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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
| image = King Tribhuvan (cropped).png
| caption = King Tribhuvan in the 1930s
| succession = [[King of Nepal]]
| coronation = 20 February 1913
| cor-type = [[Coronation of the Nepalese monarch|Coronation]]
| regnal name = Shree Paanch Maharajadhiraj Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Dev
| reign1 = 12 December 1911 – 7 November 1950
| reign2 = 18 February 1951 – 13 March 1955
| predecessor1 = [[Prithvi of Nepal|Prithvi Bikram]]
| successor1 = [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra ]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]]
| successor2 = [[Mahendra of Nepal|Mahendra]]
| spouse = [[Queen Kanti of Nepal|Kanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]] [[Ishwari Rajya Lakshmi Devi|Ishwari Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]]
| issue = [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]] [[Prince Himalaya of Nepal|Prince Himalaya]] [[Prince Basundhara of Nepal|Prince Basundhara]] Princess Trilokya Princess Nalini Princess Vijaya Princess Bharati
| issue-link = #Family
| issue-pipe = (among others)
| house = [[Shah dynasty]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah]]
| mother = [[Queen Divyeshwari of Nepal|Divyeshwari Lakshmi Devi Shah]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kathmandu]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1955|3|13|1906|6|30|df=y}}
| death_place = Cantonal Hospital, [[Zürich]], Switzerland
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah''' ({{lang-ne|श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज त्रिभुवन वीर विक्रम शाह देव }} ) (30 June 1906 – 13 March 1955)<ref name="HeadsOfState">{{cite book |isbn=9781134264902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |page=571 |title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 |author=Harris M. Lentz |publisher=Routledge |year=2014}}</ref><ref>[https://pustakalaya.org/media/uploads/op/pdf/BishnuPdShrestha2063BS_NepalKoShahTathaRana.pdf/BishnuPdShrestha2063BS_NepalKoShahTathaRana.pdf नेपालको शाह तथा राणा वंशावली: विष्णु प्रसाद श्रेष्ठ]</ref> was [[King of Nepal]] from 11 December 1911 until his death in 1955. Born in [[Kathmandu]], the capital city of Nepal, he ascended to the throne at the age of five, upon the death of his father, [[Prithvi of Nepal|Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah]], and was crowned on 20 February 1913 at the Nasal Chowk, [[Hanuman Dhoka|Hanuman Dhoka Palace]] in Kathmandu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Archives NextGen Catalog |author= |work=catalog.archives.gov |date= |access-date=16 December 2022 |url= https://catalog.archives.gov/id/78116292}}</ref> with his mother acting as regent.<ref name="HeadsOfState"/> At the time of his crowning, the position of monarch was largely ceremonial, with the real governing power residing with the [[Rana dynasty|Rana]] family.<ref name="HeadsOfState"/>

==Family==
[[File:Crowning Tribhuvan of Nepal (1911) (restoration).jpg|left|thumb|Crowning of Tribhuvan; aged five]]
Tribhuvan was born on 30 June 1906 to [[Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah]] and [[Queen Divyeshwari of Nepal|Divyeshwari Lakshmi Devi Shah]]. After the death of his father, Tribhuvan ascended the throne on 11 December 1911, at the age of five. Queen Mother Divyeshwari Lakshmi Devi was appointed the regent until Tribhuvan would come to his age.

He married at age 12 in a double ceremony. He married first at the [[Narayanhity Palace]] in March 1919 to [[Queen Kanti of Nepal|Kanti]].<ref>[http://photodivision.gov.in/writereaddata/webimages/thumbnails/37323.jpg King Tribhuvan and Queen Kanti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510074506/http://photodivision.gov.in/writereaddata/webimages/thumbnails/37323.jpg |date=10 May 2017 }}</ref> The same day he also married [[Ishwari Rajya Lakshmi Devi|Ishwari]]. He also had junior wives.

His first child and successor to the throne, [[Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]], was born when both Tribhuvan and his wife, Queen [[Kanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]], were just 13 years old, on 11 June 1920.

==Later life==
Tensions between the royal family and the Ranas began during [[World War I]]. The Ranas wanted to join the war in support of Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hundred years on |url=https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2018/11/01/hundred-years-on |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> The Shahs were reluctant and wished to remain neutral. The then prime minister, [[Chandra Shumsher JBR|Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], pressured the young king and threatened his mother, eventually forcing Tribhuvan to order the troops to war.<ref name="HeadsOfState"/>

By the mid-1930s, popular discontent with the Ranas led to the establishment of several movements, notably the [[Nepal Praja Parishad]], to which Tribhuvan himself gave his explicit support, to overthrow the Ranas. In each instance, however, the Ranas responded harshly, banning the liberal movements and executing their leaders.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Tribhuvan worked closely with the Praja Parishad to abolish the Rana regime.
[[File:Tribhuvan 1937.jpg|thumb|King Tribhuwan in 1937]]
In November 1950, King Tribhuvan took refuge at the Indian Embassy. He was accompanied by his son [[Mahendra of Nepal|Mahendra]] and the eldest grandson [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra]], among others. The then prime minister, [[Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] became furious and responded to Tribhuvan's move by calling an emergency meeting of the cabinet on 7 November 1950 at Singha Durbar. In that meeting he announced [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah]], the four-year-old grandson of Tribhuvan, the new King of Nepal. On 10 November, two Indian planes landed at Gauchar Airport (now called [[Tribhuvan International Airport]]) and the royal family fled to New Delhi excluding the infant King, Gyanendra. Tribhuvan was formally welcomed by the Indian prime minister [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] and other high officials.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The removal of the king led to huge demonstrations in the country that compelled the Rana prime minister, [[Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] to negotiate with Tribhuvan and the [[Nepali Congress]]. On 22 November 1950, Jawahar Lal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, officially announced that India was not going to recognize [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah]] as the legitimate King of Nepal.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

When Mohan Shumsher saw that the situation was out of his control, he sent the king's brother-in-law,{{cn|date=August 2020}} Sir [[Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] and Bijaya Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana to New Delhi for peace talks. In New Delhi, King Tribhuvan, representatives of Nepali Congress and of the Rana Government all sat together to discuss the situation. At last an agreement was reached according in which King Tribhuvan was to form a new ministry, under his leadership, consisting of the Nepali Congress and the Ranas on an equal basis.

Tribhuvan then flew back to Nepal, along with the members of the Royal family and the leaders of the Congress Party on 15 February 1951. On 18 February 1951, Tribhuvan returned from India as the monarch. Three days after the return, Tribhuvan formally declared an end to Rana's family rule and established a democratic system, but Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana continued as the prime minister for a few more months.

==Congress Rana Government==
According to the New Delhi Agreement, Tribhuvan announced on 13 February 1951, a cabinet headed by [[Mohan Shumsher JBR|Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]. The following were the members of the Cabinet.

From the Rana clan:

*Sir Mohan Shamsher – Prime minister and Foreign Affairs.
*Sir [[Baber Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]- (younger brother of Mohan Shamsher; was in line for the next premiership) – Defence.
*Chudraj Shamsher – ("B" class Rana representative) – Forests.
*Nripa Janga Rana – ("C" class Rana representative) – Education.
*[[Yagya Bahadur Basnyat]] – (Rana Bhardar) – Health and Local self-government.

From the Nepali Congress side:

*[[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]] – Home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalicongress.org/index.php?linkId=2|title=NepaliCongress.org- Nepali Congress Official website – Political party of Nepal|last=www.nepalicongress.org|website=www.nepalicongress.org|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[Subarna Shamsher Rana]]- (even though a Rana, he represented the Nepali Congress) – Finance.
*[[Ganesh Man Singh]] – Commerce and Industry
*Bharatmani Sharma – Food and Agriculture
*[[Bhadrakali Mishra]] – Transport.

This cabinet was reshuffled on 10 June 1951 to replace Baber Shamsher by Shangha Shamsher and Bharatmani Sharma by Surya Prasad Upadhyaya. This cabinet was dissolved in November 1951 and MP Koirala became the new Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.nepal/nfG1DGYD0a4|title=Google Groups|website=groups.google.com|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

==Death==
Tribhuvan died in 1955 in [[Zurich]], Switzerland. He was succeeded by his eldest legitimate son, [[Mahendra of Nepal|Mahendra]].

==Legacy==

The international airport in [[Kathmandu]], [[Tribhuvan International Airport]], the oldest highway in Nepal [[Tribhuvan Highway]], the 2nd oldest association football tournament in Nepal, [[Tribhuvan Challenge Shield]], a city, [[Tribhuvannagar]] in Dang valley, and the country's largest university ([[Tribhuvan University]]) are named after him.

== Issue ==
{{unsourced section|date=September 2022}}
=== Children born to primary wives ===
King Tribhuvan had two official wives who were crowned queen consorts:
* [[Queen Kanti of Nepal|Queen Kanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]] (1906–1973), crowned senior queen consort on the same day as her marriage to the king, in 1919. They had four children:
** [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]] (1920–1972), married firstly [[Indra, Crown Princess of Nepal|Princess Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]] and secondly [[Queen Ratna of Nepal|Princess Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]]. He had children by his first wife;
** [[Prince Himalaya of Nepal]] (1921–1980), married [[Princess Princep Shah of Nepal|Princess Princep Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]]. He had no children;
** Princess Trilokya of Nepal (born 1922), married Raj Kumar Sri Hardyal Singh. She had children;
** Princess Vijaya of Nepal (born 1925), unmarried;
** Princess Bharati of Nepal (1927–2020), married Maharaja Sri Pradeep Chandra Bhanj Deo, the ''Maharaja'' of Mayurbhanj. She had children.
* [[Ishwari Rajya Lakshmi Devi|Queen Ishwari Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]] (1907–1983), crowned junior queen consort on the same day as her marriage to the king, in 1919. They had two children:
** [[Prince Basundhara of Nepal]] (1921–1977), married [[Princess Helen Shah of Nepal|Princess Helen Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]]. He had children;
** Princess Nalini of Nepal (1924–2020), married Raja-i-Rajgan Raja Shri Shiv Rattan Dev Singh Sahib Kalan Bahadur, the ''Raja'' of Poonch. She had children.

==Honours==
; National
* Sovereign of the [[Order of Ojaswi Rajanya]]
* Sovereign of the [[Order of the Star of Nepal|Order of Nepal Taradisha]]
* Sovereign of the [[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]
* Sovereign of the [[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]]

;Foreign
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Afghanistan}} [[Order of the Supreme Sun|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Supreme Sun]], ''1 March 1950''
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Order of Merit of the Republic|Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Italian Republic]], ''16 October 1954''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=32186|title=Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana|first=Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica – Servizio sistemi|last=informatici|website=www.quirinale.it|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Legion of Honour|Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]], ''1954''
== Ancestry ==
He is a descendant of popular personalities such as Maharaja [[Jang Bahadur Kunwar Ranaji]], Kaji [[Tularam Pande]], Sardar [[Ramakrishna Kunwar]] and Kaji General [[Amar Singh Thapa (born 1759)|Amar Singh Thapa]].
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Dev'''
|2= 2. [[Prithvi of Nepal|King Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] of Nepal
|3= 3. [[Queen Divyeshwari of Nepal|Divyeshwari Rajya Lakshmi Devi of Nepal]]
|4= 4. [[Trailokya, Crown Prince of Nepal]]
|5= 5. Queen [[Lalit Rajeshwori Rajya Lakshmi Devi]] of Nepal
|6=
|7=
|8= 8. King [[Surendra Bikram Shah]] of Nepal
|9= 9. [[Trailokya Rajya Lakshmi Devi]] of Nepal
|10= 10. [[Jang Bahadur Kunwar Ranaji]], 1st [[Maharaja]] of Lamjung and Kaski
|11= 11. Hiranyagarbha Kumari Devi, [[Maharani]] of Lamjung and Kaski
|12=
|13=
|14=
|15=
|16= 16. King [[Rajendra Bikram Shah]] of Nepal
|17= 17. Queen [[Samrajya Lakshmi Devi]] of Nepal
|18=
|19=
|20= 20. ''Kaji'' [[Bal Narsingh Kunwar]]
|21= 21. ''Kajini'' Ganesh Kumari Thapa
|22= 22. ''Chautarya'' Prana Shah
|23= 23. ''Chautaryani'' Moha Kumari Devi
|24=
|25=
|26=
|27=
|28=
|29=
|30=
|31=
}}

== References ==
{{commons category|Tribhuvan of Nepal}}
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Shah dynasty]]|30 June|1906|13 March|1955}}
{{S-reg|}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Prithvi of Nepal|Prithvi]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Nepal|King of Nepal]]|years=1911–1950}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Nepal|King of Nepal]]|years=1951–1955}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Mahendra of Nepal|Mahendra]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Heads of State of Nepal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nepalese monarchs]]
[[Category:Field marshals]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Child monarchs from Asia]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:National heroes of Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepalese Hindus]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Nepal]]
[[Category:Shah dynasty]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Tribhuwan Bir Bikram}}

Tribhuvan of Nepal - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Add new article