Knowledge: /* Writing system */Fixed typo

2021-12-12T14:32:37Z

Writing system: Fixed typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 12 December 2021
Line 69:		Line 69:

	==Writing system==		==Writing system==
	[[File:Tululipi4.svg\|thumb\|right\|215px\|alt=~~tigalari~~ script.\|~~Tigalari~~ Script.]]		[[File:Tululipi4.svg\|thumb\|right\|215px\|alt=Tulu script script.\|Tulu Script.]]
	{{Main\|~~Tigalari~~ script\|Kannada alphabet\|Malayalam script}}		{{Main\|Tulu script\|Kannada alphabet\|Malayalam script}}
	The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in the [[~~Tigalari~~ script]]. Historically, Brahmins of [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Havyaka Brahmin]]s used the ~~Tigalari~~ script to write [[Vedas]] and other [[Sanskrit]] works. The ~~Tigalari~~ script is descended from the [[Brahmi script\|Brahmi]] through the [[Grantha script]]. It is a sister script of the [[Malayalam script]]. However, very few works written in vernacular languages like Kannada and Tulu are available. Hence, the ~~Tigalari~~ script was employed by Tulu Brahmins to write Tulu and Kannada languages apart from the Kannada script. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on this script with the help of a scholar, Keladi Gunda Jois. In the 18th century, the use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in the ~~Tigalari~~ script contributed to the marginalization of the ~~Tigalari~~ script. The script is studied by few scholars and manuscriptologists for research and religious purposes. The [[Kannada script]] has become the contemporary script for the Tulu language gradually. All contemporary works and literature are done in the Kannada script.		The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in the [[Tulu script]]. Historically, Brahmins of [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Havyaka Brahmin]]s used the Tulu script to write [[Vedas]] and other [[Sanskrit]] works. The Tulu script is descended from the [[Brahmi script\|Brahmi]] through the [[Grantha script]]. It is a sister script of the [[Malayalam script]]. However, very few works written in vernacular languages like Kannada and Tulu are available. Hence, the Tulu script was employed by Tulu Brahmins to write Tulu and Kannada languages apart from the Kannada script. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on this script with the help of a scholar, Keladi Gunda Jois. In the 18th century, the use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in the Tulu script contributed to the marginalization of the Tulu script. The script is studied by few scholars and manuscriptologists for research and religious purposes. The [[Kannada script]] has become the contemporary script for the Tulu language gradually. All contemporary works and literature are done in the Kannada script.

	The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script in many ways. It is also similar to many characters found in the Tigalari alphabet. This is from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tigalari and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds. [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tulu.htm <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from the Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tigalari alphabet.{{Clarification needed\|date=October 2020}}		The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script in many ways. It is also similar to many characters found in the Tigalari alphabet. This is from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tigalari and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds. [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tulu.htm <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from the Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tigalari alphabet.{{Clarification needed\|date=October 2020}}

Knowledge: Added correct information

2021-12-12T14:24:34Z

Added correct information

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:54, 12 December 2021
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\| nativename = {{lang\|kn\|ತುಳು}}<br />{{lang\|ml\|തുളു}}		\| nativename = {{lang\|kn\|ತುಳು}}<br />{{lang\|ml\|തുളു}}
	\| states = [[India]]		\| states = [[India]]
	\| region = [[Tulu Nadu]]{{efn\|([[Dakshina Kannada]] and ~~Southern part of~~ [[Udupi District]] of Karnataka and ~~a part of~~ [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala)}}<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b" /><ref name="ciil.org"/>		\| region = [[Tulu Nadu]]{{efn\|([[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi District]] of Karnataka State and [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala State)}}<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b" /><ref name="ciil.org"/>
	\| ethnicity = [[Tulu people\|Tuluvas]]		\| ethnicity = [[Tulu people\|Tuluvas]]
	\| speakers = over 3 million<ref name="Cenus2021">{{cite web\|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf\|website=censusindia.gov.in\|publisher=Indian Census 2011, Government of India\|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>		\| speakers = over 3 million<ref name="Cenus2021">{{cite web\|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf\|website=censusindia.gov.in\|publisher=Indian Census 2011, Government of India\|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
Line 13:		Line 13:
	\| fam3 = Tulu languages		\| fam3 = Tulu languages
	\| script = [[Tulu script]]<br />[[Kannada script]] [[Malayalam script]]		\| script = [[Tulu script]]<br />[[Kannada script]] [[Malayalam script]]
	~~[[Tigalari script]]~~
	\| minority = {{flag\|India}}		\| minority = {{flag\|India}}

Line 32:		Line 31:
	{{Tulu transliteration}}		{{Tulu transliteration}}
	[[File:Vishwanath Badikana.webm\|thumb\|A Tulu speaker, recorded in [[India]].]]		[[File:Vishwanath Badikana.webm\|thumb\|A Tulu speaker, recorded in [[India]].]]
	'''Tulu''' ({{lang\|tcy-Latn\|Tulu Bāse}}) {{efn\| Tulu can be written in three different scripts: ''Tulu bāse'' is written [[File:Tulubaase4.png\|alt=<File: Tuḷu bāse>\|75x75px]] in [[Tulu script]], {{lang-kn\|ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ}} in [[Kannada script]], {{lang-ml\|ത‍ുള‍ു ഭാഷ}} in [[Malayalam script]]. {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಶೆ}}, ''bhāśe'', and {{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಶೆ}} ''bāśe'' are alternative spellings for the Tulu word ''bāse'' in the Kannada script. The correct spelling for the word "language" in [[Kannada language\|Kannada]] is {{lang-kn\|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer's ''Tulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary'' (1886) says, "{{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆ}} '''bāšè''', '''bāsè''', ''see'' {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಷೆ}}." (vol. 1, p. 478), "{{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆ}} '''bhāšè''', '''bhāshè''', ''s''. Speech, language." (vol. 1, p. 508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronounced {{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಸೆ}} ''bāse'' in Tulu. Note that '''š''' and '''sh''' in his dictionary correspond to ''ś'' and ''ṣ'', respectively, in [[ISO 15919]]}}. is a<ref> {{Cite web\|title=Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco\|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=62360\|access-date=2020-09-18\|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref> [[Dravidian languages\|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Tulu-Language \|title=UDUPI \|website=Udupitourism.com\|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> whose speakers are concentrated [[Dakshina Kannada]] and ~~Southern part of~~ [[Udupi district\|Udupi]] of [[Karnataka]] in South-Western [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Tulu Page, Tulu Language, History of Tulu language\|url=https://www.nriol.com/indian-languages/tulu-page.asp\|access-date=2020-11-17\|website=nriol.com}}</ref> and ~~in the northern part of the~~ [[Kasaragod]] district of [[Kerala]]. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as ''[[Tulu people\|Tuluva]]'' or [[Tulu people]] and the geographical area is unofficially called [[Tulu Nadu]].		'''Tulu''' ({{lang\|tcy-Latn\|Tulu Bāse}}) {{efn\| Tulu can be written in three different scripts: ''Tulu bāse'' is written [[File:Tulubaase4.png\|alt=<File: Tuḷu bāse>\|75x75px]] in [[Tulu script]], {{lang-kn\|ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ}} in [[Kannada script]], {{lang-ml\|ത‍ുള‍ു ഭാഷ}} in [[Malayalam script]]. {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಶೆ}}, ''bhāśe'', and {{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಶೆ}} ''bāśe'' are alternative spellings for the Tulu word ''bāse'' in the Kannada script. The correct spelling for the word "language" in [[Kannada language\|Kannada]] is {{lang-kn\|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer's ''Tulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary'' (1886) says, "{{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆ}} '''bāšè''', '''bāsè''', ''see'' {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಷೆ}}." (vol. 1, p. 478), "{{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆ}} '''bhāšè''', '''bhāshè''', ''s''. Speech, language." (vol. 1, p. 508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronounced {{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಸೆ}} ''bāse'' in Tulu. Note that '''š''' and '''sh''' in his dictionary correspond to ''ś'' and ''ṣ'', respectively, in [[ISO 15919]]}}. is a<ref> {{Cite web\|title=Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco\|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=62360\|access-date=2020-09-18\|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref> [[Dravidian languages\|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Tulu-Language \|title=UDUPI \|website=Udupitourism.com\|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> whose speakers are concentrated [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district\|Udupi]] of [[Karnataka]] state in South-Western [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Tulu Page, Tulu Language, History of Tulu language\|url=https://www.nriol.com/indian-languages/tulu-page.asp\|access-date=2020-11-17\|website=nriol.com}}</ref> and [[Kasaragod]] district of [[Kerala]] state. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as ''[[Tulu people\|Tuluva]]'' or [[Tulu people]] and the geographical area is unofficially called [[Tulu Nadu]].

	The [[2011 Census of India\|Indian census report of 2011]] reported a total of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers in India.<ref name="Cenus2021" /> The [[2001 Census of India\|2001 census]] had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers and over 3 million speakers all over the world,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Census of India - Statement 1\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm\|access-date=13 November 2009\|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> According to one estimate reported in 2009, Tulu is spoken by 3 to 5 million speakers in the world.<ref>{{citation\|last=Mannan\|first=Moiz\|title=Convention to Draw Attention to Tulu Culture\|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=world_news&month=august2009&file=world_news2009083021843.xml\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017162358/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=world_news&month=august2009&file=world_news2009083021843.xml\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=17 October 2015\|date=30 August 2009\|newspaper=[[The Peninsula (newspaper)\|The Peninsula On-line]]\|publisher=The Peninsula}}</ref> There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they often get counted as [[~~Kannada~~]] speakers in [[Census of India\|Indian census reports]].<ref name="BhatSteveer">{{cite book \|last1=Steever \|first1=Sanford B \|title=The Dravidian Languages \|date=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781136911644 \|pages=158–163 }}</ref>		The [[2011 Census of India\|Indian census report of 2011]] reported a total of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers in India.<ref name="Cenus2021" /> The [[2001 Census of India\|2001 census]] had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers and over 3 million speakers all over the world,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Census of India - Statement 1\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm\|access-date=13 November 2009\|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> According to one estimate reported in 2009, Tulu is spoken by 3 to 5 million speakers in the world.<ref>{{citation\|last=Mannan\|first=Moiz\|title=Convention to Draw Attention to Tulu Culture\|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=world_news&month=august2009&file=world_news2009083021843.xml\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017162358/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=world_news&month=august2009&file=world_news2009083021843.xml\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=17 October 2015\|date=30 August 2009\|newspaper=[[The Peninsula (newspaper)\|The Peninsula On-line]]\|publisher=The Peninsula}}</ref> There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they often get counted as [[Tulu]] speakers in [[Census of India\|Indian census reports]].<ref name="BhatSteveer">{{cite book \|last1=Steever \|first1=Sanford B \|title=The Dravidian Languages \|date=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781136911644 \|pages=158–163 }}</ref>

	Separated early from [[Southern Dravidian\|Proto-South Dravidian]],<ref>"[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1286-16 Language Family Trees: Dravidian, Southern]", ''Ethnologue'' (16th ed.).</ref> Tulu has several features not found in [[Tamil–Kannada languages\|Tamil–Kannada]]. For example, it has the [[pluperfect]] and the [[future perfect]], like [[French language\|French]] or [[Spanish language\|Spanish]], but formed [[Agglutination\|without an auxiliary verb]].		Separated early from [[Southern Dravidian\|Proto-South Dravidian]],<ref>"[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1286-16 Language Family Trees: Dravidian, Southern]", ''Ethnologue'' (16th ed.).</ref> Tulu has several features not found in [[Tamil–Kannada languages\|Tamil–Kannada]]. For example, it has the [[pluperfect]] and the [[future perfect]], like [[French language\|French]] or [[Spanish language\|Spanish]], but formed [[Agglutination\|without an auxiliary verb]].

	Tulu is the primary spoken language in [[Tulu Nadu]] consisting of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and ~~Southern part of~~ [[Udupi]] ~~district~~ in west of the of Karnataka and ~~a part of~~ [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html \|access-date=11 August 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117094833/http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html \|title=Social Aspects and Dynamics of Convergence \|author=Susheela Thomas \|archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="ciil.org">[http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720110615/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm \|date=20 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Tulu Nadu, Kasaragod, Kerala, India\|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php\|publisher=Kerala Tourism\|access-date=12 June 2017\|language=en}}</ref> A significant number of native tulu speakers are found in [[Kalasa]] and [[Mudigere]] taluks of [[Chikkamagaluru]] district. Non-native speakers of Tulu include those who are residents in the Tulunadu region but who speak the [[Beary language]], the [[Havigannada\|Havyaka]] language and also [[Konkani language\|Konkani]] and [[Koraga language\|Koraga]] as their mother tongues.<ref name="dravidian">{{cite book \|title= The Dravidian Languages \|last= Steever \|first= Sanford B. \|year= 1998 \|publisher= Taylor & Francis \|isbn= 0-415-10023-2 \|page= 158 }}</ref> Apart from Tulunadu, a significant emigrant population of Tulu speaking people is found in [[Maharashtra]],<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/maharashtraurdu.html \|title=Language in India \|publisher=Language in India \|date=5 May 2003 \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], the [[English-speaking world]], and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf\|Gulf countries]].<ref name="mangalorean.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=139752 \|title=Serving Mangaloreans Around The World! \|publisher=Mangalorean.Com \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=63861& \|title=Dr. Veerendra Heggade in Dubai to Unite Tuluvas for Tulu Sammelan \|publisher=Daijiworld.com \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref>		Tulu is the primary spoken language in [[Tulu Nadu]] consisting of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]] districts in west of the of Karnataka state and [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala state.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html \|access-date=11 August 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117094833/http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html \|title=Social Aspects and Dynamics of Convergence \|author=Susheela Thomas \|archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="ciil.org">[http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720110615/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm \|date=20 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Tulu Nadu, Kasaragod, Kerala, India\|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php\|publisher=Kerala Tourism\|access-date=12 June 2017\|language=en}}</ref> A significant number of native tulu speakers are found in [[Kalasa]] and [[Mudigere]] taluks of [[Chikkamagaluru]] district. Non-native speakers of Tulu include those who are residents in the Tulunadu region but who speak the [[Beary language]], the [[Havigannada\|Havyaka]] language and also [[Konkani language\|Konkani]] and [[Koraga language\|Koraga]] as their mother tongues.<ref name="dravidian">{{cite book \|title= The Dravidian Languages \|last= Steever \|first= Sanford B. \|year= 1998 \|publisher= Taylor & Francis \|isbn= 0-415-10023-2 \|page= 158 }}</ref> Apart from Tulunadu, a significant emigrant population of Tulu speaking people is found in [[Maharashtra]],<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/maharashtraurdu.html \|title=Language in India \|publisher=Language in India \|date=5 May 2003 \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], the [[English-speaking world]], and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf\|Gulf countries]].<ref name="mangalorean.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=139752 \|title=Serving Mangaloreans Around The World! \|publisher=Mangalorean.Com \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=63861& \|title=Dr. Veerendra Heggade in Dubai to Unite Tuluvas for Tulu Sammelan \|publisher=Daijiworld.com \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref>

	The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the [[~~Tigalari script\|~~Tulu script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> Two Tulu epics named ''Sri Bhagavato'' and ''Kaveri'' from the 17th century were also written in the same script.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> However, in modern times the Tulu language is mostly written using the [[Kannada script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> The Tulu language is known for its [[oral literature]] in the form of epic poems called ''pardana''. The ''[[Epic of Siri]]'' and the legend of [[Koti and Chennayya]] belong to this category of Tulu literature.<ref name="BhatSteveer" />		The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the [[Tulu script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> Two Tulu epics named ''Sri Bhagavato'' and ''Kaveri'' from the 17th century were also written in the same script.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> However, in modern times the Tulu language is mostly written using the [[Kannada script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> The Tulu language is known for its [[oral literature]] in the form of epic poems called ''pardana''. The ''[[Epic of Siri]]'' and the legend of [[Koti and Chennayya]] belong to this category of Tulu literature.<ref name="BhatSteveer" />

	==Classification==		==Classification==

imported>Ser Amantio di Nicolao: Removing from Category:Languages of India in subcat using Cat-a-lot

2021-08-26T22:49:04Z

Removing from Category:Languages of India in subcat using Cat-a-lot

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 12 December 2021
Line 69:		Line 69:

	==Writing system==		==Writing system==
	[[File:Tululipi4.svg\|thumb\|right\|215px\|alt=~~tigalari~~ script.\|~~Tigalari~~ Script.]]		[[File:Tululipi4.svg\|thumb\|right\|215px\|alt=Tulu script script.\|Tulu Script.]]
	{{Main\|~~Tigalari~~ script\|Kannada alphabet\|Malayalam script}}		{{Main\|Tulu script\|Kannada alphabet\|Malayalam script}}
	The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in the [[~~Tigalari~~ script]]. Historically, Brahmins of [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Havyaka Brahmin]]s used the ~~Tigalari~~ script to write [[Vedas]] and other [[Sanskrit]] works. The ~~Tigalari~~ script is descended from the [[Brahmi script\|Brahmi]] through the [[Grantha script]]. It is a sister script of the [[Malayalam script]]. However, very few works written in vernacular languages like Kannada and Tulu are available. Hence, the ~~Tigalari~~ script was employed by Tulu Brahmins to write Tulu and Kannada languages apart from the Kannada script. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on this script with the help of a scholar, Keladi Gunda Jois. In the 18th century, the use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in the ~~Tigalari~~ script contributed to the marginalization of the ~~Tigalari~~ script. The script is studied by few scholars and manuscriptologists for research and religious purposes. The [[Kannada script]] has become the contemporary script for the Tulu language gradually. All contemporary works and literature are done in the Kannada script.		The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in the [[Tulu script]]. Historically, Brahmins of [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Havyaka Brahmin]]s used the Tulu script to write [[Vedas]] and other [[Sanskrit]] works. The Tulu script is descended from the [[Brahmi script\|Brahmi]] through the [[Grantha script]]. It is a sister script of the [[Malayalam script]]. However, very few works written in vernacular languages like Kannada and Tulu are available. Hence, the Tulu script was employed by Tulu Brahmins to write Tulu and Kannada languages apart from the Kannada script. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on this script with the help of a scholar, Keladi Gunda Jois. In the 18th century, the use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in the Tulu script contributed to the marginalization of the Tulu script. The script is studied by few scholars and manuscriptologists for research and religious purposes. The [[Kannada script]] has become the contemporary script for the Tulu language gradually. All contemporary works and literature are done in the Kannada script.

	The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script in many ways. It is also similar to many characters found in the Tigalari alphabet. This is from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tigalari and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds. [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tulu.htm <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from the Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tigalari alphabet.{{Clarification needed\|date=October 2020}}		The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script in many ways. It is also similar to many characters found in the Tigalari alphabet. This is from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tigalari and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds. [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tulu.htm <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from the Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tigalari alphabet.{{Clarification needed\|date=October 2020}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:54, 12 December 2021
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\| nativename = {{lang\|kn\|ತುಳು}}<br />{{lang\|ml\|തുളു}}		\| nativename = {{lang\|kn\|ತುಳು}}<br />{{lang\|ml\|തുളു}}
	\| states = [[India]]		\| states = [[India]]
	\| region = [[Tulu Nadu]]{{efn\|([[Dakshina Kannada]] and ~~Southern part of~~ [[Udupi District]] of Karnataka and ~~a part of~~ [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala)}}<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b" /><ref name="ciil.org"/>		\| region = [[Tulu Nadu]]{{efn\|([[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi District]] of Karnataka State and [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala State)}}<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b" /><ref name="ciil.org"/>
	\| ethnicity = [[Tulu people\|Tuluvas]]		\| ethnicity = [[Tulu people\|Tuluvas]]
	\| speakers = over 3 million<ref name="Cenus2021">{{cite web\|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf\|website=censusindia.gov.in\|publisher=Indian Census 2011, Government of India\|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>		\| speakers = over 3 million<ref name="Cenus2021">{{cite web\|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf\|website=censusindia.gov.in\|publisher=Indian Census 2011, Government of India\|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
Line 13:		Line 13:
	\| fam3 = Tulu languages		\| fam3 = Tulu languages
	\| script = [[Tulu script]]<br />[[Kannada script]] [[Malayalam script]]		\| script = [[Tulu script]]<br />[[Kannada script]] [[Malayalam script]]
	~~[[Tigalari script]]~~
	\| minority = {{flag\|India}}		\| minority = {{flag\|India}}

Line 32:		Line 31:
	{{Tulu transliteration}}		{{Tulu transliteration}}
	[[File:Vishwanath Badikana.webm\|thumb\|A Tulu speaker, recorded in [[India]].]]		[[File:Vishwanath Badikana.webm\|thumb\|A Tulu speaker, recorded in [[India]].]]
	'''Tulu''' ({{lang\|tcy-Latn\|Tulu Bāse}}) {{efn\| Tulu can be written in three different scripts: ''Tulu bāse'' is written [[File:Tulubaase4.png\|alt=<File: Tuḷu bāse>\|75x75px]] in [[Tulu script]], {{lang-kn\|ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ}} in [[Kannada script]], {{lang-ml\|ത‍ുള‍ു ഭാഷ}} in [[Malayalam script]]. {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಶೆ}}, ''bhāśe'', and {{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಶೆ}} ''bāśe'' are alternative spellings for the Tulu word ''bāse'' in the Kannada script. The correct spelling for the word "language" in [[Kannada language\|Kannada]] is {{lang-kn\|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer's ''Tulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary'' (1886) says, "{{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆ}} '''bāšè''', '''bāsè''', ''see'' {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಷೆ}}." (vol. 1, p. 478), "{{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆ}} '''bhāšè''', '''bhāshè''', ''s''. Speech, language." (vol. 1, p. 508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronounced {{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಸೆ}} ''bāse'' in Tulu. Note that '''š''' and '''sh''' in his dictionary correspond to ''ś'' and ''ṣ'', respectively, in [[ISO 15919]]}}. is a<ref> {{Cite web\|title=Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco\|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=62360\|access-date=2020-09-18\|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref> [[Dravidian languages\|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Tulu-Language \|title=UDUPI \|website=Udupitourism.com\|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> whose speakers are concentrated [[Dakshina Kannada]] and ~~Southern part of~~ [[Udupi district\|Udupi]] of [[Karnataka]] in South-Western [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Tulu Page, Tulu Language, History of Tulu language\|url=https://www.nriol.com/indian-languages/tulu-page.asp\|access-date=2020-11-17\|website=nriol.com}}</ref> and ~~in the northern part of the~~ [[Kasaragod]] district of [[Kerala]]. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as ''[[Tulu people\|Tuluva]]'' or [[Tulu people]] and the geographical area is unofficially called [[Tulu Nadu]].		'''Tulu''' ({{lang\|tcy-Latn\|Tulu Bāse}}) {{efn\| Tulu can be written in three different scripts: ''Tulu bāse'' is written [[File:Tulubaase4.png\|alt=<File: Tuḷu bāse>\|75x75px]] in [[Tulu script]], {{lang-kn\|ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ}} in [[Kannada script]], {{lang-ml\|ത‍ുള‍ു ഭാഷ}} in [[Malayalam script]]. {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಶೆ}}, ''bhāśe'', and {{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಶೆ}} ''bāśe'' are alternative spellings for the Tulu word ''bāse'' in the Kannada script. The correct spelling for the word "language" in [[Kannada language\|Kannada]] is {{lang-kn\|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer's ''Tulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary'' (1886) says, "{{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆ}} '''bāšè''', '''bāsè''', ''see'' {{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಷೆ}}." (vol. 1, p. 478), "{{lang\|tcy\|ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆ}} '''bhāšè''', '''bhāshè''', ''s''. Speech, language." (vol. 1, p. 508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronounced {{lang\|tcy\|ಬಾಸೆ}} ''bāse'' in Tulu. Note that '''š''' and '''sh''' in his dictionary correspond to ''ś'' and ''ṣ'', respectively, in [[ISO 15919]]}}. is a<ref> {{Cite web\|title=Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco\|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=62360\|access-date=2020-09-18\|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref> [[Dravidian languages\|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Tulu-Language \|title=UDUPI \|website=Udupitourism.com\|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> whose speakers are concentrated [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district\|Udupi]] of [[Karnataka]] state in South-Western [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Tulu Page, Tulu Language, History of Tulu language\|url=https://www.nriol.com/indian-languages/tulu-page.asp\|access-date=2020-11-17\|website=nriol.com}}</ref> and [[Kasaragod]] district of [[Kerala]] state. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as ''[[Tulu people\|Tuluva]]'' or [[Tulu people]] and the geographical area is unofficially called [[Tulu Nadu]].

	The [[2011 Census of India\|Indian census report of 2011]] reported a total of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers in India.<ref name="Cenus2021" /> The [[2001 Census of India\|2001 census]] had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers and over 3 million speakers all over the world,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Census of India - Statement 1\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm\|access-date=13 November 2009\|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> According to one estimate reported in 2009, Tulu is spoken by 3 to 5 million speakers in the world.<ref>{{citation\|last=Mannan\|first=Moiz\|title=Convention to Draw Attention to Tulu Culture\|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=world_news&month=august2009&file=world_news2009083021843.xml\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017162358/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=world_news&month=august2009&file=world_news2009083021843.xml\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=17 October 2015\|date=30 August 2009\|newspaper=[[The Peninsula (newspaper)\|The Peninsula On-line]]\|publisher=The Peninsula}}</ref> There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they often get counted as [[~~Kannada~~]] speakers in [[Census of India\|Indian census reports]].<ref name="BhatSteveer">{{cite book \|last1=Steever \|first1=Sanford B \|title=The Dravidian Languages \|date=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781136911644 \|pages=158–163 }}</ref>		The [[2011 Census of India\|Indian census report of 2011]] reported a total of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers in India.<ref name="Cenus2021" /> The [[2001 Census of India\|2001 census]] had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers and over 3 million speakers all over the world,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Census of India - Statement 1\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm\|access-date=13 November 2009\|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> According to one estimate reported in 2009, Tulu is spoken by 3 to 5 million speakers in the world.<ref>{{citation\|last=Mannan\|first=Moiz\|title=Convention to Draw Attention to Tulu Culture\|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=world_news&month=august2009&file=world_news2009083021843.xml\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017162358/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=world_news&month=august2009&file=world_news2009083021843.xml\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=17 October 2015\|date=30 August 2009\|newspaper=[[The Peninsula (newspaper)\|The Peninsula On-line]]\|publisher=The Peninsula}}</ref> There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they often get counted as [[Tulu]] speakers in [[Census of India\|Indian census reports]].<ref name="BhatSteveer">{{cite book \|last1=Steever \|first1=Sanford B \|title=The Dravidian Languages \|date=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781136911644 \|pages=158–163 }}</ref>

	Separated early from [[Southern Dravidian\|Proto-South Dravidian]],<ref>"[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1286-16 Language Family Trees: Dravidian, Southern]", ''Ethnologue'' (16th ed.).</ref> Tulu has several features not found in [[Tamil–Kannada languages\|Tamil–Kannada]]. For example, it has the [[pluperfect]] and the [[future perfect]], like [[French language\|French]] or [[Spanish language\|Spanish]], but formed [[Agglutination\|without an auxiliary verb]].		Separated early from [[Southern Dravidian\|Proto-South Dravidian]],<ref>"[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1286-16 Language Family Trees: Dravidian, Southern]", ''Ethnologue'' (16th ed.).</ref> Tulu has several features not found in [[Tamil–Kannada languages\|Tamil–Kannada]]. For example, it has the [[pluperfect]] and the [[future perfect]], like [[French language\|French]] or [[Spanish language\|Spanish]], but formed [[Agglutination\|without an auxiliary verb]].

	Tulu is the primary spoken language in [[Tulu Nadu]] consisting of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and ~~Southern part of~~ [[Udupi]] ~~district~~ in west of the of Karnataka and ~~a part of~~ [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html \|access-date=11 August 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117094833/http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html \|title=Social Aspects and Dynamics of Convergence \|author=Susheela Thomas \|archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="ciil.org">[http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720110615/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm \|date=20 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Tulu Nadu, Kasaragod, Kerala, India\|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php\|publisher=Kerala Tourism\|access-date=12 June 2017\|language=en}}</ref> A significant number of native tulu speakers are found in [[Kalasa]] and [[Mudigere]] taluks of [[Chikkamagaluru]] district. Non-native speakers of Tulu include those who are residents in the Tulunadu region but who speak the [[Beary language]], the [[Havigannada\|Havyaka]] language and also [[Konkani language\|Konkani]] and [[Koraga language\|Koraga]] as their mother tongues.<ref name="dravidian">{{cite book \|title= The Dravidian Languages \|last= Steever \|first= Sanford B. \|year= 1998 \|publisher= Taylor & Francis \|isbn= 0-415-10023-2 \|page= 158 }}</ref> Apart from Tulunadu, a significant emigrant population of Tulu speaking people is found in [[Maharashtra]],<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/maharashtraurdu.html \|title=Language in India \|publisher=Language in India \|date=5 May 2003 \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], the [[English-speaking world]], and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf\|Gulf countries]].<ref name="mangalorean.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=139752 \|title=Serving Mangaloreans Around The World! \|publisher=Mangalorean.Com \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=63861& \|title=Dr. Veerendra Heggade in Dubai to Unite Tuluvas for Tulu Sammelan \|publisher=Daijiworld.com \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref>		Tulu is the primary spoken language in [[Tulu Nadu]] consisting of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]] districts in west of the of Karnataka state and [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala state.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html \|access-date=11 August 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117094833/http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html \|title=Social Aspects and Dynamics of Convergence \|author=Susheela Thomas \|archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="ciil.org">[http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720110615/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm \|date=20 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Tulu Nadu, Kasaragod, Kerala, India\|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php\|publisher=Kerala Tourism\|access-date=12 June 2017\|language=en}}</ref> A significant number of native tulu speakers are found in [[Kalasa]] and [[Mudigere]] taluks of [[Chikkamagaluru]] district. Non-native speakers of Tulu include those who are residents in the Tulunadu region but who speak the [[Beary language]], the [[Havigannada\|Havyaka]] language and also [[Konkani language\|Konkani]] and [[Koraga language\|Koraga]] as their mother tongues.<ref name="dravidian">{{cite book \|title= The Dravidian Languages \|last= Steever \|first= Sanford B. \|year= 1998 \|publisher= Taylor & Francis \|isbn= 0-415-10023-2 \|page= 158 }}</ref> Apart from Tulunadu, a significant emigrant population of Tulu speaking people is found in [[Maharashtra]],<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/maharashtraurdu.html \|title=Language in India \|publisher=Language in India \|date=5 May 2003 \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], the [[English-speaking world]], and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf\|Gulf countries]].<ref name="mangalorean.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=139752 \|title=Serving Mangaloreans Around The World! \|publisher=Mangalorean.Com \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=63861& \|title=Dr. Veerendra Heggade in Dubai to Unite Tuluvas for Tulu Sammelan \|publisher=Daijiworld.com \|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref>

	The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the [[~~Tigalari script\|~~Tulu script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> Two Tulu epics named ''Sri Bhagavato'' and ''Kaveri'' from the 17th century were also written in the same script.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> However, in modern times the Tulu language is mostly written using the [[Kannada script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> The Tulu language is known for its [[oral literature]] in the form of epic poems called ''pardana''. The ''[[Epic of Siri]]'' and the legend of [[Koti and Chennayya]] belong to this category of Tulu literature.<ref name="BhatSteveer" />		The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the [[Tulu script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> Two Tulu epics named ''Sri Bhagavato'' and ''Kaveri'' from the 17th century were also written in the same script.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> However, in modern times the Tulu language is mostly written using the [[Kannada script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> The Tulu language is known for its [[oral literature]] in the form of epic poems called ''pardana''. The ''[[Epic of Siri]]'' and the legend of [[Koti and Chennayya]] belong to this category of Tulu literature.<ref name="BhatSteveer" />

	==Classification==		==Classification==

Tulu language - Revision history

Knowledge: /* Writing system */Fixed typo

Knowledge: Added correct information

imported>Ser Amantio di Nicolao: Removing from Category:Languages of India in subcat using Cat-a-lot