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Aftermath: Removing simplistic conclusions, poor source

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{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Treaty of Tumlong
| image =
| caption = |
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 29 February 1861
| location_signed = [[Tumlong]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective = made Sikkim a " de facto " protectorate of the British.
| date_expiration =
| signatories = [[Ashley Eden|Sir Ashley Eden]] for East India Company and [[Sidkeong Namgyal]] (for Sikkim)
| parties = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] [[East India Company]]<hr>[[Image:Flag of Sikkim (1877-1914; 1962-1967).svg|23px|border]] [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]]
| ratifiers =
| depositor =
| language = English
| languages =
| wikisource =
}}

The '''Treaty of Tumlong''' was a March 1861 [[treaty]] between [[Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] in present-day north India. Signed by [[Ashley Eden|Sir Ashley Eden]] on behalf of the [[British Raj|British]] and Sikkimese [[Chogyal]], [[Sidkeong Namgyal]], the treaty secured protection for travellers to Sikkim and guaranteed free trade, thereby making the state a ''de facto'' British protectorate.{{sfnp|Mullard, Opening the Hidden Land|2011|p=184}}

==Background==
The [[East India Company]] (EIC) had gradually made inroads into neighbouring India and shared a common enemy with Sikkim - the [[Gorkha Kingdom]] of Nepal. The Gorkhas overran the Sikkimese [[Terai]] prompting the EIC to start the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814-16. After the war, treaties between the British and the Gorkhas and Sikkim and British India, drawing the latter closer together. The British objective was to establish a trade route through Sikkim to [[Tibet]], where they believed there existed a significant market for Indian tea and other British goods. At the same time, in the context of [[The Great Game]], increased British influence in the area would deny access to the [[Russian Empire|Russian]]s.

==Provisions==
Under the treaty, Sikkim was to pay a Rs. 7,000/- indemnity for instigating the British invasion of Sikkim. The amount equaled seven years revenue of the state of Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2009_02_02.pdf | page=42 | journal=Bulletin of Tibetology | title="A DIFFICULT COUNTRY, A HOSTILE CHIEF, AND A STILL MORE HOSTILE MINISTER": THE ANGLO-SIKKIM WAR OF 1861 |author=ALEX MCKAY}}</ref> The British were permitted to intervene in the internal affairs of the country and under Article 8 all restrictions on travel and trade by British subjects were abolished. Article 13 allowed for construction of a road through Sikkim and rendered all British goods duty-free, except those transhipped through the country to Tibet, [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]], in which case a maximum 5% customs duty would be payable.<ref name=Arora>{{cite book|title=Commodities of Empire: Working Paper No.9|first1=Vibha|last1=Arora|chapter=Routing the Commodities of Empire through Sikkim (1817-1906)|journal=Commodities of Empire Working Paper|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP09.pdf|publisher=[[Open University]]|issn=1756-0098|year=2008}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
In 1889 [[John Claude White]] was appointed [[Political officer (British Empire)|British Political Officer]] in the Sikkim capital [[Gangtok]]. White introduced revenue generating agricultural activities and encourage a large number of people to immigrate from different parts of the World. At the same time, he ensured that no other community would be able to purchase lands from the [[Bhutia]]s and the indigenous [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]s to protect feudal integrity.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Exclusion Studies|volume=2|number=1|date=February 2012|title=Migration and Marginalisation in the 'Himalayan Kingdom' of Sikkim|first1= Anjan|last1=Chakrabarti|url=https://www.academia.edu/10098401|page=3|doi=10.5958/j.2231-4547.2.1.002}}</ref>

[[China]] recognised Sikkim as a British protectorate by the 1890 [[Convention of Calcutta]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Mullard |first=Saul |title=Opening the Hidden Land: State Formation and the Construction of Sikkimese History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_1J4tgrYDUC&pg=PA184 |date=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-20895-7 |ref={{sfnref|Mullard, Opening the Hidden Land|2011}}}}

[[Category:History of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sikkim]]

Treaty of Tumlong - Revision history

imported>Kautilya3: /* Aftermath */ Removing simplistic conclusions, poor source