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2021-08-27T16:16:26Z

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{{Indic glyph |letname = U |previousletter = Ī |nextletter = Ū

|devacp = 0909 |deva2cp = 0941 |devaimg = Devanagari u.svg |deva2img = Devanagari u sign.png
|bengcp = 0989 |beng2cp = 09C1 |bengimg = Bengali Letter U.svg

|gurucp = 0A09 |gujrcp = 0A89 |oryacp = 0B09 |tamlcp = 0B89 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-உஉ.svg
|guru2cp = 0A41 |gujr2cp = 0AC1 |orya2cp = 0B41 |taml2cp = 0BC1

|telucp = 0C09 |kndacp = 0C89 |mlymcp = 0D09
|telu2cp = 0C41 |knda2cp = 0CC1 |mlym2cp = 0D41

|sinhcp = 0D8B |thaicp = 0E38 |mymrcp = 1025 |tibtimg = Tibetan U.svg |tibtcp = 0F68;&#x0F74
|sinh2cp = 0DD4 |laoocp = 0EB8 |tibt2img = Tibetan U mark.svg |tibt2cp = 0F74 |mymr2cp = 102F

|tglgcp = 1702 |hanocp = 1722 |buhdcp = 1742 |tagbcp = 1762 |khmrcp = 17A7
|tglg2cp = 1713 |hano2cp = 1733 |buhd2cp = 1753 |tagb2cp = 1773 |khmr2cp = 17BB

|talecp = 1967 |lanacp = 1A4F |balicp = 1B09
|limbcp = 1922 |talucp = 19B3 |bugicp = 1A18 |lana2cp = 1A69 |bali2cp = 1B38

|sundcp = 1B85 |batkcp = 1BE5 |sylocp = A803 |saurcp = A886
|sund2cp = 1BA5 |batk2cp = 1BEE |lepccp = 1C2A |sylo2cp = A825 |phagcp = A85F |saur2cp = A8B8

|kalicp = A928 |javacp = A988 |chamcp = AA02 |tavtcp = AAB4
|rjngcp = A948 |java2cp = A9B8 |cham2cp = AA2D |mteicp = ABE8

|kthicp = 11087 |soracp = 110E5 |cakmcp = 11105
|kharcp = 10A02 |kthi2cp = 110B3 |cakm2cp = 1112A

|mahjcp = 11152 |shrdcp = 11187 |khojcp = 11203 |sindcp = 112B4 |grancp = 11309
|shrd2cp = 111B6 |khoj2cp = 1122F |sind2cp = 112E3 |gran2cp = 11341

|tirhcp = 11485 |siddcp = 11584 |modicp = 11604 |takrcp = 11684
|tirh2cp = 114B3 |sidd2cp = 115B2 |modi2cp = 11633 |takr2cp = 116B0

|brahcp = 11009 |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka u.svg | guptaimg = Gupta allahabad u.svg | ashokaimg = Brahmi u.svg |brahletname = Brahmi 'U'
|brah2cp = 1103C |ashoka2img = Brahmi u sign.svg |kushana2img = Kushana Brahmi u sign.png |gupta2img = Gupta Brahmi u sign.png |brah2letname = Brahmi 'U' sign

|tochimg = Tocharian letter u.gif |toch2img =

|siddimg = Siddham u.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'U'
|sidd2img = Siddham u halfmark 1.svg |sidd2letname = Siddhaṃ 'U'

|ipa = u |iast = ū |iscii = A8 |iscii2 = DD


|multcp = 11282 |newacp = 11404 |dogrcp = 11804 |diakcp = 11904 |nandcp = 119A4 |bhkscp = 11C04 |gonmcp = 11D04 |gongcp = 11D64

|newa2cp = 11438 |ahomcp = 11724 |dogr2cp = 1182F |diak2cp = 11933 |nand2cp = 119D4 |zanbcp = 11A03 |soyocp = 11A53 |bhks2cp = 11C32 |marccp = 11CB2 |gonm2cp = 11D34 |gong2cp = 11D8D |makacp = 11EF4
}}

'''U''' is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, U is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad u.svg|13px]]. As an Indic vowel, U comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The उ sign ु was used to modify a consonant's value {{e|4}}, but the vowel letter did not have an inherent value by itself.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref>

==Historic U==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. U as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|U]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad u.svg|13px|U]]. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian U [[Image:Tocharian letter u.gif|18px|U]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including U are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi U===

The Brahmi letter U [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|U]], is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Waw (letter)|Waw]] [[File:Waw.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[F]], [[V]], [[U]], [[W]], [[Y]] and Greek [[Upsilon]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi U can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi U historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi u.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar u.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka u.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat u.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad u.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian U===

The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter u.gif|25px|U]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|U]]. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with U vowel marks
|-
! Ku !! Khu !! Gu !! Ghu !! Cu !! Chu !! Ju !! Jhu !! Nyu !! Ṭu !! Ṭhu !! Ḍu !! Ḍhu !! Ṇu
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter ku.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter gu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ghu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter cu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter chu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ju.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter jhu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nyu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ttu.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ddu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhu.gif|37px]] || 
|-
! Tu !! Thu !! Du !! Dhu !! Nu !! Pu !! Phu !! Bu !! Bhu !! Mu !! Yu !! Ru !! Lu !! Vu
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter tu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter du.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pu.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter bu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter bhu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter mu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter yu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ru.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter lu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter vu.gif|37px]]
|-
! Śu !! Ṣu !! Su !! Hu
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter shu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter su.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter hu.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī U===

The Kharoṣṭhī letter U is indicated with the vowel mark [[File:Буква U (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi vowel sign U.svg|15px|U]]. As an independent vowel, U is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari U==
{{main|Devanagari u}}

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari u.svg
| alt1 = U vowel
| image2 = Devanagari u sign.png
| alt2 = U vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent U and U vowel sign.
}}
'''U''' ('''उ''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|U]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad u.svg|13px|U]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ઉ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘄.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indic languages]]. In most of these languages, उ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|u|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. 

==Bengali u==
{{main|u (Bengali)}}
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter U.svg
| alt1 = U vowel
| image2 = Bengali U vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = U vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent U and U vowel sign.
}}

'''U''' ('''উ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham u.svg|13px|U]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, उ.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, উ is pronounced as {{IPA-bn|u|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel. 

==Gujarati U==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel U.svg
| alt1 = U vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign U.svg
| alt2 = U vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent U and U vowel sign.
}}
'''U''' ('''ઉ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari U [[Image:Devanagari u.svg|13px|u]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|u]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઉ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|u|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. In addition to the standard vowel sign, U forms a unique ligature when combined with the consonant R:

* ર (r) + ઉ (u) gives the ligature ru:
[[File:Gujarati letter Ru.svg|100px]]

==Javanese U==
{{main|U (Javanese)}}

==Telugu U==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel U.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel U
| image2 = Telugu U vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign U
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign U.
}}
'''U''' ('''ఉ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|U]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಉ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

[[File:Telugu U matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu U vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Ku, Khu, Gu, Ghu and Ngu. As a right-side attaching vowel mark, it does not alter the shape of the underlying consonant, although there are variants of the vowel mark that attach in different ways.]]

==Malayalam U==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel U.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel U
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign U.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign U
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign U.
}}
'''U''' ('''ഉ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|U]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel U.svg|x15px|U]] ''u''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Some vowel signs, such as U, can also form a ligature with some consonants, although this is much more common in old-style ''paḻaya lipi'' texts than in the modern [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|reformed]] ''paḻaya lipi'' orthography.

[[File:Malayalam U matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam U vowel sign on ക, ഖ, ഗ, ഘ, & ങ: Ku, Khu, Gu, Ghu and Ngu in ''paḻaya lipi''.]]

==Odia U==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia vowel u.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent vowel U
| image2 = Odia vowel sign u.svg
| alt2 = Odia vowel sign U
| footer = Odia independent vowel and vowel sign U.
}}
'''U''' ('''ଉ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi u.svg|13px|U]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham u.svg|x15px|U]] ''u''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.


{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:U (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

U (Indic) - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

imported>Frietjes at 16:16, 27 August 2021