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	'''Tolkāppiyam chapter 1-2''' refers to the first two chapter of part 1 of the [[Tolkāppiyam]], the earliest available work in the [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] language.		'''Tolkāppiyam chapter 1-2''' refers to the first two chapter of part 1 of the [[Tolkāppiyam]], the earliest available work in the [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] language.

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'''Tolkāppiyam chapter 1-2''' refers to the first two chapter of part 1 of the [[Tolkāppiyam]], the earliest available work in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language.

* Chapter 1 deals with the arrangement of characters.

* Chapter 2 explains the depending letters occurring only in words. It also covers the structural pattern of the words with their initial and ending [[Phoneme|phonemes]]. Assimilation of these three with other phonemes is also dealt here.

The name of the chapter is combined with two words. (mozi+marabou). The word ‘mozi’ in Tamil denotes a language. Language is a meaningful word or words conveyed by human beings. Here mozi is used to denote a word and combination of words (phrases) by [[Metonymy|metonym]]. Marabou, a word in Tamil denotes the inherited custom of Tamil language. Here the title of the chapter denotes inherited custom of phrases in Tamil.

==Depending (Secondary) letters<ref>verses in the chapter 1 to 7 in order</ref>==
* Shorted [m] is created between the combination of two words ''kēḷ'' (hear) and ''ya'' (a particle of optative mood or a mood to wish somebody) {{lang|ta|கேண்மியா}} ''kēṇmiyā''
* Shorted ‘i’ is created by ''yā'': {{lang|ta|நாகியாது}} ''nākiyātu''
* Shorted ‘u’ occurs six times
* Shorted ‘u’ occurs in words-between
* Softer ‘h’ occurs before six hard-consonants.
* Softer ‘h’ occurs also in words-between
* Softer ‘h’ occurs in words of sound and hardness of materials.

==Longing vowels and consonants<ref>verses 8 to 13 in order</ref>==
* Longing vowels follow by long vowels
* Longing vowel for ‘ai’ is ‘i’ and for ‘au’ is ‘u’.
* 7 long vowels become word
* No short vowel becomes a word.
* Words are divided into three according to their structures. Word in single-letter, Word with two-letter and Word with more-letters
* Consonant is pronounced with ‘a’

==Assimilation and dissimilation of consonants<ref>verses 14 to 20 in order</ref>==
* All consonants relate with their own consonant.
* [y], [r], [z] consonants relates with the following [k], [s], [th] [p] consonants.
* [r] and [z] consonants never agree to stand their own consonant and also each other.
* Syllable with more than 2 units of phonetic sound is to be considered as more-letter word among the three structural forms of words spoken above (in 12) புகர், புகழ்
* Consonants [n] and [m] relate in one word at the end of a poem. போன்ம்
* There [m] loss its unit of phonetic sound from half into quarter.
* Letters reserve their own phonetic sound in separation and in combination in a word.

==Like-letter (not dupe) போலி<ref>verses 21 to 25 in order</ref>==
* Diphthong [ai] may separate as [a][i] ஐயர், அஇயர்
* Diphthong [au] may separate as [a][u] ஔவை, அஉவை
* Diphthong [ai] may also separate as [a][y] ஐயர், அய்யர்
* Diphthong may loss its unit of phonetic sound from 2 to 1
* [i] and [y] are like-letters நாய், நாஇ

==Initial letter in Tamil words<ref>verses 26 to 35 in order</ref>==
* All 12 vowels become initial letter of words.
* No consonant becomes initial letter of a word
* Five consonants become initial letter of words merging with 12 vowels
* Consonant [s] becomes initial letter only merging with 9 of the 12 vowels. There is no word with the initial ‘sa’, ‘sai’, ‘sau’.
* Consonant [y] even with merging with [u], [U], [o], [O] vowels, never becomes as an initial letter of a word.
* Consonant [nj]becomes only with merging [A], [e], [o] vowels, as an initial letter of words. ஞாயிறு, ஞெகிழி, ஞொள்கிற்று.
* [y] consonant becomes as an initial letter of words merging with only one vowel [A] யாறு, யான்
* While denoting a letter all letter become as initial letter.
* Shorted [u] becomes as initial letter in one word ‘nunthai’. நுந்தை
* This one word ‘nunthai’ is pronounced both shorted and non-shorted.

==Ending vowels in Tamil words<ref>verses 36 to 44 in order</ref>==
* All vowels except [au] end in words.
* However [au] ends merging with [k] and [v] i.e., in the words ‘kau’ and ‘vau’ (meaning catch by mouth and catch respectively).
* Vowel [e] does not end with the merging consonants.
* Vowel [o] also does not end with merging consonants, except ‘n”o’, (a verb denoting the meaning ‘to harm’ others or ‘to be in distresses oneself.)
* Vowel [E] and [O] do not end with the merging consonant [nj].
* Vowel [u] and ‘U’ do not end with the merging consonant n"
* Consonant [s] merging with the vowel [u] ends in two nouns. (‘pasu’ meaning cow and ‘musu’ meaning ape).
* Consonant [p] merging with the vowel [u] ends in one verb both in active and passive voices. (‘t’abu’ = die oneself, make another die)
* Either vowel or consonant which are defined above as non-ending phonetics end in word while denting itself (ex. He deletes ‘ke’)

==Ending consonants in Tamil words<ref>verses 45 to 48 in order</ref>==
* Ending consonants are 11. They are [nj], [n'], [n"], [m], [n], [y], [r], [l], [v], [z], [l’].
* Consonant [n"] ends in two words. (porun’ = combat or expose feelings in dance, verin’ = spine)
* Consonant [nj] ends in one word ('urign' = skin of a body
* Consonant [v] ends in four words 'av' = they, 'iv' = these, 'uv' = those, 'thev' = enmity)

==Interchange of consonants in Tamil<ref>verse 49</ref>==
* There are nine words ending in n which do not change to m whether vowel or consonant comes after.
:(ex. ar’an anr’u = it is not a benevolent way of life – n stands before vowel, ar’am sey = do benevolent deeds – m stands before consonant)
* The 9 words according to commentators are:
:1. egin = tamarind, beaver
:2. Segin = shoulder,
:3. Vizan = wastage,
:4. Payin = lac,
:5. Azan = fiery,
:6. Puzan = dead body,
:7. Kuyin = curving art,
:8. Kadaan = saliva,
:9. Vayaan = a kind of desire of a pregnant woman to eat dry clay.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{wikisource|ta:தொல்காப்பியம்/எழுத்ததிகாரம்/மொழி மரபு}}
# Tolkappiyam (Tamil original with the commentary of 'Ilambuuranar, தொல்காப்பியம் இளம்பூரணர் உரை)
# Tholkappiyam (in English) S. Ilakkuvanar, Kural Neri Publishing House, Madurai – 6, year 1963
# Tolkappiyam in English, by Dr. V. Murugan, Project Director Dr. G. John Samuel, Institute of Asian Studies, Chennai, India, 2000.

[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]

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