
Among his famous books are:
* ''Safarnama-i-Kabul''<ref name=findpk/>
* ''Shah Waliullah aur Unka Falsafa''<ref name=findpk/>
* ''Shaoor-o-Agahi''
* ''Qurani Shaoor-e-Inqalab''
* ''Khutbat-o-Makalat''
* ''Zaati Diary'' (an autobiography)<ref name=findpk/>

===Translation of his work===
Pakistani columnist Farman Nawaz<ref>farmannawaz.wordpress.com</ref> translated his Urdu articles namely (Islam teaches lesson of harmony to human beings, The Basic Moral standards of Humanity, Theory of civilization, Survival of the fittest and Islam) into English.<ref name="farmannawaz.wordpress.com">[https://farmannawaz.wordpress.com/2004/02/01/english-translation-of-maulana-ubaidullah-sindhi-articles/ Ubaidullah Sindhi on wordpress.com website] Published 1 February 2004, Retrieved 6 March 2019</ref>

==World outlook and philosophy ==
Ubaidullah Sindhi was of the view that the Quran uses Arabic words to make clear what God considers right and wrong. Other religious holy books like the Bible, the Gita and the Torah are also followed by many people around the world. He realized non-religious people (atheists) also existed in this world. After all he had spent some time among the communists in Russia. The individuals, who inaccurately interpreted the Bible and the Torah, were declared nonbelievers by Islam. In the same way, the person who incorrectly explains the Quran, can be declared an atheist. In Islam, the emphasis is clearly on God being eternal and everything in the universe belonging to Him alone. God alone is the Creator and Protector. It is evident from Ubaidullah Sindhi's travels around the world that he had an international and world outlook. It is also evident from his lifetime behavior and struggles that he wanted India not to be ruled by the British. He wanted India to be ruled by the Indians.<ref name="farmannawaz.wordpress.com"/>

== Death ==
In 1936, the [[Indian National Congress]] requested his return to India, and the British Raj subsequently gave its permission. He landed at the port of [[Karachi]] from Saudi Arabia in 1938. He then went to [[Delhi]], where he began a programme teaching Shah Waliullah’s ''Hujjatullahil Baalighah'' book to [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi|Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]], who would then write an [[exegesis]] in his own words. [[Opposition to the partition of India|Opposed to the partition of India]], Ubaidullah led a conference supporting a united India in June 1941 at [[Kumbakonam]].<ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |date=17 July 2017|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> Ubaidullah left for [[Rahim Yar Khan]] to visit his [[daughter]] in 1944. At the village 'Deen Pur' near [[Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan|Khanpur]] town in [[Rahim Yar Khan District]], he was taken seriously ill and died on 21 August 1944.<ref name=findpk/> He was buried in the graveyard adjacent to the grave of his mentors.

==Legacy==
*[[Pakistan Postal Services]] has issued a commemorative postage stamp in honor of Ubaidullah Sindhi in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref name=findpk/><ref>[https://paknetmag.blogspot.com/search/label/Stamps%20of%20Pakistan%20Year%27s%201990 Ubaidullah Sindhi's commemorative postage stamp image and info listed on paknetmag.com website] Retrieved 6 March 2019</ref>
* [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] wrote Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi awr Unke Naaqid.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{Citation
| last1 = Ansari
| first1 = K.H.
| year = 1986
| title = Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3. (1986), pp. 509-537
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1 = Seidt
| first1 = Hans-Ulrich
| year = 2001
| title = From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918. German Studies Review, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Feb., 2001), pp. 1-18
| journal = German Studies Review
| publisher = German Studies Association
| doi = 10.2307/1433153
| jstor = 1433153
| issn = 0149-7952
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1 = Sims-Williams
| first1 = Ursula
| year = 1980
| title = The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar. Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 7, No. 2. (1980), pp. 118-122
| journal = Bulletin
| publisher = London, Taylor & Francis Ltd
| issn = 0305-6139
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1 = Engineer
| first1 = Ashgar A
| year = 2005
| title = They too fought for India's freedom: The Role of Minorities.
| publisher = Hope India Publications.
| isbn= 81-7871-091-9
}}.
* {{Citation | title = Mawlānā ʻUbayd Allāh Sindhī : ʻālāt-i zandagī, taʻlīmāt awr siyāsī afkār
| first1 = Muḥammad | last1 = Sarwar | publisher = Lahore | year = 1976}}
* {{Citation | title = Khutbāt o maqālāt-i Maulānā ʻUbaidullāh Sindhī. murattib Muḥammad Sarvar| first1 = ʻUbaidullāh |last1 = Sindhī| first2 = Muḥammad | last2 = Sarwar | publisher = Lāhaur, Sindh Sāgar Ikādamī | year = 1970}}

{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhi, Ubaidullah}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Sikhism]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot]]
[[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language travel writers]]

Ubaidullah Sindhi - Revision history

SidneySorensen: cleaned up intro per standard format and fixed typos

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

->1234qwer1234qwer4: decapitalise, replaced: ==Early life and Education== → ==Early life and education==