Tribhuvana Mahadevi I - Revision history

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	\|name=Tribhuvana Mahadevi I		\|name=Tribhuvana Mahadevi I
	\|title=Paramavaishnavi, Katyayani		\|title=Paramavaishnavi, Katyayani
	\|reign=~~843~~-850 CE		\|reign=845-850 AD<ref>
			{{cite book\|title=Know Your State Odisha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16\|page=16\|isbn=978-9313193272\| last1=Experts \| first1=Arihant \| date=4 June 2019 }}</ref>
	\|predecessor=Shubhakara-deva III		\|predecessor=Shubhakara-deva III
	\|successor=Santikara Deva II (Grandson)		\|successor=Santikara Deva II (Grandson)
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	According to the charters issued by her and her descendants she is credited to have ensured an effective administration of the kingdom and prosperity of the people. Talcher plate of Subhakara IV states that during her rule the country advanced in administration, enemies were destroyed, the glory of the kingdom spread abroad and the people lived in harmony. She paid special attention in appointment of responsible and honest royal officials and the vassals of the kingdom stayed loyal to her supremacy. She exerted Mrudukara (light taxation) on her people. Her Dhenkanal charter talks about how Bhaumas exhausted treasures of their vast empire on religious works in order to enlighten their own country and others, and decorated the earth by constructing in unbroken continuity, various mathas, monasteries and temples.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/11/11_chapter%206.pdf\|title=POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE BHAUMA-KARAS\|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\|pages=116, 126–127\|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>		According to the charters issued by her and her descendants she is credited to have ensured an effective administration of the kingdom and prosperity of the people. Talcher plate of Subhakara IV states that during her rule the country advanced in administration, enemies were destroyed, the glory of the kingdom spread abroad and the people lived in harmony. She paid special attention in appointment of responsible and honest royal officials and the vassals of the kingdom stayed loyal to her supremacy. She exerted Mrudukara (light taxation) on her people. Her Dhenkanal charter talks about how Bhaumas exhausted treasures of their vast empire on religious works in order to enlighten their own country and others, and decorated the earth by constructing in unbroken continuity, various mathas, monasteries and temples.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/11/11_chapter%206.pdf\|title=POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE BHAUMA-KARAS\|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\|pages=116, 126–127\|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

	During her rule and as evident from her grants and charter issued during her rule, she patronized Vaishnavism, [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]] while the existence of the Jain and Buddhist ideologies in the kingdom remained uninfluenced by any kind of threat. Women in the kingdom were educated and able exert special powers and administrative rights for issuing land grants and charters.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=History of Orissa, By Dr. Purnachandra Das\|publisher=Kalyani Publishers\|year=2004\|isbn=81-272-1367-5\|location=New Delhi-110 002\|pages=28–30}}</ref> She was able to suppress internal rebellions and expel the enemy forces of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty\|Rashtrakutas]] and Palas with the help of her father securing the kingdom from any external threats. She commanded a standing army of 3,00,000 men and women were also believed to have indulged in military affairs. She restored stability to the kingdom after a long era of chaos and disorder initiating a golden era of stability, economic prosperity and cultural growth.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRksa_4MlhYC&~~pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq~~=Bhauma+queen+Tribhuvana+Mahadevi+as+the+goddess+Katyayani&~~source~~=~~bl&ots=Qsc3cgdlJy&sig=xKThKpWCvp3D5BaOvaBARTqaAyU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj5ajq597ZAhVFYo8KHfn_BCkQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false~~\|title=Woman Ruler: Woman Rule\|publisher=iUniverse.com,Inc.\|year=2001\|isbn=1-58348-394-2\|location=United States of America\|pages=127–137}}</ref> She served as an example for a line of another six descendant female rulers who ruled in the Bhaumakara kingdom in their own rights despite the availability of heirs and two of which even adopted her royal epithet as Tribhuvana Mahadevi.		During her rule and as evident from her grants and charter issued during her rule, she patronized Vaishnavism, [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]] while the existence of the Jain and Buddhist ideologies in the kingdom remained uninfluenced by any kind of threat. Women in the kingdom were educated and able exert special powers and administrative rights for issuing land grants and charters.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=History of Orissa, By Dr. Purnachandra Das\|publisher=Kalyani Publishers\|year=2004\|isbn=81-272-1367-5\|location=New Delhi-110 002\|pages=28–30}}</ref> She was able to suppress internal rebellions and expel the enemy forces of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty\|Rashtrakutas]] and Palas with the help of her father securing the kingdom from any external threats. She commanded a standing army of 3,00,000 men and women were also believed to have indulged in military affairs. She restored stability to the kingdom after a long era of chaos and disorder initiating a golden era of stability, economic prosperity and cultural growth.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRksa_4MlhYC&q=Bhauma+queen+Tribhuvana+Mahadevi+as+the+goddess+Katyayani&pg=PA135\|title=Woman Ruler: Woman Rule\|publisher=iUniverse.com,Inc.\|year=2001\|isbn=1-58348-394-2\|location=United States of America\|pages=127–137}}</ref> She served as an example for a line of another six descendant female rulers who ruled in the Bhaumakara kingdom in their own rights despite the availability of heirs and two of which even adopted her royal epithet as Tribhuvana Mahadevi.

	== References ==		== References ==
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	[[Category:9th-century Indian women]]		[[Category:9th-century Indian women]]
	[[Category:9th-century Indian people]]		[[Category:9th-century Indian people]]
			[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
			[[Category:Indian queens]]

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2021-06-20T20:47:23Z

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{{Infobox royalty
|name=Tribhuvana Mahadevi I
|title=Paramavaishnavi, Katyayani
|reign=843-850 CE
|predecessor=Shubhakara-deva III
|successor=Santikara Deva II (Grandson)
|birth_name=Goswamini Devi
|spouse=Santikara Deva I
|house=[[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]]
|religion=Hinduism
}}

'''Paramavaishnavi Goswamini Devi''' or '''Tribhuvana Mahadevi I''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: '''ପ୍ରଥମ ତ୍ରିଭୁବନ ମହାଦେବୀ''') was the first female ruler of the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhaumakara Dynasty]] in ancient [[Odisha]] and the widow of king Santikara I who ascended the throne of [[Tosali|Toshali]] or [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] between the years 843 A.D to 845 A.D and ruled until 850 A.D after the premature death of her ruling son Subhakara III. Some historians believe that she might have ruled as long as 863 A.D abdicating the throne for her grandson Santikara II after he turned older and eligible to run the administration. She was a very powerful female ruler and found appreciating mentions as a beholder of lavish power and prestige by the Arab and Persian geographer [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] and explorer [[Ahmad ibn Rustah|Ahmad Ibn Rustah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/12/12_chapter%207.pdf|title=KINGDOM OF THE BHAUMA-KARAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> She rose to power despite feudal kings of coastal-central parts of erstwhile Tri-Kalinga region rebellions and with the help her powerful father. She compared herself with the Goddess [[Kātyāyanī|Katyayani]] (a form of Goddess Shakti) when she ascended the throne at [[Viraja|Guheswarapataka]] mentioned in her [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]] charter. She is also credited for the construction of the [[Baitala Deula]] which is one of the oldest surviving temple structures standing erect to this day in old [[Bhubaneswar]] and one of the few in Odisha built in Khakara style temple architecture.

== Origin and Personality of the Queen ==
[[File:Baitala Temple, Bhubaneswr. Odisha.jpg|alt=Vaitala Deula or Baitala Temple at Bhubaneswar Built by Tribhuvana Mahadevi in a mixed Kalingan and Dravidian architectureVaital Deul or Baitala Temple at Bhubaneswar Built by Tribhuvana Mahadevi in a mixed Kalingan and Dravidian architecture|thumb|347x347px|Vaitala Deula or Baitala Temple at Bhubaneswar Built by Tribhuvana Mahadevi in a mixed Kalingan and Dravidian architecture]]
The origin of Tribhuvana Mahadevi I as a royalty is still disputable among historians as it is believed by some that she was the daughter the king Rajamalla I of Mysore while other historians rest their theory that she was the daughter of a king from the early [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] from the southern neighbor of the Bhaumakara kingdom. The Dhenkanal charter of queen herself gives an indication about how the Eastern Gangas of Kalinga were first defeated by the earlier Bhaumakara king [[Sivakara Deva I|Sivakara I]] and then restored to power after they accepted his suzerainty, establishing relationship of good faith between the two royal families which could have ended up in matrimonial alliances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=CHRONOLOGY OF THE BHAUMA-KARAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> Her descendant Sivakara III mentions in his inscriptions that Tribhuvana mahadevi I was filled with three energies Mantra Shakti (the power of divine chants), Prabhu Shakti (Spiritualism) and Utsaha Shakti (energetic).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/14/14_chapter%209.pdf|title=ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE BHAUMA-KARAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> She was described as a Pitrabhakta (devout child to her parents) meditating at the feet of her parents. Her Dhenkanal charter has associated full imperial epithets to her and describes that as a person she was adorned with hundreds of auspicious signs to be a superior ruler in the world. She was a devout [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] who worshiped [[Hari]] and took the epithet as Paramavaishnavi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/128809/15/15_chapter%2010.pdf|title=RELIGIOUS LIRE UNDER THE BHAUMA-KARAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref>

== Ascension to the Throne ==
The Dhenkanal charter issued by Tribhuvana mahadevi I describes her ascension as " ''her lotus-like feet being softly kissed by the crowns and headpieces of the great vassal and feudal kings, bowing down in devoted loyalty before her and the foot-stool of her late husband became radiant with the splendor of the diamonds in those diadems of the subjugated kings''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/13/13_chapter%208.pdf|title=FEUDATORY STATES UNDER THE BHAUMA-KARAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=186–187|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> In the preceding years before the ascension of her husband Santikara I, the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] dynasty king [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]] had defeated the reigning king Sivakara II and subjugated the Bhaumakara rulers in Odisha. The dynasty had lost its prestige and power after this defeat which was followed by disorder in the kingdom. The subsequent deaths of Santikara I and Subhakara III as the male eligible heirs, gave rise to rebellion by feudal kings. The inscriptions of later Bhaumakara kings states that the widowed queen took upon the burden of administration of the entire kingdom and shone like [[Shesha|Sesha]], holding up the entire earth on her hood. The queen herself has credited her father to have come to rescue of the Bhaumakara rule suppressing the rebellions and helping her restore authority and order in the kingdom.

== Administration of the Kingdom ==
According to the charters issued by her and her descendants she is credited to have ensured an effective administration of the kingdom and prosperity of the people. Talcher plate of Subhakara IV states that during her rule the country advanced in administration, enemies were destroyed, the glory of the kingdom spread abroad and the people lived in harmony. She paid special attention in appointment of responsible and honest royal officials and the vassals of the kingdom stayed loyal to her supremacy. She exerted Mrudukara (light taxation) on her people. Her Dhenkanal charter talks about how Bhaumas exhausted treasures of their vast empire on religious works in order to enlighten their own country and others, and decorated the earth by constructing in unbroken continuity, various mathas, monasteries and temples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/11/11_chapter%206.pdf|title=POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE BHAUMA-KARAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=116, 126–127|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

During her rule and as evident from her grants and charter issued during her rule, she patronized Vaishnavism, [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]] while the existence of the Jain and Buddhist ideologies in the kingdom remained uninfluenced by any kind of threat. Women in the kingdom were educated and able exert special powers and administrative rights for issuing land grants and charters.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Orissa, By Dr. Purnachandra Das|publisher=Kalyani Publishers|year=2004|isbn=81-272-1367-5|location=New Delhi-110 002|pages=28–30}}</ref> She was able to suppress internal rebellions and expel the enemy forces of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and Palas with the help of her father securing the kingdom from any external threats. She commanded a standing army of 3,00,000 men and women were also believed to have indulged in military affairs. She restored stability to the kingdom after a long era of chaos and disorder initiating a golden era of stability, economic prosperity and cultural growth.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRksa_4MlhYC&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=Bhauma+queen+Tribhuvana+Mahadevi+as+the+goddess+Katyayani&source=bl&ots=Qsc3cgdlJy&sig=xKThKpWCvp3D5BaOvaBARTqaAyU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj5ajq597ZAhVFYo8KHfn_BCkQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Woman Ruler: Woman Rule|publisher=iUniverse.com,Inc.|year=2001|isbn=1-58348-394-2|location=United States of America|pages=127–137}}</ref> She served as an example for a line of another six descendant female rulers who ruled in the Bhaumakara kingdom in their own rights despite the availability of heirs and two of which even adopted her royal epithet as Tribhuvana Mahadevi.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:History of India by region]]
[[Category:Queens regnant]]
[[Category:9th-century women rulers]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian people]]