Tughral Tughan Khan - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Officer of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi}}
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	In 1242, he ordered his treasurer Mubarak Khan al-Khazan to construct a building in southern [[Bihar]]. Tughral is referred to as "Majlis Ali, the great Khan, the exalted Khaqan, honour of the Truth and the Religion, helper of princes and sultans, patriarch of victory, Tughril the Sultani" ({{lang-ar\|مجلس العلي خان العظم خاقان المعظم عز الحق والدين غياث الاسلام والمسلمين مغيث الملوك والسلاطين ابو الفتح طغرل السلطاني}}). The inscription stating this is preserved in [[Bihar Museum]].<ref name=dani>{{cite book\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126929/page/n9\|page=1\|title=Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii\|author=Ahmad Hasan Dani\|author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani\|chapter=Analysis of the Inscriptions}}</ref>		In 1242, he ordered his treasurer Mubarak Khan al-Khazan to construct a building in southern [[Bihar]]. Tughral is referred to as "Majlis Ali, the great Khan, the exalted Khaqan, honour of the Truth and the Religion, helper of princes and sultans, patriarch of victory, Tughril the Sultani" ({{lang-ar\|مجلس العلي خان العظم خاقان المعظم عز الحق والدين غياث الاسلام والمسلمين مغيث الملوك والسلاطين ابو الفتح طغرل السلطاني}}). The inscription stating this is preserved in [[Bihar Museum]].<ref name=dani>{{cite book\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126929/page/n9\|page=1\|title=Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii\|author=Ahmad Hasan Dani\|author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani\|chapter=Analysis of the Inscriptions}}</ref>

	~~During~~ the reign of Tughan Khan, the Hindu king of [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]], [[Narasimhadeva I]], invaded southern Bengal. Tughan Khan ~~repulsed the Oriya army and captured~~ the Katasin ~~fort of Orissa. But when the Muslim army was celebrating its victory, the Oriya soldiers attacked and defeated them~~. The Oriya army pursued the Muslims all the way to [[Gaur, West Bengal\|Lakhnauti]], the capital of Bengal, and besieged the city. All the Muslims of [[Gauḍa (city)\|Lakhnauti]] were slain.		In 1243, during the reign of Tughan Khan, the Hindu king of [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]], [[Narasimhadeva I]], invaded southern Bengal and defeated Tughan Khan in the [[Battle of Katasin]]. The Oriya army pursued the Muslims all the way to [[Gaur, West Bengal\|Lakhnauti]], the capital of Bengal, and besieged the city. All the Muslims of [[Gauḍa (city)\|Lakhnauti]] were slain and the city plundered.<ref name="Glimpses Of Kalinga History">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999\|title=Glimpses Of Kalinga History by Das, Manmatha Nath\|publisher=Century Publishers\|year=1949\|location=Calcutta\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999/page/n192 181]}}</ref>

	Tughan Khan sought assistance from the Delhi sultan, [[Ala ud din Masud\|Alauddin Masud Shah]], who sent Malik Karakash Khan of [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh\|Kara]] and [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan\|Malik Tughlaq Tamar Khan]] of Oudh to help Tughan Khan. Hearing the approach of the Delhi army, the Oriya army retreated to Orissa. But Tughlaq Tamar Khan himself assumes the power of Bengal which forced Tughan Khan to flee to [[Delhi]]. Thus Tughan Khan's ten year ruling of Bengal ended in 1246 CE.~~<ref name=KingListsFarEast>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm KingListsFarEast]</ref>~~		Tughan Khan fled and sought assistance from the Delhi sultan, [[Ala ud din Masud\|Alauddin Masud Shah]], who sent Malik Karakash Khan of [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh\|Kara]] and [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan\|Malik Tughlaq Tamar Khan]] of Oudh to help Tughan Khan. Hearing the approach of the Delhi army, the Oriya army retreated to Orissa. But Tughlaq Tamar Khan himself assumes the power of Bengal which forced Tughan Khan to flee to [[Delhi]]. Thus Tughan Khan's ten year ruling of Bengal ended in 1246 CE.

	Tughan Khan was later appointed as the governor of Oudh by Sultan [[Ala ud din Masud\|Alauddin Masud Shah]].		Tughan Khan was later appointed as the governor of Oudh by Sultan [[Ala ud din Masud\|Alauddin Masud Shah]].
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	In 1272 Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Balban]] appointed [[Amin Khan (governor)\|Amin Khan]] as the governor and Tughan Khan as the sub-governor of Bengal with the duty to reconquer and pacify the Province, most of which had been under the control of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] since the death of [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak]] in 1257 CE. However Tughan Khan deposed Amin Khan with the help of his old loyalists and declared himself Sultan of Bengal. He took the name ''Mughisuddin Tughral''.		In 1272 Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Balban]] appointed [[Amin Khan (governor)\|Amin Khan]] as the governor and Tughan Khan as the sub-governor of Bengal with the duty to reconquer and pacify the Province, most of which had been under the control of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] since the death of [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak]] in 1257 CE. However Tughan Khan deposed Amin Khan with the help of his old loyalists and declared himself Sultan of Bengal. He took the name ''Mughisuddin Tughral''.

	In 1279, Tughan Khan defeated the Sena king [[Vishwarup Sen]] of eastern Bengal (present-day [[Assam]]) and established an Islamic feifdom in that region for the first time in history. He res-established the Bengali Navy, destroyed in 1243 by [[Narasimhadeva I]] at the Fort Narikella at [[Sonargaon]]. In 1280, Tughan Khan took advantage of a drought to invade South Bengal and then, Jajnagar (present-day Orissa).<ref>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282386</ref>		In 1279, Tughan Khan defeated the Sena king [[Vishwarup Sen]] of eastern Bengal (present-day [[Assam]]) and established an Islamic feifdom in that region for the first time in history. He res-established the Bengali Navy, destroyed in 1243 by [[Narasimhadeva I]] at the Fort Narikella at [[Sonargaon]]. In 1280, Tughan Khan took advantage of a drought to invade South Bengal and then, Jajnagar (present-day Orissa).<ref>{{cite book \|editor-last=Lees \|editor-first=W. Nassau \|year= \|title=The Tabaqat-I Nasiri of Aboo Omar Minhaj Al Din Othman \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282386 \|translator-last=Siraj Al-Din Al-Ja Wzjani \|publisher=College Press \|location=Calcutta \|page=}}</ref>

	Taking advantage of Tughan Khan's absence, Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban sent a huge army led by Malik Turmati the ruler of Oudh against Tughan. But the Delhi army was thoroughly defeated by Tughan's army. [[Ghiyas ud din Balban\|Balban]] sent another army against Tughan. But this time once again Balban's army was defeated by Tughan's army.		Taking advantage of Tughan Khan's absence, Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban sent a huge army led by Malik Turmati the ruler of Oudh against Tughan. But the Delhi army was thoroughly defeated by Tughan's army. [[Ghiyas ud din Balban\|Balban]] sent another army against Tughan. But this time once again Balban's army was defeated by Tughan's army.

	Infuriated by repeated defeats Balban himself invaded Bengal in 1281. His son, [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]], assisted him in this mission.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book \|last=Ali \|first=Muhammad Ansar \|year=2012 \|chapter=Bughra Khan \|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bughra_Khan \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> There were about three hundred thousand soldiers in Balban's army. This massive army was accompanied with a huge navy. Tughan fled to Jajnagar by river. Balban split his army into smaller groups. One such small group led by Malik Sher Andaz attacked Tughan's army and Tughan was defeated and killed in the battle.~~<ref name=KingListsFarEast />~~		Infuriated by repeated defeats Balban himself invaded Bengal in 1281. His son, [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]], assisted him in this mission.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book \|last=Ali \|first=Muhammad Ansar \|year=2012 \|chapter=Bughra Khan \|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bughra_Khan \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> There were about three hundred thousand soldiers in Balban's army. This massive army was accompanied with a huge navy. Tughan fled to Jajnagar by river. Balban split his army into smaller groups. One such small group led by Malik Sher Andaz attacked Tughan's army and Tughan was defeated and killed in the battle.

	After Tughan's death, Balban put his son in charge of Bengal.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=76–79}}</ref> Thus the separatist Mameluk ruling of Bengal ended in 1281.		After Tughan's death, Balban put his son in charge of Bengal.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=76–79}}</ref> Thus the separatist Mameluk ruling of Bengal ended in 1281.
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	{{S-end}}		{{S-end}}

	~~[[Category:Rulers of Bengal]]~~
	[[Category:Mamluks]]		[[Category:Mamluks]]
	[[Category:Indian Muslims]]		[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
	[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]		[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
	~~[[Category:History of Bihar]]~~
	~~[[Category:History of West Bengal]]~~
	[[Category:Turkic rulers]]		[[Category:Turkic rulers]]
	[[Category:Governors of Bengal]]		[[Category:Governors of Bengal]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = Mughithuddin
|name = Tughral Tughan Khan
|honorific_suffix =
|monarch = [[Iltutmish]], [[Ruknuddin Firuz]]
|office = Governor of [[Bihar]]
|term = 1232-
|predecessor = [[Saifuddin Aibak]]
|office2 = Governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti)
|term2 = 1236-
|predecessor2 = [[Saifuddin Aibak]], [[Awar Khan Aibak]] (usurper)
|successor2 = [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan]]
|monarch2 = [[Ruknuddin Firuz]], [[Razia Sultana]]
|relatives =
}}
'''Tughral Tughan Khan''' ({{lang-bn|তুগরল তুগান খান}}, {{lang-fa|طغرل طوغان خان}}), later known as '''Mughith ad-Din Tughral''' ({{lang-bn|মুগিসউদ্দীন তুগরল}}, {{lang-fa|مغيث الدين طغرل}}), was an officer of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi]]. He governed Bengal during 1236-1246 CE and again during 1272-1281 CE.

==Biography==
He was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] of [[Khitan people|Khitan]] origin and was a slave-officer bought by Sultan [[Iltutmish]]. He was the given the [[iqta']] of [[Budaun|Badayun]] before being appointed the Governor of [[Bihar]] by the Sultan in 1232 as [[Saifuddin Aibak]] had been transferred to [[Gauda (city)|Lakhnauti]].

Following the death of [[Iltutmish]], assassination of [[Saifuddin Aibak]] and the subsequent ascension of the rebel usurper [[Awar Khan Aibak]], Tughan invaded [[Bengal]] and successfully defeated Awar Khan in 1236. Immediately after assuming power, Tughan Khan led a number of expeditions. He established his dominance throughout Bengal, Bihar and [[Oudh]] while staying loyal to the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He conquered [[Tirhut]] in September 1242. He advanced westwards towards [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]], where he got news of the ascension of Sultan [[Ala ud din Masud]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Tughral Tughan Khan|author=M Delwar Hussain}}</ref>

In 1242, he ordered his treasurer Mubarak Khan al-Khazan to construct a building in southern [[Bihar]]. Tughral is referred to as "Majlis Ali, the great Khan, the exalted Khaqan, honour of the Truth and the Religion, helper of princes and sultans, patriarch of victory, Tughril the Sultani" ({{lang-ar|مجلس العلي خان العظم خاقان المعظم عز الحق والدين غياث الاسلام والمسلمين مغيث الملوك والسلاطين ابو الفتح طغرل السلطاني}}). The inscription stating this is preserved in [[Bihar Museum]].<ref name=dani>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126929/page/n9|page=1|title=Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii|author=Ahmad Hasan Dani|author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani|chapter=Analysis of the Inscriptions}}</ref>

During the reign of Tughan Khan, the Hindu king of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Narasimhadeva I]], invaded southern Bengal. Tughan Khan repulsed the Oriya army and captured the Katasin fort of Orissa. But when the Muslim army was celebrating its victory, the Oriya soldiers attacked and defeated them. The Oriya army pursued the Muslims all the way to [[Gaur, West Bengal|Lakhnauti]], the capital of Bengal, and besieged the city. All the Muslims of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] were slain.

Tughan Khan sought assistance from the Delhi sultan, [[Ala ud din Masud|Alauddin Masud Shah]], who sent Malik Karakash Khan of [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]] and [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan|Malik Tughlaq Tamar Khan]] of Oudh to help Tughan Khan. Hearing the approach of the Delhi army, the Oriya army retreated to Orissa. But Tughlaq Tamar Khan himself assumes the power of Bengal which forced Tughan Khan to flee to [[Delhi]]. Thus Tughan Khan's ten year ruling of Bengal ended in 1246 CE.<ref name=KingListsFarEast>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm KingListsFarEast]</ref>

Tughan Khan was later appointed as the governor of Oudh by Sultan [[Ala ud din Masud|Alauddin Masud Shah]].

==Second term (1272-1281)==

In 1272 Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Balban]] appointed [[Amin Khan (governor)|Amin Khan]] as the governor and Tughan Khan as the sub-governor of Bengal with the duty to reconquer and pacify the Province, most of which had been under the control of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] since the death of [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak]] in 1257 CE. However Tughan Khan deposed Amin Khan with the help of his old loyalists and declared himself Sultan of Bengal. He took the name ''Mughisuddin Tughral''.

In 1279, Tughan Khan defeated the Sena king [[Vishwarup Sen]] of eastern Bengal (present-day [[Assam]]) and established an Islamic feifdom in that region for the first time in history. He res-established the Bengali Navy, destroyed in 1243 by [[Narasimhadeva I]] at the Fort Narikella at [[Sonargaon]]. In 1280, Tughan Khan took advantage of a drought to invade South Bengal and then, Jajnagar (present-day Orissa).<ref>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282386</ref>

Taking advantage of Tughan Khan's absence, Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban sent a huge army led by Malik Turmati the ruler of Oudh against Tughan. But the Delhi army was thoroughly defeated by Tughan's army. [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]] sent another army against Tughan. But this time once again Balban's army was defeated by Tughan's army.

Infuriated by repeated defeats Balban himself invaded Bengal in 1281. His son, [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]], assisted him in this mission.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Muhammad Ansar |year=2012 |chapter=Bughra Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bughra_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> There were about three hundred thousand soldiers in Balban's army. This massive army was accompanied with a huge navy. Tughan fled to Jajnagar by river. Balban split his army into smaller groups. One such small group led by Malik Sher Andaz attacked Tughan's army and Tughan was defeated and killed in the battle.<ref name=KingListsFarEast />

After Tughan's death, Balban put his son in charge of Bengal.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=76–79}}</ref> Thus the separatist Mameluk ruling of Bengal ended in 1281.

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Bengal]]
*[[History of Bengal]]
*[[History of Bangladesh]]
*[[History of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[Awar Khan Aibak]]
|title=[[List of rulers of Bengal|Mamluk Delhi Sultanate Governor of Bengal]]
|years=1246-1247
|after=[[Tughlaq Tamar Khan]]}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[Amin Khan (governor)|Amin Khan]]
|title=[[List of rulers of Bengal|Mamluk Delhi Sultanate Governor of Bengal]]
|years=1272-1281
|after=[[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]]}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Rulers of Bengal]]
[[Category:Mamluks]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Turkic rulers]]
[[Category:Governors of Bengal]]