https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Trilokyanatha_TempleTrilokyanatha Temple - Revision history2026-10-27T18:58:10ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trilokyanatha_Temple&diff=541886&oldid=prevMaynardPerkin72: put up first location initial version2025-03-02T01:51:56Z<p>put up first location initial version</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| name = Trilokyanatha Temple<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]<br />
| image = Tiruparuthikundram (15).jpg<br />
| alt = Image of pyramidal temple tower<br />
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| map_size = 250<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12|49|49|N|79|40|51|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = Thiruparthikundram, [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| deity = [[Mahavira]]<br />
| architecture_style = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]<br />
| established = 8th Century<br />
| creator = [[King Simhavishnu]]<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Trilokyanatha Temple''', also called '''Thirupparuthikundram Jain temple''' or '''Jeenaswamy Trilokyanathar temple''', is an 8th-century [[Digambara]] Jain temple in Thiruparthikundram, in northeast [[Kanchipuram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The suburb and the area around this temple is also called Jain Kanchi. The stone temple is dedicated to the Jain Tirthankaras, but is notable for integrating Hindu deities with Jain deities within the premises of the temple, particularly as Ksetrapalas.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=218}} Constructed in Dravidian architecture, the temple was built during the reign of [[Narasimhavarman II]] of the [[Pallava]] dynasty. The temple was expanded by the Jain community with financial support of [[Medieval Cholas]], later Pallavas and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] kings.<br />
<br />
The temple is administered by Department of Archaeology of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] as a protected monument, while it is maintained by hereditary trustees.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center<br />
|align=left<br />
| total_width = 350<br />
| width1 = 3264| height1 = 2448<br />
| width2 = 3264| height2 = 2448<br />
|direction=horizontal<br />
|image1=Tiruparuthikundram (2).jpg<br />
|image2=Tiruparuthikundram (4).jpg<br />
|footer= Paintings on the walls of the shrines<br />
| footer_align = center<br />
}}<br />
[[Pallavas]], the rulers of the region embraced [[Jainism]] during their early years. As per local legend, the temple was constructed by the Pallava disciple of the sages Vamana and Mallisena. There are other legends which attribute the construction of the temple by [[Simhavishnu]], the first Pallava king during the last decade of 6th century.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|2005}} The temple is believed to have been built during 8th century around 800 AD during the reign of [[Pallava]] kings.{{sfn|Jain|2016}} It has inscriptions from Pallava king, [[Narasimhavarman II]] (700-728 CE) and the following [[Medieval Chola]] kings [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1054-63 CE), [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070-1120 CE) and [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118-35 CE), and the Kanarese inscriptions of [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1509-29 CE). The Chola and Vijayanagar inscriptions indicate large endowments to the temple. The temple has many old paintings on the walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=47}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya helped repaint the 13th century paintings during the 15th-16th centuries. The temple is maintained by Tamil Nadu archaeological department.{{sfn|Subramanian|2011}} The temple tower is believed to have been constructed by Sage Pushpasena Vamanarya during 1199. The walls of the temple are believed to have been constructed by Azhagiya Pallavan during the 13th century.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|2005}} There is a musical hall in the temple (called Sangeetha Mandapa) built by Irugappa, the minister of Vijayanagara king during 1387.<ref>{{cite web|title=Triyolakyanatha Jeenaswami temple - Tiruparuthikundram |url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/cons/temple/temple5.htm|publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2011|accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
[[File:Tiruparuthikundram (11).jpg|thumb|The roof top of the three shrines in the temple]]<br />
<br />
The temple is built in [[Dravidian architecture]] with a three-tiered [[gopuram]] (gateway tower). There are three parallel shrines in the temple with the image of [[Mahavira]] occupying the centre. The image of Lokanathar, the 24th [[Tirthankara]] is located on the Northern side, while [[Neminatha]] housed in the Southern side. All the three sanctums are circular in shape housing the bronze images. The sanctum of Mahavira accommodates Dharmadevi and a Tirthankara on either of his sides.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|2005}} There are painted pillars in the hall leading to the sanctum. As in other South Indian Hindu temples, there is a flag post (called ''[[Dwajasthambam]]'') in between and axial to the entrance and the sanctum.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=111}} The temple has a large number of paintings on the ceilings that are captioned in [[Tamil-Grantha script]]. It is believed that Jain scriptures have the life story of [[Krishna]] assimilated and most of the paintings depict the life story of Krishna.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|2005}} An Adinatha subshrine is one of its kind found in this temple. The structure of the temple has undergone several changes over the centuries, but the image of Adinatha remains the same from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dr. A|first=Ekambaranathan|publisher=Jain Youth Forum|location=Chennai|title=Rishabhanatha in Art and Literature - Tamil Nadu|page=76|year=2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other temples ==<br />
[[File:Chandraprabhu temple, Tiruparuthikundram.jpg|thumb|Chandraprabha temple built in 8th century]]<br />
<br />
The '''Chandraprabha temple''' is located near the Trilokyanatha Temple. The temple was constructed by [[Nandivarman II]] (730 to 796 CE) of the [[Pallava dynasty]],{{sfn|Qvarnström|2003|p=325}} Both Jain temples in the precinct the region is referred as Jaina Kanchi, along with the other two parts of the town being named Shiva Kanchi and Vishnu Kanchi.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
Trilokyanatha Temple was originally under the control of traditional trustees for 600 years till 1991. From then, the temple is maintained and administered by Department of Archaeology of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] as a protected monument.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Monuments under the control of the Department |url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/cons/monument-list.htm#TUTICORIN_DISTRICT-_(4)|publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2011|accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Kanchipuram]] was once seat of Jainism and a famous centre of learning. As per tradition, the place where the temple is located is called ''Parutti'' meaning cotton. The tradition continues in modern times as Kanchipuram is a famous centre of hand-woven silk sarees. The Jain ascetics in the region enjoyed royal patronage and propagated [[Digambara]] sect of Jainism.<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Vasan Publications|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankara Narayana|isbn=9788184681123|year=2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
*[[List of temples in Kanchipuram]]<br />
*[[Jainism in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
==== Books ====<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Cort| first=John E. | author-link=John E. Cort | title=Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history | year=1998| publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|location=Albany|url={{Google books|WWfnXbVWjKcC|page=218|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=0-7914-3786-8 }}<br />
* {{citation |editor-last=Qvarnström |editor-first=Olle |title=Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini |url={{Google books|5_EdL2FtIqQC|page=325|plainurl=yes}} |year=2003 |publisher=Jain Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-89581-956-7 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=P. V. L. Narasimha|title=Kanchipuram: Land of Legends, Saints and Temples|url={{Google books|GTMTQLuCNSMC|page=111|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Readworthy|year=2008|isbn=978-8189973056}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==== Web ====<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite news|last=Chakravarthy|first=Pradeep|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Art languishes in dilapidated Jain temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301431000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030708081111/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301431000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2003 |date=23 May 2005 |accessdate=25 August 2016 }}<br />
* {{cite news|last=Jain|first=Mahima A.|title=Looking for Jina Kanchi|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8179948.ece|accessdate=30 November 2019|date=1 February 2016}}<br />
* {{cite news | last=Subramanian | first=T. S. |url = http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2128525.ece|year=2011|title=Deprived of original élan|accessdate=24 August 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Jain temples}}<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jain temples in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:8th-century Jain temples]]</div>MaynardPerkin72