Tunisia - Revision history

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2021-11-24T04:09:19Z

Created page with "{{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Tunisia | name = {{native name|ar|الجمهورية التونسية|italics=off}}<br /..."

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{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Tunisia
| name = {{native name|ar|الجمهورية التونسية|italics=off}}<br /><small>{{transl|ar|al-Jumhūrīyah at-Tūnisīyah}}</small><br /><small>{{native name|fr|République tunisienne}}</small>
| common_name = Tunisia
| image_flag = Flag of Tunisia.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Tunisia.svg
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| national_motto = {{lang|ar|حرية، كرامة، عدالة، نظام|rtl=yes}}<br/>"{{transl|ar|Ḥurrīyah, Karāma, 'Adālah, Niẓām}}"<br/>{{small|"freedom, dignity, justice, and order"}}<ref name="art4">{{cite web|title=Tunisia Constitution, Article 4 |url=http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209234154/http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |archive-date= 9 February 2014 }}</ref>
| national_anthem = {{lang|ar|حماة الحمى|rtl=yes}}<br/>"[[Humat al-Hima]]"<br />({{lang-en|"Defenders of the Homeland"}})<br/>{{center|[[File:Humat al-Hima.ogg]]}}
| image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern [[Africa]]
| image_map2 =
| capital = [[Tunis]]
| largest_city = capital
| coordinates = {{Coord|36|49|N|10|11|E|type:city}}
| official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]<ref name="art1">{{cite web|title=Tunisian Constitution, Article 1 |url=http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209234154/http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2014 }} Translation by the University of Bern: "Tunisia is a free State, independent and sovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is the Republic."</ref>
| languages_type = [[Languages of Tunisia|Spoken languages]]
| languages = {{vunblist |[[Tunisian Arabic]]<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb Arabic, Tunisian Spoken]. Ethnologue (19 February 1999). Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref> |[[Berber languages|Berber]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://global.britannica.com/topic/Tamazight-language|title=Tamazight language|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nawaat.org/portail/2012/02/27/interview-avec-association-tunisienne-de-culture-amazigh/|title=Nawaat – Interview avec l' Association Tunisienne de Culture Amazighe|work=Nawaat}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://researchdirect.uws.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:573|title=An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)|publisher=PhD Thesis, Western Sydney University |author=Gabsi, Z. |year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/10/13/tunisian-amazigh-and-the-fight-for-recognition/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018153728/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/10/13/tunisian-amazigh-and-the-fight-for-recognition/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2011|title=Tunisian Amazigh and the Fight for Recognition – Tunisialive|work=Tunisialive}}</ref> |[[French language|French]] <small>(administrative, commercial and educational)</small> |[[English language|English]]}}
| ethnic_groups = [[Arab-Berber]] 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51629627}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/193121.pdf|title=Tunisia|work=International Religious Freedom Report for 2011, United States Department of State – Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor}}</ref>
| demonym = Tunisian
| government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[Republic|constitutional republic]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frosini|first1=Justin|last2=Biagi|first2=Francesco|title=Political and Constitutional Transitions in North Africa: Actors and Factors|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-59745-2|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FK2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4}}</ref><ref>Choudhry, Sujit; Stacey, Richard (2014) [http://www.idea.int/publications/constitution-building-a-global-review/upload/cbgr_c5.pdf "Semi-presidential government in Tunisia and Egypt"]. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Retrieved 7 January 2016.</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Tunisia|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Kais Saied]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Tunisia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Najla Bouden Romdhane]]
| leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People|Assembly Speaker]]
| leader_name3 = [[Rached Ghannouchi]]
| legislature = [[Assembly of the Representatives of the People]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Tunisia|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Husainid Dynasty]] inaugurated
| established_date1 = 15 July 1705
| established_event2 = Independence from [[French Fourth Republic|France]]
| established_date2 = 20 March 1956
| established_event3 = [[History of modern Tunisia|Republic declared]]
| established_date3 = 25 July 1957
| established_event4 = [[1987 Tunisian coup d'état]]
| established_date4 = 7 November 1987
| established_event5 = [[Tunisian Revolution|Revolution Day]]
| established_date5 = 14 January 2011
| established_event6 = [[Tunisian Constitution of 2014|2nd republic declared]]
| established_date6 = 10 February 2014
| area_km2 = 163610
| area_rank = 91st 
| area_sq_mi = 63170
| percent_water = 5.0
| population_estimate = 11,708,370<ref name="ins">{{cite web |url=http://www.ins.tn/en/themes/population |title=National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia |publisher=National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128201634/http://www.ins.tn/en/themes/population |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_census =
| population_estimate_year = 2020
| population_estimate_rank = 78th
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 71 
| population_density_sq_mi = 163
| population_density_rank = 133rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $159.707 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=38&pr.y=8&sy=2019&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=744&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Tunisia |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $13,417<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $44.192 billion<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,713<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 35.8 
| Gini_year = 2017
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=GINI index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.740 
| HDI_year = 2019
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 95th
| currency = [[Tunisian dinar]]
| currency_code = TND
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Tunisia|right]]
| calling_code = [[+216]]
| cctld = {{ublist |[[.tn]] |{{rtl-lang|ar|[[.تونس]]}}<ref name="iana">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/tunis-report-16jul2010.html |title=Report on the Delegation of تونس. |year=2010 |publisher=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |access-date=8 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531054928/https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/tunis-report-16jul2010.html |archive-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| today =
}}

'''Tunisia''',{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} ''{{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}''; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, ; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}.}} officially the '''Republic of Tunisia''',{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} ''{{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}''; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}})}}<ref>[http://www.pm.gov.tn/pm/content/index.php?lang=en "Portal of the Presidency of the Government- Tunisia: government, administration, civil service, public services, regulations and legislation"]. ''Pm.gov.tn''. Retrieved 2 November 2018.</ref> is a [[country]] in North [[Africa]]. [[Tunis]] is its capital.

==History==
===Before the Muslims===
Since history has been recorded, there were [[Berber people|Berber]] tribes living in what is now Tunisia. Most of them built little towns and ports along the coastline so they could trade with different travellers from everywhere in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].
Most of the travellers that used to pass by Tunisia were Phoenicians who started to settle on the Tunisian coast during the 10th Century BC.
Later, in the 8th Century BC, [[Carthage]] was built by some settlers that came from [[Phoenicia]] and regions abroad.
After many wars against [[Greece]] in 6th Century BC, [[Carthage]] dominated the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

During the [[Second Punic War]], [[Carthage]] invaded [[Italy]] with an army led by [[Hannibal]].
The series of wars between the [[Roman Empire]] and [[Carthage]] ended with the destruction of Carthage in the 2nd Century BC. Its territory in Africa became part of the [[Africa Province]] of the [[Roman Empire]].

When the Roman Empire became weak, the [[Vandals]] occupied that region. This was in the 5th Century AD, and one hundred years after that, it became under the control of the Byzantine emperor Justinian.
===Beginning of Islam===
In the 7th Century, it was conquered by the [[Arab]] [[Islam|Muslims]] who built a city which they called [[Kairouan]]. This was the first Arab Muslim city in Tunisia. Many Muslim [[Dynasty|dynasties]] (monarchies) ruled Tunisia. One of the best known dynasties was the Zirids dynasty. The [[Zirids]] were [[Berber people]] and followed the rules of the [[Fatimides]], a bigger dynasty in [[Cairo]].
When the [[Zirids]] angered the Fatimides, the [[Fatimides]] sent some tribes known as [[Banu Hilal]] who ravaged (destroyed and vandalized) Tunisia.

After a brief occupation of Tunisia by the [[Normans]] of [[Sicily]] in the 12th Century, the [[Almohad]] re-conquered it. After that came the [[Hafsids]].
In the last years of their reign, the [[Hafsids]] became weak and [[Spain]] took control of many cities on the coast until they were finally occupied by the [[Ottoman Empire]].

In 1705, Tunisia became virtually independent during the [[Hussein]] dynasty, but still had to follow orders from the [[Ottoman Empire]].
===French Occupation===
Some controversial financial decisions (money-lending) taken by the Bey in mid-1800s in an attempt to repair the country led Tunisia to become under the control of [[France]].
Tunisia became officially a French [[protectorate]] in on May 12, 1881, but with the strong opposition of the kingdom of Italy because there was a huge Italian community in Tunisia.

=== World War II ===
Important parts of the [[North African Campaign]] of [[World War II]] were fought in Tunisia from 1941 to 1943.

General [[Erwin Rommel]], the German commander in Africa, wished to defeat the Allies in Tunisia, as the Germans had done in the [[Battle of France]] when the Allies were inexperienced against the German [[Blitzkrieg]]. On February 19, 1943, Rommel launched an attack against the U.S. Forces, with his German and Italian troops, in the western area of Tunisia. That was a disaster for the United States.

After that, the Allies understood the importance of tank warfare. With better supplies than the Germans, they easily broke into the German lines in southern Tunisia on March 20, 1943. In May 11, 1943 the last German troops surrendered, followed two days later by the Italian troops.

=== Independence and revolution ===
Tunisia became independent in 1956 with the [[Muhammad VIII al-Amin|former Bey of Tunis]] as King. Prime Minister [[Habib Bourguiba]] became the first president in 1957 when it became a republic. Bourguiba focused on education and economic development. He was supportive of [[women's rights]]. However, he had a cult of personality around him and most of the power in the country was held by Bourguiba.

In 1987, Bourguiba was removed from power by [[Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali|Zine el Abidine Ben Ali]]. Ben Ali ruled as [[dictator]] of the country until 2011, when he was overthrown in a [[revolution]]. The revolution was the first major revolution of the [[Arab Spring]]. Tunisia began becoming more democratic, and in 2014, the country held its first free presidential election. The election was won by [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], a [[secular]], [[liberal]] candidate.

==Geography==
Tunisia is in the northern part of [[Africa]]. The [[Mediterranean Sea]] joins Tunisia in the [[north]] and [[east]]; the coastline of Tunisia on the [[Mediterranean Sea]] is about 1,300 km. Tunisia is also bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and [[Libya]] to the [[south-east]].

The [[Sahara Desert]] covers 40% of Tunisia. The other 60% is a fertile area.

==Demographics==
[[Standard Arabic]] is the official language by the Tunisian constitution. But Tunisians speak [[Tunisian Arabic]].
Tunisian Arabic is a mix of many languages of people that live or lived in Tunisia. It is called [[Darija]] or Tunsi.

A small number of people living in Tunisia still speak a [[Berber languages|Berber]] dialect, known as Shelha.

Most people now living Tunisia are Maghrebin Arab. However, small groups of Berbers and Jews live in Tunisia.

The constitution says that [[Islam]] is the official state religion. It also requires the President to be [[Muslim]].

==Governorates==
[[File:Tunisia governorates cropped.png|thumb|right|200px|Governorates of Tunisia]]

Tunisia is divided into 24 [[governorate]]s. They are:

{|
|-
| <ol>
<li> [[Ariana Governorate|Ariana]]
<li> [[Béja Governorate|Béja]]
<li> [[Ben Arous Governorate|Ben Arous]]
<li> [[Bizerte Governorate|Bizerte]]
<li> [[Gabès Governorate|Gabès]]
<li> [[Gafsa Governorate|Gafsa]]
<li> [[Jendouba Governorate|Jendouba]]
<li> [[Kairouan Governorate|Kairouan]]
<li> [[Kasserine Governorate|Kasserine]]
<li> [[Kebili Governorate|Kebili]]
<li> [[Kef Governorate|Kef]]
<li> [[Mahdia Governorate|Mahdia]]
</ol>
| <ol start=13>
<li> [[Manouba Governorate|Manouba]]
<li> [[Medenine Governorate|Medenine]]
<li> [[Monastir Governorate|Monastir]]
<li> [[Nabeul Governorate|Nabeul]]
<li> [[Sfax Governorate|Sfax]]
<li> [[Sidi Bouzid Governorate|Sidi Bouzid]]
<li> [[Siliana Governorate|Siliana]]
<li> [[Sousse Governorate|Sousse]]
<li> [[Tataouine Governorate|Tataouine]]
<li> [[Tozeur Governorate|Tozeur]]
<li> [[Tunis Governorate|Tunis]]
<li> [[Zaghouan Governorate|Zaghouan]]
</ol>
|}

==Cities==
[[File:Panoramique Avenue Mohamed V, centre de Tunis.jpg|thumb|left|alt=|250px|[[Tunis]], Capital of Tunisia]]
[[File:Sfaxcentre.jpg|thumb|left|alt=|250px|[[Sfax]] City Centre]]
The largest cities in Tunisia are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:50px;"| Nr.
! style="width:150px;"| City
! style="width:170px;"| Population
! style="width:150px;"| Governatorate
|-
| {{center|1}}
| '''[[Tunis]]'''
| {{center|983,861 <ref>3,980,500 in the metropolitan area</ref>}}
| [[Tunis Governorate|Tunis]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| {{center|2}}
| '''[[Sfax]]'''
| {{center|855,256 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2467454/sfax|title=Mongabay.com, population of Sfax|accessdate=2009-10-09|work=|archive-date=2011-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128022036/http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2467454/sfax|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| [[Sfax Governorate|Sfax]]
|-
| {{center|3}}
| '''[[Kairouan]]'''
| {{center|546,209 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2473449/kairouan|title=Mongabay.com, population of Kairouan|accessdate=2009-10-09|work=|archive-date=2011-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128023903/http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2473449/kairouan|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| [[Kairouan Governorate|Kairouan]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| {{center|4}}
| '''[[Sousse]]'''
| {{center|544,413 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2464915/sousse|title=Mongabay.com, population of Sousse|accessdate=2009-10-09|work=|archive-date=2011-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103075259/http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2464915/sousse|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| [[Sousse Governorate|Sousse]]
|-
| {{center|5}}
| '''[[Ettadhamen-Mnihla|Ettadhamen]]''' <ref name=tt>Part of Tunis metropolitan area</ref>
| {{center|422,246 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/tunisia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|title=FITA, population of At Tadaman|accessdate=2009-10-09|work=|archive-date=2010-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105408/http://www.fita.org/countries/tunisia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| [[Ariana Governorate|Ariana]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| {{center|6}}
| '''[[Gabès]]'''
| {{center|342,630}}
| [[Gabès Governorate|Gabès]]
|-
| {{center|7}}
| '''[[Bizerte]]'''
| {{center|114,371}}
| [[Bizerte Governorate|Bizerte]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| {{center|8}}
| '''[[Aryanah]]''' <ref name="tt"/>
| {{center|97,687}}
| [[Ariana Governorate|Ariana]]
|-
| {{center|9}}
| '''[[Gafsa]]'''
| {{center|84,676}}
| [[Gafsa Governorate|Gafsa]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| {{center|10}}
| '''[[El Mourouj]]''' <ref name="tt"/>
| {{center|81,986}}
| [[Ben Arous Governorate|Ben Arous]]
|}
==Economy==
Tunisia's economy has many sectors: agriculture (fruit, vegetable oil and vegetables), tourism (when people come from other countries to visit), mining (extracting goods from under the ground), and petroleum (fuel and gas oil).
The government used to control the economy, but now it has sold some public companies. This is called privatization.

Tunisia was also the first Mediterranean country to make an agreement with the European Union. This association agreement was signed on March 1, 1995.

Tunisia has plans for two [[nuclear]] power stations, to be working by 2019.

==References==
{{reflist}}
'''Notes'''
<references group="lower-alpha"/>

==Other websites==
{{sisterlinks|Tunisia}}
===Government===
* [http://www.ministeres.tn/ Tunisia Government] official site {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.chambre-dep.tn/ Tunisia Chamber of Deputies] official site {{in lang|ar}}
===News===
* [http://www.north-africa.com/one.htm The North Africa Journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907180352/http://north-africa.com/one.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} business news
* [http://www.tunisiaonline.com/news/ Tunisia Media Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009092904/http://www.tunisiaonline.com/news/ |date=2008-10-09 }} government-sourced
* [http://www.magharebia.com/ News and Views of the Maghreb]
* [http://allafrica.com/tunisia/ AllAfrica.com—''Tunisia''] news headline links
===Overviews===
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791969.stm BBC News Country Profile—''Tunisia'']
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Tunisia Encyclopedia Britannica, ''Tunisia''—Country Page]
* [http://www.arab.net/tunisia/ ''Tunisia'' on arab.net]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html CIA World Factbook—''Tunisia'']
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Tunisia/ Open Directory Project—''Tunisia''] directory category
* [http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/info/ country info & who's who]
===Other===
* [http://www.tunisland.com Tunisland The Biggest Video Website For Everything Tunisian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115091458/http://tunisland.com/ |date=2020-01-15 }}
* [http://www.tunisia360.com Everything about Tunisia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925044350/http://www.tunisia360.com/ |date=2008-09-25 }}
* [http://www.nawaat.org Nawaat]
* [http://www.yezzi.org Tunisian online demonstration as protest against dictatorship]
* [http://www.plpp.org For the liberation of Political Prisoners in Tunisia]
* [http://www.tunisiaonline.com TunisiaOnline]
* [http://en.jurispedia.org/index.php/Tunisia The Tunisian law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225113821/http://en.jurispedia.org/index.php/Tunisia |date=2005-12-25 }} from Jurispedia
* [http://www.tunisiadaily.com Tunisia Daily]
* [http://www.tunisie-genealogie.com/chretiens-de-tunisie/liste-des-mariages-catholiques-1801-1948.html List of catholic marriages in Tunisia 1801–1949] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.tunisia-today.com Tunisia Today] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/content/blogsection/1/3/ Tunisian Community Center (the Organization of Tunisian-Americans)]

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Tunisia| ]]
[[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Africa]]