CaptainSingh at 00:17, 1 October 2023

2023-10-01T00:17:31Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Torbung
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.4312|93.7170|format=dms |display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]], [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
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| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_total = 3828
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Bishnupur census"/><ref name="Churachandpur census"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
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| website =
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| module = {{Infobox mapframe | wikidata=yes | zoom=11
| frame-width=270 |frame-height=230
| coord={{coord|24.4312|93.7170|display=i}}}}
}}
'''Torbung'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Turbung''',{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=220}} and '''Turpung'''.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 2|2009|p=4}}}} is a census village split across the [[Bishnupur district]] and [[Churachandpur district]] in [[Manipur]], India. The Bishnupur part of the village has a population of 2781,<ref name="Bishnupur census">{{harvp|Bishnupur District Census Handbook|2011|p=102}}</ref> and the Churachandpur part a population of 1047 in the 2011 census.<ref name="Churachandpur census">{{harvp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|loc=p. 176 (listed under "Torbung", "S. Kotlian" and "Torbung Loklaiphai" villages)}}</ref>
Torbung is on the bank of the '''Torbung river''', which flows down from [[Thangjing hills]] to join the [[Khuga River]]. It is a village of historical as well as current political significance.

== Geography ==
The Torbung village is at the mouth of the [[Khuga River]] valley (which is also known as "Lamka plain"),<ref name="Lamka plain">{{harvp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills|2019|loc=p. xii: "From a remote hill village in the Indo-Burma border, my grandparents moved to the plain of Lamka (Lamka ''zaang'') in Churachandpur District of Manipur chiefly in search of better livelihood and opportunity for the education of their children."}}
</ref>
just as the river enters the [[Imphal Valley]] and turns east. The village is on the bank of the '''Torbung river''', which rises in the eastern slopes of [[Thangjing hills]], and flows down across the mouth of the valley to join the Khuga River. The Torbung river splits into several streams as it enters the valley plain, covering a wide area. The wider area may have also been called Torbung in historical times.

The Torbung census village is split across the valley district of [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]] and the hill district of [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]. The division is practically significant since the valley and hill districts in Manipur have different land revenue regulations.{{sfnp|Puia, When boundaries matter|2021}} The main Torbung village is in the Bishnupur district within the Imphal Valley. The [[Tedim Road]] ([[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]]), connecting the [[Imphal]] and [[Churachandpur]] towns, passes through the main Torbung village. As per the 2011 census, it occupies {{convert|1257|ha|km2}} area and has a population of 2781 people.<ref name="Bishnupur census"/>

Churachandpur district's Torbung village appears to be to the west of the main village, in the foothills, just as the Torbung river enters the plain. In addition, the right bank of the Torbung river has two villages called S. Kotlian and Torbung Loklaiphai. Scholar Rohlua Puia points out that the hill tribes (here [[Kuki people|Kukis]]) living in border localities regard themselves as belonging to the hill districts (here Churachandpur), while the [[Meitei people]] in the same localities regarded themselves as belonging to the valley districts (here Bishnupur).{{sfnp|Puia, When boundaries matter|2021}} As per the 2011 census, the Churachandpur's Torbung village has a population of 439 people, S. Kotlian 411 people and Torbung Loklaiphai 197 people. (Their areas are not mentioned.)<ref name="Churachandpur census"/>

== History ==
=== Early history ===
Until late 19th century, the southern frontier of the [[princely state]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] was the southern end of the valley. The tribes inhabiting the southern hills were not under the control of Manipur.{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills|2019|p=53}} That would have made the Torbung region the frontier area of the Manipur state.

A location called "Torbung" is mentioned in Manipur's court chronicle ''[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]'' in the year 1712. An official called Chantrasekhor, who was on his way to [[Tripura]], was murdered at the location, which was described as being near "Khuka". The latter is a possible reference to the [[Khuga River]], which is mentioned for the first time in this instance.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 1|2005|p=122}} In 1766, a village was apparently established at "Torpung" by the people of "Kyamkei" under the direction of the Moirang chief (''Chantramani'').{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 2|2009|p=4}}

Scholar Pum Khan Pau believes that the Khuga River valley might have been traversed by Manipuris for the first time in 1857, when Maharaja [[Chandrakirti]] led an expedition to [[Tedim Township|Tedim]] (in the present day [[Chin State]] of Myanmar), which was then the central base of the [[Sukte clan|Kamhau-Sukte tribes]]. The Manipuri troops fled "in confusion" after facing the combined troops of Kamhau, Sukte and Sihzang tribes, and returned to the Imphal Valley via a previously "unknown route", which eventually formed the route of the present day [[Tedim Road]].{{sfnp|Pau, Tedim Road|2012|pp=778–779}}

In 1858, Torbung is mentioned as a region. The Maharaja of Manipur is said to have settled "Saitons" in a (new) village ''in'' Torbung.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 3|2013|p=82}} The Saiton Hills (the east–west-running range of hills on the southern boundary of the Imphal Valley) were invaded in 1789, somewhat unsuccessfully. But, in 1858 when the Maharaja came to [[Moirang]] to repel the "Aakam" tribes, a Haokip clan of [[Kuki people|Kukis]] apparently came down from the hills to accept settlement in the Torbung region.<ref name="Kuki Research Forum">
[https://ukhrultimes.com/kuki-research-forum-kurf-on-objective-historical-position-of-the-kukis-in-manipur/ Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur], 25 May 2022.
</ref>

=== British Raj ===
The British-compiled ''Gazetteer of Manipur'' (1886) describes the "Turbung stream",{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=220}} which it describes as a fair-sized stream that enters the Manipur valley at its southwest corner. It is said to flow through a wide flat-bottomed valley, which is described as suitable for camping. The ''Gazetteer'' makes no mention of a village by the name Turbung, but mentions several villages along the stream or the valley of Turbung, including "Lairit" (a [[Kom people (India)|Kom]] village),{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=139}}
"Mangyol" (a Kuki village of the Simmte clan),{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=159}} "Saikot" (a Kuki village of the Mangoung clan),{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=193}} "Saitul" (a Kuki village of Vungsun clan),{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=193}} and "Tunnam" (a [[Koireng people|Koireng]] village),{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=220}}

In 1872, the Maharaja sent an expedition to the Chivu salt springs (near modern [[Behiang]] on the present day southern border of Manipur), ostensibly to support the British [[Lushai Expedition]]. The Manipuri troops camped there for two months, and arrested the Kamhau chief of Mualpi during their return journey. Even though the British officials decried the expedition as "treachery", the Maharaja succeeded in marking his desired territory.{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills|2019|pp=67–69, 160}}
The Chivu expedition did not have any immediate consequences. The southern tribes continued to be either independent or paid tributes to the Kamhaus. From their base at [[Mombi, Manipur|Mombi]], the Kamhaus appear to have controlled the hills up to the Khuga River valley. The British administration reports narrate an incident in 1876, describing a clash between Manipur's khongjai troops and the Kamhaus, with victory going to the Manipur troops.{{sfnp|Annual Administration Report|1876|p=7}}

In 1894, The British delineated the border between Manipur and the "[[Chin Hills]]", which were awarded to Burma. They ran it close to the previously marked "Pemberton's line" and continued it to Chivu springs. According to scholar Pum Khan Pau, 47 tribal villages that paid tribute to the Kamhau chief were thus transferred to Manipur, including the entire southern part of the present-day [[Churachandpur district]].{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills|2019||p=161}} Thus, Torbung became an interior location to the state of Manipur instead of being a border locality.

During the [[World War II]], the British constructed the motorable Tedim Road between Imphal and [[Tedim]] in 1942–1943. Seven decisive battles were fought along this road between the 17 Indian Division of the British and the 33 Division of Japan. The Japanese reached Churachandpur on 8 April 1944, and four of these battles were fought within Manipur, including one at Torbung. The Japanese were eventually defeated at Imphal and withdrew from Manipur with heavy losses.{{sfnp|Pau, Tedim Road|2012}}

=== Independent period ===
After Manipur's merger with India in 1949, the whole state was administered as a single district. The Bishnupur ("Bishenpur") subdivision was established some time between 1951 and 1961, and Torbung was included in it.<ref>
{{citation |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1966 |publisher=India Election Commission |year=1967 |at=p. 386, item 15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS9YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA386}}
</ref> By 1991, Bishnupur has been made a district.<ref>
{{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf|page=20}}
</ref>

As a key interaction point between the valley communities of [[Meitei people]] and the [[Kuki people|Kuki tribes]] of the [[Churachandpur district]], Torbung has often been in the news. Protests were held by the valley communities against the renaming of Thangjing Hill and another group opposed the protest.<ref>Clash between Teddim Road bandh supporters and opponents leaves at least 10 injured in Torbung, Imphal Free Pres, 21 January 2016. {{ProQuest|1758335208}}</ref> Women protesters from the tribal communities protested against three controversial bills passed by the Manipur assembly in 2015, who were in turn opposed by other women's groups.<ref>Furquan Ameen Siddiqui, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/147-days-after-manipur-violence-nine-bodies-yet-to-be-buried/story-Ll2wr6OKvYfk2JqAquyxYL.html 147 days after Manipur violence, nine bodies yet to be buried], Hindustan Times, 22 January 2016.</ref>

The Torbung area was also the epicentre of the [[2023 Manipur violence]]. On 3 May 2023, as the tribal communities protested the Meitei community's demand for the [[scheduled tribe]] status, the valley communities organised a "counter-blockade" at Torbung and another "counter agitation" from the [[Moirang]] subdivision, which led to clashes between the two sides and properties were burned on both the sides of the district border.<ref name="Supreme Court leave petition">
[https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/19206/19206_2023_1_7_45953_Judgement_07-Aug-2023.pdf Special Leave Petition (Civil) Diary No 19206 of 2023: Dinganglung Gangmei vs. Mutum Churamani Meetei & Others], The Supreme Court of India, August 2023.
"... large-scale violence broke out in the State of Manipur on 03.05.2023 ''after'' a Tribal Solidarity March undertaken by All Tribal Students Union Manipur (ATSUM) in opposition to the demand for inclusion of the Meitei community in the list of Scheduled Tribes. The call for this march led to a ''counter response'' by Meiteis. Thereafter large-scale violence broke out in the State of Manipur...".
</ref><ref name="Sangai 4 May Torbung">
{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt |work=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/4/OSR-CorrespondentsIMPHAL-May-3-Thousands-of-people-took-out-the-Tribal-Solidarity-March-in-t.html |quote=Reports about a clash between people who had imposed a counter-blockade at Torbung and those returning from the rally started doing the rounds at Torbung. The stand-off that initially started with pelting stones soon escalated with vehicles and properties being targeted. Violence and arson rapidly engulfed the neighbouring Kangvai area as people were seen leaving their homes and running into an open field.}}
</ref><ref name="Sangai 4 May Moirang">
{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt |work=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/4/OSR-CorrespondentsIMPHAL-May-3-Thousands-of-people-took-out-the-Tribal-Solidarity-March-in-t.html |quote=Several houses, shops and vehicles have been torched at Torbung, Bangla, Kangvai and Phougakchao Ikhai situated along the adjoining areas of Churachandpur and Bishnupur districts. It is reported that the properties were torched for launching a counter agitation against the Solidarity March of ATSUM.}}
</ref><ref>
[https://thewire.in/video/watch-meitei-leepun-pramot-singh-karan-thapar-manipur-violence-kukis Watch | Meitei Pride Group's Threat: 'Kukis Mainly Illegal, Modi Must Intervene or There'll Be Civil War’], The Wire, 6 June 2023. '<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Pramot Singh]] is] also questioned about his tweet of May 2 (24 hours before the troubles began) where the Meitei Leepun official Twitter handle called for a counter-blockade adding, “it's our duty to enforce our position physically”.
</ref><ref name="IE 26 July">
{{cite news |author=Deeptiman Tiwary |title=An arrest, crackdown and deep distrust: Manipur fire had been simmering for over a year |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arrest-crackdown-deep-distrust-manipur-simmering-for-over-a-year-8861234/ |id={{ProQuest|2841943429}} |quote=Things began to turn ugly around 2.15 pm that day after a tyre was seen burning along the plaque of the Kuki War memorial gate near Torbung, kilometers ahead of Churachandpur. Around the same time, police found two bodies in Kangvai village, a kilometre away from Torbung. Following this, massive crowds began building up on the Torbung-Kangwai stretch of the Imphal-Churachandpur highway.}}
</ref><ref name="Chongloi 27 May Torbung">
Lien Chongloi, [https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-violence-claims-counterclaims-meitei-kuki Dispelling Some Misleading Claims About the Violence in Manipur], The Wire, 27 May 2023. "On May 3, while a peaceful protest was underway at the Kuki-majority Churachandpur town, news had reached the hill areas that the Anglo-Kuki Centenary Gate at Leisang-Monglenphai was set on fire by unidentified Meitei miscreants. According to eyewitness accounts, many Meitei volunteers who were held up at Kakwa [Kwakta] areas started moving towards Torbung and Kangvai areas and began torching Kuki houses. The first victim of that mob attack was Haopu Kipgen from Torbung Village; he was bludgeoned to death. The first casualty with torching of houses, therefore, was a Kuki."
</ref> The resulting tensions led to months-long violence resulting in close to 200 deaths and over 50,000 people displaced.

== See also ==
* [[List of populated places in Chandel district]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Annual Administration Report of the Munnipoor Agency, For the year ending 30th June 1874–75 |series=Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department) |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Foreign Department Press |year=1876 |url=https://archive.org/details/annualadministr00unkngoog/page/n44 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Annual Administration Report|1876}}}}
* {{citation |title=Bishnupur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/842/download/36236/DH_2011_1404_PART_A_DCHB_BISHNUPUR.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Bishnupur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Dun |first=E. W. |title=Gazetteer of Manipur |publisher=Manas Publications |year=1992 |orig-year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32037 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415344302 |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 1|2005}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 2 |date=2009 |publisher=Foundation Books / Cambridge University Press India |isbn=978-81-7596-854-7 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 2|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 3 |date=2013 |publisher=Foundation Books / Cambridge University Press India |isbn=978-93-8226-498-9 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 3|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Pum Khan |last=Pau |year=2012 |title=Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=36 |number=5 |pages=776–786 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2012.712387 |ref={{sfnref|Pau, Tedim Road|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |title=Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=9781000507454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmnDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills|2019}}}}
* {{citation |first=Roluah |last=Puia |chapter=When boundaries matter: land, laws and territorial conflict in Manipur, Northeast India |editor1=Kedilezo Kikhi |editor2=Dharma Rakshit Gautam |title=Comprehending Equity |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=9781003182726 |pages=98– |doi=10.4324/9781003182726-8 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/49356615 |via=academia.edu |chapter-url-access=registration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7k6EAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Puia, When boundaries matter|2021}}}}

{{Manipur}}

[[Category:Villages in Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Churachandpur district]]

Torbung - Revision history

CaptainSingh at 00:17, 1 October 2023