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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg|thumb|Tondis on [[Tabula Peutingeriana|Peutinger Table]] (north of Templ Augusti and Lacus Muziris)]]

'''Tyndis''' ({{lang-grc|Τύνδις<ref>[https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Περίπλους_της_Ερυθράς_Θαλάσσης#53 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53 and 54]</ref>}}) was an ancient Indian seaport/harbor-town mentioned in the [[Greco-Roman world|Graeco-Roman]] writings. According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]],'' Tyndis was located north of port [[Muziris|Muziris (Muchiri)]] in the country of the Keprobotos (present-day [[Kerala]]).<ref name=":0">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350. </ref> The Cheras of the early historical period (c. second century BCE - c. third century CE{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}}) are known to have had their original centre at [[Karur]] in interior [[Tamil Nadu]] and harbours at [[Muziris|Muchiri (Muziris)]] and [[Tyndis|Thondi (Tyndis)]] on the Indian Ocean coast ([[Kerala]]).{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} Tyndis was a satellite feeding port to [[Muziris]], according to the [[Periplus]] of the [[Erythraean Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ponnanimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/|title=Official website of Ponnani Municipality}}</ref>

There are references to a port with the name Tondi, on the Kerala coast, in the early [[Tamil language|Tamil]] texts. It was under the control of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] rulers (probably via/under a collateral branch).<ref name=":3">{{cite book|author=Selvakumar, V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA275|title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade|date=25 November 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99752-2|editor-last=K. S. Mathew|pages=274-76}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|date=5 June 2015|title=Classical Indo-Roman Trade|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/26-27/special-articles/classical-indo-roman-trade.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=48|issue=26–27}}</ref> No archaeological evidence has been found for Tyndis.<ref name=":3" />

== Different variations of the name ==
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
* ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' - Tyndis<ref name=":0" />
* Pliny the Elder (''Natural History'') - Tyndis<ref name=":0" />
* Peutinger Table - Tondis<ref name=":0" />
* Claudius Ptolemy (''Geography'') - Tyndis<ref name=":0" />

== Sources ==

=== Graeco-Roman descriptions ===

* [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] (c. 1st century<ref name=":0" />), 54-56, mentions Tyndis as "a well known village on the coast".
** "Naura and Tyndis, the first ports of trade of Limyrike"
** "Tyndis, a well known village on the coast, is in the kingdom of Keprobotos..."
** Tyndis is situated 500 [[stadia (length)|stades]] (92 km) north to Muziris by river and sea.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century) - "the Caelobothras ruled a kingdom extending to Tyndis (on the north-west)".<ref name=":0" />
* By the time [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] (2nd century) wrote, Tyndis had grown large enough for him to call it (''Geography'' 7.1.8) a town (''polis'').{{sfn|Lionel Casson|2012|p=213}}
* [[Tabula Peutingeriana]] locates Tondis north of Muziris (north of Templ Augusti and Lacus Muziris).<ref name=":0" />

=== Early Tamil texts ===

There are references to a port with the name Tondi, on the Kerala coast, in the early [[Tamil language|Tamil]] texts. It was under the control of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] rulers (probably via/under a collateral branch).<ref name=":3" /> No archaeological evidence has been found for Tyndis.<ref name=":3" />

== Location ==
The location of [[Muziris]] provides clues for the location Tyndis, which was 500 stades (92 km) north of it (by river and sea).<ref name=":0" />

In ancient times, Tyndis held close connections with [[Chera kingdom]]. The historic archives documented the Chera Kingdom as the powerful Tamil Kingdom whose turf extends the entire present-day state of [[Kerala]], [[Kanyakumari]] and expanding up to Kongu Nadu.

The perfect array of religions, customs, languages, and traditions over the flow of time reflects in the prosperous heritage of [[Malabar District|Malabar]]. Upon reaching the Tyndis port, they further traveled to the inlands using smaller boats and then by carts to the hill stations of [[Wayanad]] or [[Coorg]], and then on wards in search of [[spices]] and precious herbs.

The exact location of the port is still unknown. Possible candidates include the following modern locations:

*[[Beypore]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Vallikkunnu]]-[[Parappanangadi]]-[[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref>
**About 117 km north of Kodungallur<ref name=":2" />
**Mouth of [[Chaliyar]] as well as [[Kadalundi River]]<ref name=":2" />
**Kadalundi = Kadal + Tundi (?)<ref name=":2" />
**An open harbour entrance through a channel 40 feet deep (that does not need dredging)<ref name=":2" />
*[[Ponnani]]<ref name=":2" />
**About 74 km north of Kodungallur<ref name=":2" />
**Mouth of [[Bharathappuzha]]<ref name=":2" />
**Opposite to the [[Palakkad Gap]]<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
{{Portal|History|India}}
* [[Muziris]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Lionel Casson |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC&pg=PA213 |year=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=1-4008-4320-0 }}

== External links ==

* [https://www.muzirisheritage.org/ Muziris Heritage]
* https://www.tyndisheritage.com/tyndis-the-port/
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:History of Kerala]]
[[Category:Lost ancient cities and towns]]

Tyndis - Revision history

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