Traffic collisions in India - Revision history

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	'''Traffic collisions in India''' are a major source of deaths, injuries and property damage every year. The [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) 2016 report states there were 496,762 roads, railways and railway crossing-related traffic collisions in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> Of these, road collisions accounted for 464,674 collisions which caused 148,707 traffic-related deaths in India.<ref name=ncrb2016>[http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2015/chapter-1A%20traffic%20accidents.pdf Traffic accidents], NCRB 2016 Report, Chapter 1A: Traffic Accidents, Government of India</ref> The three highest total number of fatalities were reported in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], and together they accounted for about 33% of total Indian traffic fatalities in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> Adjusted for 182.45 million vehicles{{refn\|group=note\|The 182.45 million in reported by NCRB as the basis. However, other sources such as the MoRTH of Government of India states there were 210,023,289 registered vehicles in India as of March 2015.<ref>[https://community.data.gov.in/registered-motor-vehicles-in-india-as-on-31-03-2015/ Registered Motor Vehicles in India as on 31.03. 2015] Government of India</ref>}} and its 1.31 billion population, India reported a traffic collision rate of about 0.8 per 1000 vehicles in 2015 compared to 0.9 per 1000 vehicles in 2012, and an 11.35 fatality rate per 100,000 people in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> According to Gururaj, the top three highest traffic fatality rates per 100,000 people in 2005 were reported by Tamil Nadu, Goa and Haryana, with a male:female fatality ratio of about 5:1.<ref>G. GURURAJ (2008), Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India: Current scenario, The National Medical Journal of India, volume 21, no 1, page 116</ref> The reported total fatality, rates per 100,000 people and the regional variation of traffic collisions per 100,000 people varies by source. For example, Rahul Goel in 2018 reports an India-wide average fatality rate of 11.6 per 100,000 people and Goa to be the state with the highest fatality rate.<ref name="Goel 2018 pp. 105–115">{{cite journal \| last=Goel \| first=Rahul \| title=Modelling of road traffic fatalities in India \| journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention \| publisher=Elsevier BV \| volume=112 \| year=2018 \| doi=10.1016/j.aap.2017.12.019 \| pmid=29329015 \| pmc=5792624 \| pages=105–115}}</ref>		'''Traffic collisions in India''' are a major source of deaths, injuries and property damage every year. The [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) 2016 report states there were 496,762 roads, railways and railway crossing-related traffic collisions in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> Of these, road collisions accounted for 464,674 collisions which caused 148,707 traffic-related deaths in India.<ref name=ncrb2016>[http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2015/chapter-1A%20traffic%20accidents.pdf Traffic accidents], NCRB 2016 Report, Chapter 1A: Traffic Accidents, Government of India</ref> The three highest total number of fatalities were reported in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], and together they accounted for about 33% of total Indian traffic fatalities in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> Adjusted for 182.45 million vehicles{{refn\|group=note\|The 182.45 million in reported by NCRB as the basis. However, other sources such as the MoRTH of Government of India states there were 210,023,289 registered vehicles in India as of March 2015.<ref>[https://community.data.gov.in/registered-motor-vehicles-in-india-as-on-31-03-2015/ Registered Motor Vehicles in India as on 31.03. 2015] Government of India</ref>}} and its 1.31 billion population, India reported a traffic collision rate of about 0.8 per 1000 vehicles in 2015 compared to 0.9 per 1000 vehicles in 2012, and an 11.35 fatality rate per 100,000 people in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> According to Gururaj, the top three highest traffic fatality rates per 100,000 people in 2005 were reported by Tamil Nadu, Goa and Haryana, with a male:female fatality ratio of about 5:1.<ref>G. GURURAJ (2008), Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India: Current scenario, The National Medical Journal of India, volume 21, no 1, page 116</ref> The reported total fatality, rates per 100,000 people and the regional variation of traffic collisions per 100,000 people varies by source. For example, Rahul Goel in 2018 reports an India-wide average fatality rate of 11.6 per 100,000 people and Goa to be the state with the highest fatality rate.<ref name="Goel 2018 pp. 105–115">{{cite journal \| last=Goel \| first=Rahul \| title=Modelling of road traffic fatalities in India \| journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention \| publisher=Elsevier BV \| volume=112 \| year=2018 \| doi=10.1016/j.aap.2017.12.019 \| pmid=29329015 \| pmc=5792624 \| pages=105–115}}</ref>

	According to the 2013 global survey of traffic collisions by the UN [[World Health Organization]], India suffered a road fatality rate of 16.6 per 100,000 people in 2013.<ref name=who2015a>[https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/TableA2.pdf?ua=1 ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS AND PROPORTION OF ROAD USERS BY COUNTRY/AREA], WHO (2015 Report)</ref> India's average traffic collision fatality rate was similar to the world average rate of 17.4 deaths per 100,000 people, less than the low-income countries which averaged 24.1 deaths per 100,000, and higher than the high-income countries which reported the lowest average rate of 9.2 deaths per 100,000 in 2013.<ref name=WHO2015>{{cite book \|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/ \|title=Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 \|publisher=World Health Organisation (WHO) \|editor=WHO \|pages=vii, 1–14, 75ff (countries), 264–271 (table A2), 316–332 (table A10) \|format=PDF \|type=official report \|location=Geneva\|year=2015 \|quote=Tables A2 & A10, data from 2013 \|isbn=978-92-4-156506-6 \|access-date=2016-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Microsoft Power BI\|url=https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMjIzMTY5MmQtNjZmZC00OTAyLTkzOGMtYWEyOWYwZDE1YjU2IiwidCI6IjViN2ExMDIzLTI1ODgtNGU3Yi05MjZlLTgwYzllY2EwNWQ4OCIsImMiOjEwfQ==\|access-date=2020-06-28\|website=app.powerbi.com}}</ref>		According to the 2013 global survey of traffic collisions by the UN [[World Health Organization]], India suffered a road fatality rate of 16.6 per 100,000 people in 2013.<ref name=who2015a>[https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/TableA2.pdf?ua=1 ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS AND PROPORTION OF ROAD USERS BY COUNTRY/AREA], WHO (2015 Report)</ref> India's average traffic collision fatality rate was similar to the world average rate of 17.4 deaths per 100,000 people, less than the low-income countries which averaged 24.1 deaths per 100,000, and higher than the high-income countries which reported the lowest average rate of 9.2 deaths per 100,000 in 2013.<ref name=WHO2015>{{cite book \|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020144338/http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=20 October 2015 \|title=Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 \|publisher=World Health Organisation (WHO) \|editor=WHO \|pages=vii, 1–14, 75ff (countries), 264–271 (table A2), 316–332 (table A10) \|format=PDF \|type=official report \|location=Geneva\|year=2015 \|quote=Tables A2 & A10, data from 2013 \|isbn=978-92-4-156506-6 \|access-date=2016-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Microsoft Power BI\|url=https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMjIzMTY5MmQtNjZmZC00OTAyLTkzOGMtYWEyOWYwZDE1YjU2IiwidCI6IjViN2ExMDIzLTI1ODgtNGU3Yi05MjZlLTgwYzllY2EwNWQ4OCIsImMiOjEwfQ==\|access-date=2020-06-28\|website=app.powerbi.com}}</ref>

	== Statistics <ref>{{Cite web\|title=Road accident, death and injury to accident in India\|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/RA_Uploading.pdf}}</ref> ==		== Statistics <ref>{{Cite web\|title=Road accident, death and injury to accident in India\|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/RA_Uploading.pdf}}</ref> ==
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	[[Image:Multiple Car Accident - Rabindra Sadan Area - Kolkata 2012-06-13 01320.jpg\|thumb\|Multiple vehicle collision occurred on a busy road crossing at office time in Kolkata.]]		[[Image:Multiple Car Accident - Rabindra Sadan Area - Kolkata 2012-06-13 01320.jpg\|thumb\|Multiple vehicle collision occurred on a busy road crossing at office time in [[Kolkata]].]]
	[[Tamil Nadu]] records the highest road collisions for a decade and its capital [[Chennai]] has more collisions than any other city in India. The city has had the dubious distinction of having one of the highest rates of death from road accidents globally from as far back as the 1960s at a time when the number of vehicles in the city was a minuscule fraction of that in larger metropolises of the world such as New York and Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-september-18-1969-safety-on-roadsfrom-an-editorial/article29441411.ece\|title=From the Archives (September 18, 1969): Safety on roads(From an Editorial)\|date=2019-09-18\|work=The Hindu\|access-date=2019-10-13\|language=en-IN\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In New Delhi, the capital of India, the frequency of traffic collisions is 40 times higher than the rate in London, the capital of the United Kingdom.<ref name="Trehan">{{cite book\|author1=TR Jain \|author2=Mukesh Trehan \|author3=Ranju Trehan \|title=Indian Economy\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfUT0SwiqOIC&pg=PA457\|access-date=3 May 2012\|publisher=FK Publications\|isbn=978-81-87140-37-5\|page=457}}</ref>		[[Tamil Nadu]] records the highest road collisions for a decade and its capital [[Chennai]] has more collisions than any other city in India. The city has had the dubious distinction of having one of the highest rates of death from road accidents globally from as far back as the 1960s at a time when the number of vehicles in the city was a minuscule fraction of that in larger metropolises of the world such as New York and Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-september-18-1969-safety-on-roadsfrom-an-editorial/article29441411.ece\|title=From the Archives (September 18, 1969): Safety on roads(From an Editorial)\|date=2019-09-18\|work=The Hindu\|access-date=2019-10-13\|language=en-IN\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In New Delhi, the capital of India, the frequency of traffic collisions is 40 times higher than the rate in London, the capital of the United Kingdom.<ref name="Trehan">{{cite book\|author1=TR Jain \|author2=Mukesh Trehan \|author3=Ranju Trehan \|title=Indian Economy\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfUT0SwiqOIC&pg=PA457\|access-date=3 May 2012\|publisher=FK Publications\|isbn=978-81-87140-37-5\|page=457}}</ref>

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	== Economic cost ==		== Economic cost ==
	The [[Planning Commission (India)\|Planning Commission]] in its 2001–2003 research estimated that traffic collision resulted in an annual monetary loss of $10 billion ([[Indian rupee\|INR]] 550 billion) during the years 1999–2000. In 2012, the [[International Road Federation]] (IRF) estimated that traffic collision results in an annual monetary loss of $20 billion ([[Indian rupee\|INR]] 1 trillion ([[Long and short scales\|short scale]])) in India. This figure includes expenses associated with the collision victim, [[property damage]] and administration expenses.<ref name="Road accidents cost">{{cite news \| title = Road accidents cost India $20 bn every year \| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-19/india/31076588_1_road-accidents-national-road-safety-traffic-management-board-bill \| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120221094726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-19/india/31076588_1_road-accidents-national-road-safety-traffic-management-board-bill \| url-status = dead \| archive-date = 21 February 2012 \| newspaper = [[The Times of India]] \| date = 19 February 2012 \| access-date = 3 May 2012}}</ref>		The [[Planning Commission (India)\|Planning Commission]] in its 2001–2003 research estimated that traffic collision resulted in an annual monetary loss of $10 billion ([[Indian rupee\|INR]] 550 billion) during the years 1999–2000. In 2012, the International Road Federation (IRF) estimated that traffic collision results in an annual monetary loss of $20 billion ([[Indian rupee\|INR]] 1 trillion ([[Long and short scales\|short scale]])) in India. This figure includes expenses associated with the collision victim, [[property damage]] and administration expenses.<ref name="Road accidents cost">{{cite news \| title = Road accidents cost India $20 bn every year \| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-19/india/31076588_1_road-accidents-national-road-safety-traffic-management-board-bill \| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120221094726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-19/india/31076588_1_road-accidents-national-road-safety-traffic-management-board-bill \| url-status = dead \| archive-date = 21 February 2012 \| newspaper = [[The Times of India]] \| date = 19 February 2012 \| access-date = 3 May 2012}}</ref>

	== Contributing factors ==		== Contributing factors ==

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{{short description|Overview of traffic collisions in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
[[File:Road traffic accidents world map - Death - WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=2|Death rates from [[List of countries by traffic-related death rate|road traffic collisions by country]], per 100,000 inhabitants, world map (WHO 2012). Indian traffic fatality rate was about 17 per 100,000 people.<ref>Data from [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE_Deaths_2012_country.xls?ua=1 World Health Organization Estimated Deaths 2012]</ref>{{#tag:ref|The following groupings/assumptions were made:<br />
*France includes the overseas departments as well as overseas collectivities.
*The United Kingdom includes the Crown dependencies as well as the overseas territories.
*The United States of America includes the insular areas.
*The Netherlands includes Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles.
*Denmark includes Greenland and the Faroe islands.
*China includes the [[Special administrative regions of China|SARs]] of Hong Kong and Macao. |group=note}}
{{div col|colwidth=8em}}
{{legend|#ffff65|fewer than 5}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|5-10}}
{{legend|#ffc600|10-15}}
{{legend|#ffb000|15-20}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|20-25}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|25-30}}
{{legend|#ff5800|30-35}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|35-40}}
{{legend|#cb0000|more than 40}}
{{div col end}}]]
[[File:Killed and Injured due to Road Accidents (India, 2001-10).svg|thumb|upright=2|Total number of persons killed and injured due to road accidents, from 2001 to 2010]]

'''Traffic collisions in India''' are a major source of deaths, injuries and property damage every year. The [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) 2016 report states there were 496,762 roads, railways and railway crossing-related traffic collisions in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> Of these, road collisions accounted for 464,674 collisions which caused 148,707 traffic-related deaths in India.<ref name=ncrb2016>[http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2015/chapter-1A%20traffic%20accidents.pdf Traffic accidents], NCRB 2016 Report, Chapter 1A: Traffic Accidents, Government of India</ref> The three highest total number of fatalities were reported in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], and together they accounted for about 33% of total Indian traffic fatalities in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> Adjusted for 182.45 million vehicles{{refn|group=note|The 182.45 million in reported by NCRB as the basis. However, other sources such as the MoRTH of Government of India states there were 210,023,289 registered vehicles in India as of March 2015.<ref>[https://community.data.gov.in/registered-motor-vehicles-in-india-as-on-31-03-2015/ Registered Motor Vehicles in India as on 31.03. 2015] Government of India</ref>}} and its 1.31 billion population, India reported a traffic collision rate of about 0.8 per 1000 vehicles in 2015 compared to 0.9 per 1000 vehicles in 2012, and an 11.35 fatality rate per 100,000 people in 2015.<ref name=ncrb2016/> According to Gururaj, the top three highest traffic fatality rates per 100,000 people in 2005 were reported by Tamil Nadu, Goa and Haryana, with a male:female fatality ratio of about 5:1.<ref>G. GURURAJ (2008), Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India: Current scenario, The National Medical Journal of India, volume 21, no 1, page 116</ref> The reported total fatality, rates per 100,000 people and the regional variation of traffic collisions per 100,000 people varies by source. For example, Rahul Goel in 2018 reports an India-wide average fatality rate of 11.6 per 100,000 people and Goa to be the state with the highest fatality rate.<ref name="Goel 2018 pp. 105–115">{{cite journal | last=Goel | first=Rahul | title=Modelling of road traffic fatalities in India | journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=112 | year=2018 | doi=10.1016/j.aap.2017.12.019 | pmid=29329015 | pmc=5792624 | pages=105–115}}</ref>

According to the 2013 global survey of traffic collisions by the UN [[World Health Organization]], India suffered a road fatality rate of 16.6 per 100,000 people in 2013.<ref name=who2015a>[https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/TableA2.pdf?ua=1 ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS AND PROPORTION OF ROAD USERS BY COUNTRY/AREA], WHO (2015 Report)</ref> India's average traffic collision fatality rate was similar to the world average rate of 17.4 deaths per 100,000 people, less than the low-income countries which averaged 24.1 deaths per 100,000, and higher than the high-income countries which reported the lowest average rate of 9.2 deaths per 100,000 in 2013.<ref name=WHO2015>{{cite book |url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/ |title=Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 |publisher=World Health Organisation (WHO) |editor=WHO |pages=vii, 1–14, 75ff (countries), 264–271 (table A2), 316–332 (table A10) |format=PDF |type=official report |location=Geneva|year=2015 |quote=Tables A2 & A10, data from 2013 |isbn=978-92-4-156506-6 |access-date=2016-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Power BI|url=https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMjIzMTY5MmQtNjZmZC00OTAyLTkzOGMtYWEyOWYwZDE1YjU2IiwidCI6IjViN2ExMDIzLTI1ODgtNGU3Yi05MjZlLTgwYzllY2EwNWQ4OCIsImMiOjEwfQ==|access-date=2020-06-28|website=app.powerbi.com}}</ref>

== Statistics <ref>{{Cite web|title=Road accident, death and injury to accident in India|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/RA_Uploading.pdf}}</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
'''Year'''
|'''Total Number of Road Accidents (in numbers)'''
|'''Change'''
|'''Total Number of Persons Killed (in numbers)'''
|'''Change'''
|'''Total Number of Persons Injured (in numbers)'''
|'''Change'''
|-
|'''2015'''
|501,423
|
|146,133
|
|500,279
|
|-
|'''2016'''
|480,652
|<nowiki>-4.14</nowiki>
|150,785
|3.18
|494,624
|<nowiki>-1.13</nowiki>
|-
|'''2017'''
|464,910
|<nowiki>-3.28</nowiki>
|147,913
|<nowiki>-1.90</nowiki>
|470,975
|<nowiki>-4.78</nowiki>
|-
|'''2018'''
|467,044
|0.46
|151,417
|2.37
|469,418
|<nowiki>-0.33</nowiki>
|-
|'''2019'''
|449,002
|<nowiki>-3.86</nowiki>
|151,113
|<nowiki>-0.20</nowiki>
|451,361
|<nowiki>-3.85</nowiki>
|-
|'''Total in last five years'''
|'''2,363,031'''
|
|'''747,361'''
|
|'''2,386,657'''
|
|-
|'''Average'''
|'''472,606'''
|
|'''149,472'''
|
|'''477,331'''
|
|}
[[Image:Multiple Car Accident - Rabindra Sadan Area - Kolkata 2012-06-13 01320.jpg|thumb|Multiple vehicle collision occurred on a busy road crossing at office time in Kolkata.]]
[[Tamil Nadu]] records the highest road collisions for a decade and its capital [[Chennai]] has more collisions than any other city in India. The city has had the dubious distinction of having one of the highest rates of death from road accidents globally from as far back as the 1960s at a time when the number of vehicles in the city was a minuscule fraction of that in larger metropolises of the world such as New York and Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-september-18-1969-safety-on-roadsfrom-an-editorial/article29441411.ece|title=From the Archives (September 18, 1969): Safety on roads(From an Editorial)|date=2019-09-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In New Delhi, the capital of India, the frequency of traffic collisions is 40 times higher than the rate in London, the capital of the United Kingdom.<ref name="Trehan">{{cite book|author1=TR Jain |author2=Mukesh Trehan |author3=Ranju Trehan |title=Indian Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfUT0SwiqOIC&pg=PA457|access-date=3 May 2012|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-87140-37-5|page=457}}</ref>

Traffic collision-related deaths increased from 13 per hour in 2008 to 14 per hour in 2009. {{citation needed|date=December 2020}} In 2015, 15 people per hour die due to road accident according to NGO 'Indians for Road Safety'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traffic collision in 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/One-person-dies-every-4-minutes-in-road-accidents-in-India/articleshow/49300295.cms}}</ref>

More than 40% of these casualties are associated with motorcycles and trucks. The most collision-prone time on Indian roads is during the [[peak hour]] at afternoon and evening.<ref name="DW highest">{{cite news | title = India has the highest number of road accidents in the world | author = Murali Krishnan | url = http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,5519345,00.html | newspaper = [[Deutsche Welle]] | date = 29 April 2010 | access-date = 3 May 2012}}</ref>

According to [[road traffic safety]] experts, the actual number of casualties may be higher than what is documented, as many traffic collisions go unreported. Moreover, victims who die some time after the collision, a span of time which may vary from a few hours to several days, are not counted as car crash victims.<ref name="DW highest"/>

== Economic cost ==
The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] in its 2001–2003 research estimated that traffic collision resulted in an annual monetary loss of $10 billion ([[Indian rupee|INR]] 550 billion) during the years 1999–2000. In 2012, the [[International Road Federation]] (IRF) estimated that traffic collision results in an annual monetary loss of $20 billion ([[Indian rupee|INR]] 1 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]])) in India. This figure includes expenses associated with the collision victim, [[property damage]] and administration expenses.<ref name="Road accidents cost">{{cite news | title = Road accidents cost India $20 bn every year | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-19/india/31076588_1_road-accidents-national-road-safety-traffic-management-board-bill | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120221094726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-19/india/31076588_1_road-accidents-national-road-safety-traffic-management-board-bill | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 February 2012 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 19 February 2012 | access-date = 3 May 2012}}</ref>

== Contributing factors ==
The "GlobStatus Report on Road Safety" published by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) identified the major causes of traffic collisions as driving over the [[speed limit]], [[driving under the influence]], and not using [[helmet]]s and [[seat belt]]s.<ref name="DW highest"/> Failure to maintain lane or yield to oncoming traffic, when turning are prime causes of collisions on four lane, non-access controlled [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]]. The report noted users of motorcycles and motor-powered [[three-wheeler]]s constitute the second largest group of traffic collision deaths.<ref name=WHO>{{Cite report | title = Global Status Report on Road Safety: Country profiles: India | url =https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/country_profiles/india.pdf | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | access-date = 3 May 2012}}</ref>

== Road safety in India ==
[[Road traffic safety|Road safety]] is emerging as a major social concern in the country and the Indian government has been attempting to tackle this crucial issue for several years. The [[Road Transport and Safety Bill|Road Transport and Safety Bill, 2014]] was to provide a framework for safer, faster, cost-effective and inclusive movement of passengers and freight in India. In July 2015, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said his government will soon introduce laws to enhance road safety as traffic fatalities and injuries mount.<ref>{{Cite web|title = India to Introduce Road Safety Law Reform, Modi Says|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-27/india-to-introduce-road-safety-law-reform-modi-says|website = Bloomberg.com|access-date = 11 December 2015|first = Siddharth|last = Philip}}</ref> A new Road Transport and Safety Bill is under preparation and a group of experts underlined the "urgent" need of a comprehensive national road safety legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Experts highlight need of comprehensive road safety law|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-03/news/68741743_1_road-crashes-road-accidents-road-fatalities|website = timesofindia-economictimes|access-date = 11 December 2015}}</ref>

Embarq India, an initiative from the [[World Resources Institute]] (WRI),<ref>{{Cite web|title = EMBARQ India {{!}} Helping cities make sustainable transport a reality|url = http://embarqindia.org|website = embarqindia.org|access-date = 11 December 2015}}</ref> has developed significant expertise in conducting road safety audits on a number of [[bus rapid transit]] systems in India. Arrive SAFE is a [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] who works as a pressure group to give a wake-up call to authorities concerned and shake the bad driving habits of Indian people.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ArriveSAFE, Road Safety India|url = http://www.arrivesafe.org|website = www.arrivesafe.org|access-date = 11 December 2015}}</ref> Indian driving schools focus on youth to enhance the art and skill of efficient driving.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Indian Traffic Rules Road Safety - Road Rage - Driving License in India|url = http://www.indiandrivingschools.com|website = www.indiandrivingschools.com|access-date = 11 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Many multinational companies fund NGOs as part of their own road safety initiatives ===
[[Maruti Suzuki]] closely works with Ministry of Tribal Development in Gujarat to train young people in driving.

[[Michelin]], co-founder of the Global Road Safety Initiatives (GRSI), has established, in India, an innovative partnership with the foundation of PVR Cinemas, PVR Nest as part of its CineArt "Steer to Safety" program to educate and empower children about road safety. Through this platform, children learn how to prevent and/or manage in emergency situations on Indian roads.

[[Henkel]] has launched a road safety initiative in an effort to address the topical issue of safety standards on the road in India.

The Campaign Against Drunken Driving (CADD) is an organization founded by Prince Singhal which is campaigning against driving under the influence. But this campaign has been ineffective.<ref name="DW highest"/> The IRF asserts that people in India's political sphere do not have the will to curb traffic collisions. Harman Singh Siddhu of ArriveSafe, an organization working for improvement in [[road traffic safety]], asserted that a general lack of respect for [[Traffic#Traffic regulations|traffic rules]] in India is a contributing factor for road collisions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/6571807.stm | title=No U-Turn on Indian Road Safety | publisher=Harman Singh Siddhu | access-date=27 May 2012}}</ref> He also has pointed out that although the 2010s was declared by the United Nations as "Decade of Action for Road Safety", no celebration was held in India.<ref name="Road accidents cost"/>
[http://crridom.gov.in CSIR - Central Road Research Institute] has developed an online [https://web.archive.org/web/20140527010359/http://durghatna.org/ accident recording portal]. The main purpose of this portal is to encourage people to report the collisions they see. A group of Indian Researchers have developed a low-cost device which prevents automobile drivers from receiving or making cellphone calls when at wheel, but allows calls to other passengers in the vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Engineers develop device which jams Cellphones of Car Drivers|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/indian-engineers-develop-device-which-jams-cellphones-of-car-drivers/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

==List of major collisions==
* On 5 February 2016, at least 37 people died and 24 others were injured in [[Gujarat]] after a passenger bus plunged off a bridge over the [[Purna River (tributary of Tapti)|Purna River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1237688 |title=Bus plunges into river in India; 37 killed - Newspaper |website=Dawn.com |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>
* On 24 November 2018, 30 people were killed when a bus plunged into [[M. Visvesvaraya|Vishweshwaraiah]] Canal near [[Pandavapura]], [[Mandya district]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/at-least-24-killed-as-bus-falls-into-canal-in-karnatakas-mandya-driver-and-conductor-flee-by-swimming-away-1949167.html|title=30 Killed as Bus Falls Into Canal in Karnataka's Mandya, Driver Swims to Safety|publisher=News18.com|agency=CNN|date=24 November 2018|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Roads in India]]
*[[List of Indian rail incidents]]
*[[Road accidents in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Vattapara accident zone]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=33em}}

{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Road incidents in India| ]]
[[Category:Traffic collisions|India]]
[[Category:2016 disasters in India|Gujarat]]