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{{Short description|Indian sonar system}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}

'''USHUS''' is an integrated [[sonar]] system<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report|year=2007|publisher=Ministry of Defence, India|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJPeAAAAMAAJ&q=ushus+sonar}}</ref> developed by the [[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory]] (NPOL) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), [[India]], for use in [[submarines]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="npol">{{cite web|title=Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/NPOL/English/index.jsp?pg=achieve.jsp|publisher=DRDO|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|title=Navy's sonar project falls flat; draws flak from CAG|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/295762/navys-sonar-project-falls-flat.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> It is primarily designed to be used in [[Sindhughosh class submarine]]s,<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|title=DRDO gets it right when it's unlike DRDO|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/drdo-gets-it-right-when-it-s--unlike-drdo--------/16843/|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="amp21">{{cite book|last=Sakhuja|first=Vijay|title=Asian maritime power in the 21st century : strategic transactions : China, India and Southeast Asia|year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|isbn=978-9814311090|page=101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoOk887bnvEC&q=ushus+sonar&pg=PA101}}</ref> though it is reported to be fitted in the [[Arihant-class submarine|''Arihant''-class]] [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] [[SSBN|ballistic missile submarines]] as well.<ref name="is13j">{{cite web|title=Arihant : India's Ambitious Nuclear Submarine Project|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories332.htm|publisher=India Strategic|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="tniex15m">{{cite news|title=INS Arihant makes NPOL scientists proud|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article100120.ece?service=print|access-date=13 June 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="navaltechnology">{{cite web|title=SSBN Arihant Class Submarine, India|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/|publisher=Naval Technology|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> USHUS is reported to be superior to its Russian equivalents.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asia Pacific Defence Reporter|year=2005|publisher=Asia-Pacific Defence Publications|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BO6AAAAIAAJ&q=USHUS+sonar}}</ref>

== Design and description ==
USHUS is used for detecting and tracking enemy submarines, surface vessels, and torpedoes and can be used for underwater communication and avoiding obstacles.<ref name="frontline">{{cite web|title=Navy's eyes and ears|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2905/stories/20120323290510000.htm|publisher=Frontline|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> The sonar can work in both active and passive mode, and is capable of interception and underwater communication.<ref name=npol /> It can detect both surface ships and submarines at a range of a few kilometres. The team developing the sonar was awarded the ''Agni Award for self-reliance'' by the Indian Prime Minister in May 2007.<ref name="thin2j">{{cite news|title=New Sonar system to boost Navy's warfare capability|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/02/stories/2008070261560300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705231427/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/02/stories/2008070261560300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2008|access-date=13 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 July 2022}}</ref>

== Production ==
The production of the sonar is done by [[Bharat Electronics]] (BEL) at its [[Bengaluru Bulls|Bengaluru]] unit, after transfer of technology from NPOL. NPOL continues to provide technical consultancy and support. The Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] signed a contract worth [[Indian rupee|₹]]167 [[crore]] with BEL for the delivery of the sonars for four [[Kilo-class submarine|Kilo-class submarines]] between 2003 and 2007. Initially one sonar system was installed and integrated in Russia and other system was installed on board an Indian submarine.<ref name="drdo13j">{{cite web|title=Naval Systems - USHUS|url=http://drdo.res.in:8080/alpha/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=ushus.jsp|publisher=DRDO|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>

=== CAG report ===
A [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]] audit report filed in December 2012 criticised the program for the delays, and mentioned that by then, only three submarines were upgraded with the sonar, and two of those had completed sea trials. The report also stated that due to delays in implementing the upgrade, a large portion of the sonar's technical life had expired. In 2005, two submarines were outfitted, of which one completed sea trial in January 2011. In 2008, the third submarine was upgraded and it completed the trial in December 2011.<ref name=deccanherald/>

=== Current status ===
Indian Nuclear Submarine Project starting with [[INS Arihant]] (ATV-1) include the advanced USHUS sonar system.

By April 2013, five [[Sindhughosh class submarine]]s of the navy were upgraded to include the USHUS system. They are, in order of their upgrade: ''Sindhuvir'', ''Sindhuratna'', ''Sindugosh'', ''Sinduvijay'' and ''Sindhurakshak''. INS ''Sindhukirti'' was upgraded in India at [[Hindustan Shipyard]].<ref name=is13j /> The remaining submarines of the class are expect to follow.<ref name="ir29a">{{cite news|title=INS Sindhurakshak arrives in India|url=http://indrus.in/economics/2013/04/29/ins_sindhurakshak_arrives_in_india_24289.html|access-date=13 June 2013|newspaper=IndRus|date=29 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia hands over to India refitted sub|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/russia-hands-over-to-india-refitted-sub-1|access-date=13 June 2013|newspaper=MSN India|date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194632/http://news.in.msn.com/national/russia-hands-over-to-india-refitted-sub-1|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Panchendriya (sonar)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Military equipment of India]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Sonar]]
[[Category:Navigational equipment]]

USHUS (sonar) - Revision history

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