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{{Short description|Genus of aquatic plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Trithuria submersa - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg
|image_caption = Complete ''Trithuria submersa'' specimen
|taxon = Trithuria
|authority = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]
|type_species = ''[[Trithuria submersa]]''
|type_species_authority = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=j/>
|synonyms =
*''Hydatella'' Diels
*''Juncella'' F.Muell. ex Hieron.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[#Species and distribution|See here]]
}}

'''''Trithuria''''' is a [[genus]] of small ephemeral [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] [[Herbaceous plant|herb]] that represent the only members of the family [[Hydatellaceae]] found in [[India]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=j>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=270876 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marques|first1=Isabel|last2=Montgomery|first2=Sean A.|last3=Barker|first3=Michael S.|last4=Macfarlane|first4=Terry D.|last5=Conran|first5=John G.|last6=Catalán|first6=Pilar|last7=Rieseberg|first7=Loren H.|last8=Rudall|first8=Paula J.|last9=Graham|first9=Sean W.|date=2016-04-01|title=Transcriptome-derived evidence supports recent polyploidization and a major phylogeographic division in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales)|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=210|issue=1|pages=310–323|doi=10.1111/nph.13755|pmid=26612464|issn=1469-8137|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016NewPh.210..310M }}</ref> Almost all described species of ''Trithuria'' are found in Australia, with the exception of ''T. inconspicua'' and ''T. konkanensis'', from New Zealand and India respectively.<ref name="sokoloff2008">Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Margarita V. Remizowa, Terry D. Macfarlane, and Paula J. Rudall. 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paula-Rudall/publication/233621193_Classification_of_the_early-divergent_angiosperm_family_Hydatellaceae_One_genus_instead_of_two_four_new_species_and_sexual_dimorphism_in_dioecious_taxa/links/0a85e5329b5e2171eb000000/Classification-of-the-early-divergent-angiosperm-family-Hydatellaceae-One-genus-instead-of-two-four-new-species-and-sexual-dimorphism-in-dioecious-taxa.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail&_rtd=e30%3D "Classification of the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: one genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa".] ''Taxon'' '''57'''(1):179-200.</ref><ref name="Yadav">Yadav SR, Janarthanam MK. 1995 Trithuria konkanensis (Hydatellaceae), eine neue Art aus Indien. ''Aqua Planta'' '''20'''. (3): 91-97 (1995).</ref> Until DNA sequence data and a reinterpretation of morphology proved otherwise, these plants were believed to be monocots related to the grasses (Poaceae). They are unique in being the only plants besides two members of [[Triuridaceae]] (''Lacandonia schizmatica'' and ''L. braziliana'') in which the stamens are centred and surrounded by the pistils; in Hydatellaceae the resulting 'flowers' may instead represent condensed inflorescences or non-flowers.<ref>{{Cite journal | title=Inside-out flowers of Lacandonia brasiliana (Triuridaceae) provide new insights into fundamental aspects of floral patterning | last1= Rudall | first1= Paula J. | journal= PeerJ| date= February 4, 2016 | volume= 4| article-number= e1653| doi= 10.7717/peerj.1653| pmid= 26870611| pmc= 4748704 | doi-access= free }}</ref>

These diminutive, superficially moss-like, aquatic plants are the closest living relatives of a clade comprising two closely related water-lily families [[Nymphaeaceae]] and [[Cabombaceae]].<ref>{{citation | title = Botany: New home for tiny aquatics | author = Else Marie Friis & Peter Crane | journal = Nature | volume = 446 | pages = 269–270 | date = 15 March 2007 | doi = 10.1038/446269a | pmid = 17361167 | issue = 7133 | bibcode = 2007Natur.446..269F | doi-access = free }}</ref> Together, these three families compose the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Nymphaeales]] in the [[APG III system]] of flowering plant classification. ''Trithuria'' (Hydatellaceae) diverged from the rest of Nymphaeales soon after Nymphaeales diverged from its [[sister taxon]], although the [[crown clade]] evolved relatively recently, in the early Miocene (~19 Ma;<ref name="Iles Lee Sokoloff Remizowa 2014 p=102">{{cite journal | last1=Iles | first1=William J D | last2=Lee | first2=Christopher | last3=Sokoloff | first3=Dmitry D | last4=Remizowa | first4=Margarita V | last5=Yadav | first5=Shrirang R | last6=Barrett | first6=Matthew D | last7=Barrett | first7=Russell L | last8=Macfarlane | first8=Terry D | last9=Rudall | first9=Paula J | last10=Graham | first10=Sean W | title=Reconstructing the age and historical biogeography of the ancient flowering-plant family Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales) | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | year=2014 | issn=1471-2148 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-102 | page=102| pmid=24884487 | pmc=4030046 | bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..102I | doi-access=free }}</ref>). The order as a whole is the sister group of all flowering plants except [[Amborellales]].

''Trithuria'' exhibits a remarkable similarity to ''[[Centrolepis]]'' and species of both genera were mistaken for members of the other genus.<ref name = "Sokoloff et al., 2009">Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Linder, H. P., & Rudall, P. J. (2009). [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3732/ajb.0900074 "Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: the most remarkable range of variation in Poales."] American Journal of Botany, 96(11), 1925-1940.</ref>

The genus consists of tiny, relatively simple plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges (order [[Poales]]), but has been reassigned to the order [[Nymphaeales]] as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing that it represents one of the earliest groups to split off in flowering-plant phylogeny, rather than having a close relationship to [[monocots]], which it bears a superficial resemblance to due to [[convergent evolution]].<ref name="Givnish Zuluaga Spalink Soto Gomez pp. 1888–1910">{{cite journal | last1=Givnish | first1=Thomas J. | last2=Zuluaga | first2=Alejandro | last3=Spalink | first3=Daniel | last4=Soto Gomez | first4=Marybel | last5=Lam | first5=Vivienne K. Y. | last6=Saarela | first6=Jeffrey M. | last7=Sass | first7=Chodon | last8=Iles | first8=William J. D. | last9=de Sousa | first9=Danilo José Lima | last10=Leebens-Mack | first10=James | last11=Chris Pires | first11=J. | last12=Zomlefer | first12=Wendy B. | last13=Gandolfo | first13=Maria A. | last14=Davis | first14=Jerrold I. | last15=Stevenson | first15=Dennis W. | last16=dePamphilis | first16=Claude | last17=Specht | first17=Chelsea D. | last18=Graham | first18=Sean W. | last19=Barrett | first19=Craig F. | last20=Ané | first20=Cécile|author20-link= Cécile Ané | title=Monocot plastid phylogenomics, timeline, net rates of species diversification, the power of multi-gene analyses, and a functional model for the origin of monocots | journal=American Journal of Botany | publisher=Wiley | volume=105 | issue=11 | date=2018-10-24 | issn=0002-9122 | doi=10.1002/ajb2.1178 | pmid=30368769 | pages=1888–1910| doi-access=free | hdl=2027.42/146610 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Trithuria submersa in fruit.jpg|thumb|right|Flowering ''Trithuria submersa'']]
[[File:Trithuria inconspicua iNat2.jpg|thumb|right|''Trithuria inconspicua'']]
[[File:Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (1904) (20402793025).jpg|thumb|right|Botanical illustration of ''Trithuria australis'']]
Plants are submerged and emergent aquatic plants, rooted in the substrate below the water. They are tiny plants, just a few cm tall. Most species are ephemeral aquatics that flower in vernal pools when the water draws down, but several species are submerged perennials found in shallow lakes. The simple leaves are concentrated basally around a short stem. Individual species are cosexual (with several types of [[hermaphroditic]] conditions) or [[dioecious]], and are either [[Wind pollination|wind-pollinated]] (anemophilous) or self-pollinating ([[autogamy|autogamous]]). Two predominantly [[apomictic]] species are also known.<ref name="Smissen Ford Champion Heenan 2019 p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Smissen | first1=Rob D. | last2=Ford | first2=Kerry A. | last3=Champion | first3=Paul D. | last4=Heenan | first4=Peter B. | title=Genetic variation in Trithuria inconspicua and T. filamentosa (Hydatellaceae): a new subspecies and a hypothesis of apomixis arising within a predominantly selfing lineage | journal=Australian Systematic Botany | publisher=CSIRO Publishing | year=2019 | issn=1030-1887 | doi=10.1071/sb18013 | s2cid=91261563 }}</ref> Flower-like reproductive units are composed of small collections of minute stamen- and/or pistil-like structures that may each represent very reduced individual flower, so that the reproductive units may be [[pseudanthium|pseudanthia]]. The non-fleshy fruits are [[follicle (fruit)|follicles]] or [[achene]]s.<ref name=FloraBase>{{cite web |editor1-first=T.D. |editor1-last=Macfarlane |editor2-first=L. |editor2-last=Watson |editor3-first=N.G. |editor3-last=Marchant |date=2000 |title=Hydatellaceae U Hamann |work=FloraBase: Flora of Western Australian |url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=040a&level=f&id=040a |access-date=2013-11-15 |name-list-style=amp |archive-date=14 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714142703/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=040a&level=f&id=040a }}</ref> Hydatellaceae are unusual among angiosperms in allocating nutrients to the embryo before fertilization. In all other flowering plants, nutrient provisioning is known to occur only after fertilization. This trait is similar to [[gymnosperm]]s, although in gymnosperms the nutrients come from the [[gametophyte]] rather than maternal tissue.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18354395/ Hydatellaceae are water lilies with gymnospermous tendencies]</ref>

===Cytology===
The diploid chromosome count of ''Trithuria inconspicua'' subsp. ''inconspicua'' is 2n = c. 24.
The diploid chromosome count of ''Trithuria submersa'' is 2n = 56.<ref name = "Flora of New Zealand">Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | ''Trithuria''. (n.d.). Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Trithuria.html</ref> The diploid chromosome count of the tetraploid species ''Trithuria konkanensis'' 2n = 40.<ref name = "Remizowa et al., 2008">Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., Macfarlane, T. D., Yadav, S. R., Prychid, C. J., & Rudall, P. J. (2008). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00173130802184214 "Comparative pollen morphology in the early‐divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae reveals variation at the infraspecific level."] Grana, 47(2), 81-100.</ref> The diploid chromosome count of ''Trithuria australis'' is 2n = 14.<ref name = "Sokoloff et al., 2019">Sokoloff, D. D., Marques, I., Macfarlane, T. D., Remizowa, M. V., Lam, V. K. Y., Pellicer, J., … Graham, S. W. (2019). Cryptic species in an ancient flowering-plant lineage (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales) revealed by molecular and micromorphological data. TAXON, 68(1), 1–19. doi:10.1002/tax.12026</ref>

==Etymology==
The generic name ''Trithuria'' is derived from the Greek words τρεις ''treis'' meaning "three", and θυρις ''thyris'' meaning "window". It references the dehiscence of the capsule fruit.<ref name = "Hooker, 1844">Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Fitch, W. H., & Reeve Brothers. (1844). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross (Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 78-79). Reeve Brothers. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28467263</ref><ref name = "Seeds of South Australia">Department for Environment and Water. (n.d.). ''Trithuria submersa'' (Hydatellaceae) | Seeds of South Australia - Species information. Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation.html?rid=4619</ref>

==Taxonomy==

The genus ''Trithuria'' {{small|Hook.f.}} was described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1858<ref name=sokoloff2008/><ref name = "POWO">{{cite POWO |id=6727-1 |title=''Trithuria'' Hook.f. |accessdate=17 November 2024}}</ref> with the type species ''Trithuria submersa'' {{small|Hook.f.}}<ref name=sokoloff2008/> It has two synonyms: In 1888 the genus ''Juncella'' {{small|F.Muell. ex Hieron.}} was described<ref name=sokoloff2008/> without a type designation<ref name = "auNSL a">''Juncella'' F.Muell. ex Hieron. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/instance/apni/520743</ref> by [[Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus]] based on previous work by [[Ferdinand von Mueller]].<ref name=sokoloff2008/> Mueller had invalidly published the [[nom. inval.|nomen invalidum]] and [[nomen nudum]] ''Juncella tasmanica'' {{small|F.Muell.}} in 1854.<ref>''Juncella tasmanica'' | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/n/129787-3</ref><ref>''Juncella tasmanica'' F.Muell. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 18, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/96340/api/apni-format</ref> ''Juncella'' is a [[nomen illegitimum]].<ref name=sokoloff2008/> In 1904 the genus ''Hydatella'' {{small|Diels}} was described by [[Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels]]<ref name = "Hamann, 1976">Hamann, U. (1976). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.1976.10428894 Hydatellaceae—a new family of Monocotyledoneae.] New Zealand Journal of Botany, 14(2), 193-196.</ref> without a type designation,<ref name = "auNSL b">''Hydatella'' Diels. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/86441/api/apni-format</ref> but the [[lectotype]] ''Hydatella australis'' {{small|Diels.}} has been designated in 2008.<ref name=sokoloff2008/> The genus ''Hydatella'' was synonymised with ''Trithuria'' in 2008.<ref name=sokoloff2008/>

''Trithuria'' was initially placed in the family Centrolepidaceae {{small|Endl.}}<ref name = "Saarela et al., 2007">{{citation | title = Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree | author = Jeffery M. Saarela1 | journal = Nature | volume = 446 | pages = 312–315 | date = 15 March 2007 | doi = 10.1038/nature05612 | pmid = 17361182 | issue = 7133 | bibcode = 2007Natur.446..312S | s2cid = 4415881 |display-authors=etal| url = https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3652&context=biosci_pubs | url-access = subscription }}</ref> (now synonymous with [[Restionaceae]] {{small|R.Br.}}),<ref>{{cite POWO |id=77126761-1 |title=Restionaceae R.Br. |accessdate=17 November 2024}}</ref> which is placed in the order [[Poales]] {{small|Small}}<ref name = "Linder & Rudall, 2005">Linder, H. P., & Rudall, P. J. (2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paula-Rudall/publication/201999057_Evolutionary_History_of_Poales/links/0c96052b3245664030000000/Evolutionary-History-of-Poales.pdf Evolutionary history of Poales.] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 36(1), 107-124.</ref> but it was separated as its own family Hydatellaceae {{small|U.Hamann}} by [[Ulrich Hamann]] in 1976<ref>Hamann, Ulrich | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/a/5-1</ref><ref name = "Hamann, 1976" /><ref>{{cite POWO |id=8-1 |title=Hydatellaceae U.Hamann |accessdate=17 November 2024}}</ref> with ''Hydatella'' {{small|Diels}} as the type genus. Upon its separation, Hamann stated the new families affinity or placement were still obscure.<ref name = "Hamann, 1976" /> The correct placement of the family became apparent in 2007, when it was identified as a basal angiosperm lineage.<ref name = "Saarela et al., 2007" /> The family Hydatellaceae is now placed in the order Nymphaeales {{small|Salisb. ex Bercht. & J. Presl.}}.<ref name = "WFO, 2024">WFO (2024): Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-9000000354. Accessed on: 17 Nov 2024</ref> Alternatively, it is placed in a separate order Hydatellales {{small|Cronquist ex Reveal & Doweld}} validly published by [[James L. Reveal|James Lauritz Reveal]] and [[Alexander Borissowitsch Doweld]] in 1999 based on previous work by [[Arthur Cronquist]] (see the [[Cronquist system]]).<ref name = "Doweld, 2022">Doweld A.B. 2022. [https://www.palaeobotanicalsociety.org/geophytology/vol52_2022/1.%20Doweld%2030.pdf New names of fossil Nymphaeaceae and allied forms.] Geophytology 52(1&2): 1–28.</ref><ref name = "Reveal & Doweld, 1999">Reveal, J. L., & Doweld, A. B. (1999). Validation of Some Suprageneric Names in Magnoliophyta. Novon, 9(4), 549–553. https://doi.org/10.2307/3392163</ref> This is however not widely accepted, as the order Hydatellales is mostly treated as a synonym of Nymphaeales.<ref name = "WFO, 2024" /><ref name = "NZFlora">Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.-b). Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl. Flora of New Zealand Online. Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Nymphaeales.html</ref><ref name = "Reveal, 2012">Reveal, J. L. (2012). [https://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Magnoliidae.pdf An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants.] Phytoneuron, 37(1), 1-221.</ref><ref name = "Reveal & Chase, 2011">Reveal, J. L., & Chase, M. W. (2011). [https://plantnetwork.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2746/apg2fulltext.pdf APG III: Bibliographical information and synonymy of Magnoliidae.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227060710/https://plantnetwork.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2746/apg2fulltext.pdf |date=2021-12-27 }} Phytotaxa, 19, 71-134.</ref>

===Hydatellales===

'''Hydatellales''' is a [[botanical name]] for an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s. In the [[Cronquist system]], 1981, the name was used for an order placed in the subclass [[Commelinidae]] in class [[Liliopsida]] [=monocotyledons]. The order consisted of one family only: ''Hydatellaceae''

Similarly the [[Dahlgren system]] recognised this order (with the same circumscription and placed it in superorder [[Commelinanae]] in subclass [[Liliidae]] [=monocotyledons].

The [[APG II system]] assigned these plants to the order [[Poales]], close to the grasses and sedges. Recent study by Saarela ''et al.'',<ref>Saarela, Jeffery M., Hardeep S. Rai, James A. Doyle, Peter K. Endress, Sarah Mathews, Adam D. Marchant, Barbara G. Briggs & Sean W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446:312-315.</ref> however, suggests a position out of the Poales; here, the Hydatellaceae link with the [[Nymphaeaceae|waterlilies]], the first time a plant has been ejected from the monocots. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]<ref>Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Nymphaeales. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006. Accessed 21 March 2007.</ref> had since updated the [[Nymphaeales]] page to include the family.

===Hydatellaceae===
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Hydatellaceae
| image = Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (1904) (20402793025).jpg
| image_caption = Botanical illustration of ''[[Trithuria australis]]'' from 1904
| authority = [[Ulrich Hamann|U.Hamann]]<ref name=APGIII /><ref name=FloraBase />
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
''Trithuria'' Hook.f.
| subdivision_ref = <ref name = "POWO, 2023">{{cite POWO |id=8-1 |title=''Hydatellaceae'' U.Hamann |accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>
}}
'''Hydatellaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of small, aquatic [[flowering plant]]s that includes only the genus ''Trithuria'' Hook.f., which in 2008 was re-defined to include the genus ''Hydatella'' Diels. The type species is ''Trithuria submersa'' Hook.f.<ref name=SokoRemiMacfRuda08>{{cite journal |last1=Sokoloff |first1=Dmitry D. |last2=Remizowa, Terry D. Macfarlane, Paula J. Rudall |first2=Margarita V. |last3=Macfarlane |first3=Terry D. |last4=Rudall |first4=Paula J. |year=2008 |title=Classification of the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: one genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233621193 |journal=Taxon |volume=57 |pages=179–200 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

The family was for many years assumed to be a close relative of the [[Poales|grasses and sedges]] and was even sometimes lumped under the [[Poales|poalean]] family [[Centrolepidaceae]]. Even as recently as 2003, the [[APG II system]] assigned Hydatellaceae to the grass order Poales in the [[commelinid]] [[monocots]]. However, research based on DNA sequences and morphology by Saarela ''et al.'' indicates that Hydatellaceae is the living sister group of the water lilies ([[Nymphaeaceae]] and [[Cabombaceae]]) and thus represents one of the most ancient lineages of flowering plants.<ref name=SaarRaiDoylEndr07>{{cite journal |last1=Saarela |first1=Jeffery M. |last2=Rai |first2=Hardeep S. |last3=Doyle |first3=James A. |last4=Endress |first4=Peter K. |last5=Mathews |first5=Sarah |last6=Marchant |first6=Adam D. |last7=Briggs |first7=Barbara G. |last8=Graham |first8=Sean W. |year=2007 |title=Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree |journal=Nature |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=312–315 |doi=10.1038/nature05612 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=17361182|bibcode=2007Natur.446..312S |s2cid=4415881 |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/2653 }}</ref> Developers of earlier classifications were misled by the apparently reduced vegetative and reproductive morphology of these plants. As aquatic herbs, Hydatellaceae have environmental adaptations leading to [[derived trait|derived characteristics]] that create a morphological similarity to the more distant taxon. Careful reanalysis of their morphological traits and comparisons with other so-called 'basal' angiosperms have supported this "dramatic taxonomic adjustment".<ref name=RudaSokoRemiConr07>{{cite journal |last1=Rudall |first1=Paula J. |last2=Sokoloff |first2=Dmitry D. |last3=Remizowa |first3=Margarita V. |last4=Conran |first4=John G. |last5=Davis |first5=Jerrold I. |last6=Macfarlane |first6=Terry D. |last7=Stevenson |first7=Dennis W. |year=2007 |title=Morphology of Hydatellaceae, an anomalous aquatic family recently recognized as an early-divergent angiosperm lineage |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=7 |pages=1073–1092 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.7.1073 |pmid=21636477|hdl=2440/44423 |s2cid=10405562 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=FriiCranPede11>{{cite book |last1=Friis |first1=Else Marie |author-link=Else Marie Friis |last2=Crane |first2=Peter R. |last3=Pederses |first3=Kaj Raunsgaard |year=2011 |title=Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-12392-1 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> This realignment is now recognized in the [[APG III system|APG III]] and [[APG IV system]]s of classification.<ref name=APGIII>{{cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Species and distribution===

Trithuria has at least 13 species, although species diversity in the family has probably been substantially underestimated.<ref name="Sokoloff Marques Macfarlane Remizowa p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Sokoloff | first1=Dmitry D. | last2=Marques | first2=Isabel | last3=Macfarlane | first3=Terry D. | last4=Remizowa | first4=Margarita V. | last5=Lam | first5=Vivienne K.Y. | last6=Pellicer | first6=Jaume | last7=Hidalgo | first7=Oriane | last8=Rudall | first8=Paula J. | last9=Graham | first9=Sean W. | title=Cryptic species in an ancient flowering-plant lineage (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales) revealed by molecular and micromorphological data | journal=Taxon | volume=68 | pages=1–19 | publisher=Wiley | date=2019-04-14 | issue=1 | issn=0040-0262 | doi=10.1002/tax.12026 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2019Taxon..68....1S }}</ref>

{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of ''Trithuria''<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Dmitry D. |last1=Sokoloff |first2=Margarita V. |last2=Remizowa |first3=Anton S. |last3=Beer |first4=Shrirang R. |last4=Yadav |first5=Terry D. |last5=Macfarlane |first6=Margaret M. |last6=Ramsay |first7=Paula J. |last7=Rudall |date=May 2013 |title=Impact of spatial constraints during seed germination on the evolution of angiosperm cotyledons: A case study from tropical Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=824–843 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1200620|pmid=23613353 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Will |last1=Iles |first2=Paula J. |last2=Rudall |first3=D. D. |last3=Sokoloff |first4=Sean W |last4=Graham |date=March 2012 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): Sexual-system homoplasy and a new sectional classification |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=663–676 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1100524|pmid=22473977 |bibcode=2012AmJB...99..663I }}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Trithuria sect. Altoﬁnia|sect. ''Altofinia'']]
|1={{clade
|1=''T. cookeana''
|2=''T. cowieana''
}}
|label2=[[Trithuria sect. Hamannia|sect. ''Hamannia'']]
|2={{clade
|1=''T. polybracteata''
|2={{clade
|1=''T. konkanensis''
|2=''T. lanterna''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Trithuria sect. Trithuria|sect. ''Trithuria'']]
|1={{clade
|1=''T. occidentalis''
|2={{clade
|1=''T. bibracteata''
|2=''T. submersa''
}}
}}
|label2=[[Trithuria sect. Hydatella|sect. ''Hydatella'']]
|2={{clade
|1=''T. austinensis''
|2={{clade
|1=''T. australis''
|2={{clade
|1=''T. filamentosa''
|2=''T. inconspicua''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
# ''[[Trithuria austinensis]]'' D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria australis]]'' (Diels) D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria bibracteata]]'' Stapf ex D.A.Cooke - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria cookeana]]'' D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory of Australia
# ''[[Trithuria cowieana]]'' D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory
# ''[[Trithuria filamentosa]]'' Rodway - Tasmania
# ''[[Trithuria fitzgeraldii]]'' D.D.Sokoloff, I.Marques, T.D.Macfarl., Rudall & S.W.Graham - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria inconspicua]]'' Cheeseman - North Island of New Zealand [[Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla|''Trithuria'' inconspicua subsp. ''brevistyla'']] K.A.Ford - endemic to South Island, New Zealand
# ''[[Trithuria konkanensis]]'' S.R.Yadav & Janarth. - Maharashtra
# ''[[Trithuria lanterna]]'' D.A.Cooke - Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland
# ''[[Trithuria occidentalis]]'' Benth. - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria polybracteata]]'' D.A.Cooke ex D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria submersa]]'' Hook.f. - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania

==Conservation==
The [[IUCN]] conservation status of ''Trithuria lanterna'' is Least Concern (LC).<ref name = "Brummitt, 2013">Brummitt, N. 2013. ''Trithuria lanterna''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44392948A44408157. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T44392948A44408157.en. Accessed on 13 December 2024.</ref> ''Trithuria inconspicua'' is critically endangered.<ref name = "Northland Regional Council">Critically endangered Northland lake plant voted NZ's favourite plant 2024. (2024, November 5). Northland Regional Council. Retrieved December 13, 2024, from https://www.nrc.govt.nz/news/2024/november/critically-endangered-northland-lake-plant-voted-nz-s-favourite-plant-2024/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
:* Hydatellaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).,''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 27 April 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060424062016/http://delta-intkey.com/
:* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818092938/http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/03/hydatellaceae_1.php Hydatellaceae photographs]
:* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=178426&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7844293|from2=Q10298991|from3=Q131515}}

{{Angiosperm families}}
[[Category:Nymphaeales genera]]
[[Category:Aquatic plants]]
[[Category:Nymphaeales]]

Trithuria - Revision history

JamelSkidmore: made...