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&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{PP|small=yes}}{{About|the road district|its eponymous headquarters|Tirunelveli}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{more citations needed|date=January 2014}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox settlement&lt;br /&gt;
| name                            = Tirunelveli district&lt;br /&gt;
| official_name                   = &lt;br /&gt;
| other_name                      = {{plainlist|}}&lt;br /&gt;
| settlement_type                 = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]&lt;br /&gt;
| image_skyline                   = Thamirabarani.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| image_alt                       = Landscape of Tirunelveli&lt;br /&gt;
| image_caption                   = [[Thamirabarani River]] from Authoor Bridge&lt;br /&gt;
| nickname                        = Halwa City&lt;br /&gt;
| image_map                       = {{maplink |frame=yes&lt;br /&gt;
|frame-width=275 |frame-height=275 |frame-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
|text= &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Tirunelveli district&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|type=shape |id=Q15200&lt;br /&gt;
|stroke-colour=#C60C30&lt;br /&gt;
|stroke-width=2&lt;br /&gt;
|title= Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu&lt;br /&gt;
|type2=line|id2=Q1445|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Tamil Nadu&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
| map_alt                         = &lt;br /&gt;
| map_caption                     = Location in Tamil Nadu&lt;br /&gt;
| coordinates                     = {{coord|8.65|N|77.383|E|display=inline,title}}&lt;br /&gt;
| subdivision_type                = Country&lt;br /&gt;
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|India}}&lt;br /&gt;
| subdivision_type1               = State&lt;br /&gt;
| subdivision_type2               = &lt;br /&gt;
| subdivision_type3               = Metro&lt;br /&gt;
| subdivision_name1               = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]&lt;br /&gt;
| subdivision_name2               = &lt;br /&gt;
| subdivision_name3               = &amp;lt;!-- for neighbourhoods/suburbs only --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| established_title               = District formed on&lt;br /&gt;
| established_date                = {{start date and age|df=yes|1790|9|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| founder                         = &lt;br /&gt;
| named_for                       = &lt;br /&gt;
| seat_type                       = Headquarters&lt;br /&gt;
| seat                            = [[Tirunelveli]]&lt;br /&gt;
| parts_type                      = [[Taluka]]s&lt;br /&gt;
| parts                           = [[Ambasamudram taluk|Ambasamudram]], [[Nanguneri taluk|Nanguneri]], [[Palayamkottai taluk|Palayamkottai]], [[Radhapuram taluk|Radhapuram]], [[Tirunelveli taluk|Tirunelveli]], [[Cheranmahadevi]], [[Manur taluk|Manur]], [[Thisayanvilai taluk|Thisayanvilai]]&lt;br /&gt;
| government_type                 = District Administration&lt;br /&gt;
| governing_body                  = Tirunelveli District Collectorate&lt;br /&gt;
| leader_title1                   = Collector&lt;br /&gt;
| leader_name1                    = V. Vishnu, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]&lt;br /&gt;
| unit_pref                       = Metric&lt;br /&gt;
| area_footnotes                  = &lt;br /&gt;
| area_total_km2                  = 3907&lt;br /&gt;
| area_rank                       = 1&lt;br /&gt;
| elevation_footnotes             = &lt;br /&gt;
| elevation_m                     = &lt;br /&gt;
| population_total                = 3077233&lt;br /&gt;
| population_as_of                = 2011&lt;br /&gt;
| population_footnotes            = &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web&lt;br /&gt;
  |title=2011 Census of India&lt;br /&gt;
  |date=16 April 2011&lt;br /&gt;
  |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tamilnadu.html&lt;br /&gt;
  |publisher= Indian government&lt;br /&gt;
  |format=Excel}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| population_density_km2          = 410.5&lt;br /&gt;
| population_rank                 = &lt;br /&gt;
| population_demonym              = &lt;br /&gt;
| demographics_type1              = Languages&lt;br /&gt;
| demographics1_title1            = Official&lt;br /&gt;
| timezone1                       = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]&lt;br /&gt;
| utc_offset1                     = +5:30&lt;br /&gt;
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]&lt;br /&gt;
| postal_code                     = 627***&lt;br /&gt;
| area_code                       = 0462&lt;br /&gt;
| area_code_type                  = Telephone code&lt;br /&gt;
| iso_code                        = &amp;lt;!-- [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO 3166-2 ]]--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| registration_plate              = &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;TN-72&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Tirunelveli City) and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;TN-72A&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Valliyur Region) and&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;TN-76A&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Ambasamudram)&lt;br /&gt;
| blank1_name_sec1                = Coastline&lt;br /&gt;
| blank1_info_sec1                = {{Convert|48.9|km|mi}}&lt;br /&gt;
| blank1_name_sec2                = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]&lt;br /&gt;
| blank1_info_sec2                = {{convert|814.8|mm|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
| website                         = {{URL|www.nellai.tn.nic.in/}}&lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes                       = &lt;br /&gt;
| leader_title2                   = Superintendent of Police&lt;br /&gt;
| leader_name2                    = Omprakash Meena, [[Indian Police Service|I.P.S.]]|&lt;br /&gt;
| demographics1_info1             = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;br /&gt;
| blank2_name_sec1                = Largest city&lt;br /&gt;
| blank2_info_sec1                = [[Tirunelveli]]&lt;br /&gt;
| blank3_name_sec1                = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]&lt;br /&gt;
| blank3_info_sec1                = M-49%/F-51% [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]&lt;br /&gt;
| blank4_name_sec1                = Literacy&lt;br /&gt;
| blank4_info_sec1                = 82.90% (2011)&lt;br /&gt;
| blank5_name_sec1                = Legislature type&lt;br /&gt;
| blank5_info_sec1                = elected&lt;br /&gt;
| blank6_name_sec1                = Legislature Strength&lt;br /&gt;
| blank6_info_sec1                = 5&lt;br /&gt;
| blank7_name_sec1                = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]&lt;br /&gt;
| blank7_info_sec1                = &amp;lt;!-- for protected areas only --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| blank2_name_sec2                = Avg. summer temperature&lt;br /&gt;
| blank2_info_sec2                = {{convert|37|°C|°F}}&lt;br /&gt;
| blank3_name_sec2                = Avg. winter temperature&lt;br /&gt;
| blank3_info_sec2                = {{convert|22|°C|°F}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Tirunelveli district&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; is one of the 38 [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|district]]s of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]]. It is the largest district in terms of area with [[Tirunelveli]] as its headquarters. The district was formed on 1 September 1790&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.edreamsinetcafe.in/tirunelveli/history.htm{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dictirunelveli.in/profile.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025203616/http://www.dictirunelveli.in/profile.html |archive-date=25 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; by the [[British East India Company]] (on behalf of the British government), and comprised the present Tirunelveli and [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]], [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]] and parts of [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]] and [[Ramanathapuram district]]. As of 2011, the undivided district (along with Tenkasi) had a population of 3,077,233.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=9,82,363|13=1911|14=10,61,965|15=1921|16=11,54,547|17=1931|18=12,42,552|19=1941|20=13,76,604|21=1951|22=15,47,268|23=1961|24=16,77,309|25=1971|26=19,72,220|27=1981|28=22,03,462|29=1991|30=24,81,880|31=2001|32=27,03,492|33=2011|34=30,77,233|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;|align=right}}Under the rule of the [[Pandyan Dynasty]], the district was known as &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Thenpandiyanadu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. The [[Chola dynasty]] then named it &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mudikonda Cholamandalam&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. The [[Madurai Nayak]]s called it &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Tirunelveli Seemai&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Under the [[British East India Company]], it was &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Tinnevelly district&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, which included the modern Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts and parts of the Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram districts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1910, [[Ramanathapuram District]] was formed from portions of the Madurai and Tirunelveli Districts, which comprised portions of the modern [[Virudhunagar District]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the [[Independence of India]], Tirunelveli District was bifurcated on 20 October 1986 to &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Nellai-Kattabomman district&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Tirunelveli) and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chidambaranar district&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Tuticorin). Subsequently, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided to name each district according to the name of the headquarters town, so the region&amp;#039;s name changed from &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Tirunelveli-Kattabomman&amp;#039;&amp;#039; to &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Tirunelveli&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;nellai&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/general.html#cli_con]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 18 July 2019 the district was again bifurcated to form a new [[Tenkasi district]] with Tenkasi as its district capital.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Geography==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Agasthiyamalai range and Tirunelveli rainshadow.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Agasthiyamalai]] hills cut off Tirunelveli from the [[southwest monsoon]], creating a [[rainshadow]] region.|alt=Desert under mostly cloudy sky, with hills in background]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Podhigai shadow falls on Lake.JPG|thumb|Podhigai mountain&amp;#039;s shadow falling on [[Poovankurichi]] lake.]]&lt;br /&gt;
The district is located in the southern part of Tamil Nadu. It has borders with [[Tenkasi district]] to the north, [[Kanyakumari District]] to the south and [[Thoothukudi District]] to the east and [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]] to the west. The district covers an area of {{convert|3907|km2}}. It lies between 8°05&amp;#039; and 9°30&amp;#039; north latitude and 77°05&amp;#039; and 78°25&amp;#039; east longitude.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
Tirunelveli has rainfall in all seasons ({{convert|953.1|mm}} in 2005 and 2006), and benefits from both the northeast and southwest monsoons. Most precipitation came from the northeast monsoon ({{convert|548.7|mm}}) followed by the southwest monsoon ({{convert|147.8|mm}}) and summer rains ({{convert|184.2|mm}}). The district is irrigated by several rivers originating in the [[Western Ghats]], such as the [[Pachaiyar River]], which flows into the perennial [[Thamirabarani River]]. The Thamirabarani and [[Manimuthar River (tributary of Thamirabarani)|Manimuthar River]]s have many dams, with reservoirs providing water for irrigation and power generation. The [[Thamirabarani River]] provides consistent irrigation to a large agricultural area.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/irrigation.html|title=Tirunelveli District Irrigation|access-date=24 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908173034/http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/irrigation.html|archive-date=8 September 2006}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Administration and politics ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Tirunelveli]] is the Administration centre of Tirunelveli District. It is a part of the Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Revenue Divisions ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tirunelveli division|Tirunelveli]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cheranmahadevi division|Cheranmahadevi]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Taluks ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tirunelveli taluk|Tirunelveli]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Palayamkottai taluk|Palayamkottai]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Manur]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cheranmahadevi]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ambasamudram taluk|Ambasamudram]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Nanguneri taluk|Nanguneri]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Radhapuram taluk|Radhapuram]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Thisayanvilai]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;New Proposals for taluks&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Kadayam]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Pappakudi block|Pappakudi]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Kalakkad]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Valliyur]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Assembly Consistuencies ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since, Tenkasi District was bifurcated from Tirunelveli District, [[Tirunelveli District]] has only one Lok Sabha constituency and seven Assembly constituencies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)]]:&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Alangulam, Tirunelveli|Alangulam]] &lt;br /&gt;
#[[Tirunelveli]]&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Palayamkottai]]&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Ambasamudram]]&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Nanguneri]]&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Radhapuram (state assembly constituency)|Radhapuram]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Demographics==&lt;br /&gt;
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|78.82}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|11.85}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|9.12}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.008}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.012}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.17}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Tirunelveli district (undivided) had a population of 3,077,233 with a sex-ratio of 1,023 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dashboard&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A total of 321,687 were under the age of six, constituting 164,157 males and 157,530 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 18.51% and 0.33% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the district was 73.88%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dashboard&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The district had a total of 815,528 households. There were a total of 1,436,454 workers, comprising 107,943 cultivators, 321,083 main agricultural labourers, 215,667 in house hold industries, 626,714 other workers, 165,047 marginal workers, 7,772 marginal cultivators, 58,680 marginal agricultural labourers, 23,997 marginal workers in household industries and 74,598 other marginal workers.&amp;lt;ref name=2011census&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Tirunelveli district|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=700309|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As per the religious census of 2011, Tirunelveli District had 78.82% [[Hindus]], 9.85% [[Muslims]], 11.12% [[Christians]], 0.008% [[Sikhs]], 0.012% [[Buddhists]] and 0.17% belonging to other beliefs and groups.&amp;lt;ref name=religion2011&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Infrastructure==&lt;br /&gt;
{{anchor|Basic infrastructure}}&lt;br /&gt;
The district is well-connected by a network of [[roadways|roads]] and railways. Tirunelveli city serves as the main junction. It has no airports; the nearest airports are at [[Tuticorin]] ({{convert|32|km}} away), [[Madurai]] ({{convert|150|km}}) and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] ({{convert|158|km}}). The district has a total of 27 railway stations. The tables below list the lengths of roads and railways in the district.&amp;lt;ref name=autogenerated1&amp;gt;[http://rural.nic.in/AER/TN/AER_Tirunelveli.pdf Microsoft Word – Format.doc&amp;lt;!-- Bot generated title --&amp;gt;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Roads&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || National highways || State highways || Corporation and Municipalities Roads || Panchayat Union and Panchayat Road || Town Panchayat and Townships Road || Others (forest roads)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Length (km.)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || 174.824 || 442.839 || 1,001.54 || 1,254.10 and 1,658.35 || 840.399 || 114.450&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Railways&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || Route length (km) || Track length (km)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Broad gauge || 257.000 || 495.448&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Meter gauge || 0.000 || 0.000&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Canals, wells, tanks and reservoirs are the sources of irrigation in the district. As of 2005–2006, the district had a total of 151 canals with a length of {{convert|499|km}}, 85,701 irrigation wells, 640 [[tube well]]s, eight reservoirs and 2,212 tanks. The district also has 21,776 wells used for domestic purposes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Electricity is provided by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB).&amp;lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&amp;gt; The district has hydroelectric power plants and windmills, with an installed capacity of {{convert|1089.675|MWh}}; it is one of the major producers of wind energy in the state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] project is being undertaken (with Russian aid) at the village of [[Koodankulam]], {{convert|24|km}} north-east of Kanyakumari. Koodankulam also has windmills used for power generation with installed capacity of 2,000&amp;amp;nbsp;MW.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education and social development==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tirunelveli district has a literacy rate of 76.97%, which is above the state average. As of 2005–2006, the district had a total of 2,494 schools. It has one University, the [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] (MSU). There are also four Government colleges, eleven Government-sponsored colleges and seven private colleges.&amp;lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tirunelveli has 25 arts and science colleges, 3 medical colleges, 20 engineering colleges and a law school. There are 1,501 primary schools, 431 middle schools and 185 higher secondary schools.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, which was established in 1990, has a network of 102 affiliated colleges. In 1878, there were two colleges in the district: the Madurai Diraviam Thayumanavar Hindu College and St. John&amp;#039;s College. The first college for women, Sarah Tucker college was established in 1895. Of the 17 arts colleges in the district, eight are co-educational institutions, five are for women and four for men. The colleges in Tirunelveli district were originally affiliated with the [[University of Madras]]. Upon the creation of [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 1966, they were affiliated with MKU from 1966 to 1990. In 1990, their affiliation transferred to [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]. The Regional Directorate of the Collegiate Education in the district was formed on 10 September 1979 to regulate colleges in Tirunelveli, [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]] and [[Kanyakumari district]]s. In 1996, the [[Government Law College, Tirunelveli]] was established. [[Tirunelveli Medical College]] and its teaching hospital are located at Palayamkottai. It was established in 1965 and affiliated with the University of Madras. The Government Siddha Medical College was established at Palayamkottai on 30 November 1964. Technical education in the district dates to 1844, when Mrs. Caldwell, wife of Bishop [[Robert Caldwell]] began a school to teach girls lace-making at Idyangudi. The Government of Tamil Nadu set up a State Board of Technical Education and Training and a separate Directorate of Technical Education, effective 1 October 1957. Since then, the Directorate of Technical Education has assumed the administration of both engineering colleges and polytechnics. The Government College of Engineering was established in October 1981 to fulfill the needs of people in the southern region.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1986, the Revenue district of Tirunelveli was divided into Tirunelveli and Thoothukkudi districts. There are three education districts.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Economy==&lt;br /&gt;
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Tirunelveli has been an agricultural area throughout its history. The district is a major producer of rice, [[coconut]]s, bananas, spices and forest-based products. The district is home to almost 50% of the buffalo population of Tamil Nadu.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/animalhusbandry.pdf Tamil Nadu animal-husbandry report] Retrieved 15 September 2011.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The district&amp;#039;s livestock and poultry populations are as follows:&amp;lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Cattle || Buffalo || Sheep || Goats || Pigs || Horses and Ponies || Donkeys || Rabbits || Total livestock || Total poultry&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 418,694 || 78,777 || 487,273 || 390,570 || 12,752 || 245 || 961 || 2401 || 67,877 || 1,218,583&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
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Since it is a coastal district, Tirunelveli is also involved in [[Fishing in India|fishery]] development and production. For the period 2005–2006, the total inland fish catch was 1,874 tonnes, and the total marine fish catch was 7,014 tonnes.&amp;lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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India Cements Limited is the third largest cement company in India, and began at Sankarnagar in Tirunelveli in 1949.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The district is also rich in minerals, with a total of 407 mines and quarries. [[Limestone]], [[granite]] and garnet sand are some of the minerals mined or produced in the district. Major industries include textile, [[food products|food]] and [[forestry]] products.&lt;br /&gt;
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A Special Economic Zone ([[Special Economic Zone|SEZ]]) was introduced at [[Nanguneri]] in 2001. A pharma park and windmill spare-parts and television-manufacturing factories have been planned in this SEZ. The [[Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation]] (TIDCO) has planned a ₹700-crore high-tech industrial park in [[Nanguneri]] in association with INFAC Group and Axes Technologies Inc of the US.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2003/07/10/stories/2003071001351700.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : TN plans to reorient Nanguneri SEZ with Tuticorin&amp;lt;!-- Bot generated title --&amp;gt; |access-date=12 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203171243/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2003/07/10/stories/2003071001351700.htm |archive-date=3 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.nanguneri.com/webpages/Default.asp Nanguneri.Com India Portal&amp;lt;!-- Bot generated title --&amp;gt;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The state government is planning light manufacturing, design and assembly facilities, modern infrastructure facilities and amenities in this SEZ to attract a workforce from around the world.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Recreation ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Nellaiappar2.jpg|thumb|left|Nellaippar Temple|alt=Ornate, multi-story temple]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Manjolai Hills===&lt;br /&gt;
Located between {{convert|1000|m|ft}} and {{convert|1500|m|ft}} of elevation, the Manjolai area is set deep within the Western Ghats within the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Tirunelveli District. Located on top of the Manimuthar Dam and the Manimuthar Water Falls, the Manjolai area comprises tea plantations, small settlements, the Upper Kodaiyar Dam and a windy view point called Kuthiravetti.&lt;br /&gt;
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The whole of the Manjolai Estates and the tea plantations are operated by The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd on forest land leased by the Government of Tamil Nadu. There are three tea estates within the Manjolai area: Manjolai Estate, Manimutharu Estate and Oothu Estate. The Estates are located at elevations ranging from {{convert|700|m|ft}} to {{convert|1300|m|ft}}.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Tiger Reserve===&lt;br /&gt;
The {{convert|900|km2|sqmi}} [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] was established in 1988. The reserve, at {{Coord|8|39|N|77|23|E|}}, is about 45&amp;amp;nbsp;km west of Tirunelveli and is known as KMTR to forest and tiger researchers. [[Kalakkad]] is the nearest town. Kalakkad has a temple called Malainambi temple with a falls.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Papanasam===&lt;br /&gt;
Papanasam is a famous picnic spot in Tirunelveli district in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It falls under the Ambasamudram Taluk and is situated {{cvt|50|km}} from Tirunelveli. The site is popular for its tourists attractions such as the Thamirabarani River, [[Agasthiyar Falls]], the Shiva Temple, Papanasam dam and the hydroelectric power plant.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Bird Sanctuary===&lt;br /&gt;
A tiny village in the far south, Koonthankulam in Nanguneri Taluk of Tirunelveli District is emerging as a new favourite of the migratory birds. It is just {{convert|38|km|mi}} away. About 35 species of birds visit this calm but congenial village for breeding. The [[painted stork]]s are coming from North India and East European Countries to this place. Similarly the flamingoes which flew in mainly from the Rann of Kutch have hatched and reared their young in the village.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Swamy Nellaiappar Temple &amp;amp; Kanthimathi Ambal Temple&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html#mtrwls]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Swamy Nellaiappar and Kanthimathi Ambal Temple===&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Nellaiappar Temple]] is located at [[Tirunelveli]]. It is rooted in tradition and history, and is known for its musical pillars and other sculpted figures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tirunelveli District, National Informatics Centre, Tirunelveli [http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html Tourism &amp;amp; Places of Importance]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The nearest airport is Tuticorin Airport (TCR) at [[Vagaikulam]], a 30-minute drive (32&amp;amp;nbsp;km) from Tirunelveli.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Swamy Nellaiappar Temple &amp;amp; Kanthimathi Ambal Temple&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Melaseval Navaneethakrishnan Temple===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Navaneethakrishnan Temple at Melasevel Village, {{cvt|16|km}} from Tirunelveli Town on the road leading to Ambasamudram, is around 730 years old. Adhithyavarneshwar Temple, devoted to Lord [[Shiva]] is also famous in this village.  Twice a year, the sun&amp;#039;s rays fall straight on the Lingam in the morning. Annual festivals are conducted at both these temples by people to whom the deity is kuladeivam (family deity). Dolotsavam utsavam on every month, on the day of Star ROHINI at the Navaneethakrishnan temple is quite familiar, and many childless couples take part in this pooja. Garuda Sevai is conducted on all four Saturdays of the Tamil month of Purattasi and attracts a large number of devotees from the neighbouring villages. With the kind permission of the HRE department of the State Government, the Melaseval Bhaktha Jana Seva Trust maintains the temple with daily rituals and regular poojas. The Uriyadi festival during Krishnashtami is an important event in this small village.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Notable people==&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|List of notable people from Tirunelveli district}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Gallery==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery heights=&amp;quot;140&amp;quot; mode=&amp;quot;packed&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Manjolai.JPG|Manjolai hills&lt;br /&gt;
File:Paana Theertham.jpg|Vanatheertham falls at [[Papanasam, Tirunelveli|Papanasam]]&lt;br /&gt;
File:Agastiyar falls.jpg|Agastiyar falls at [[Papanasam, Tirunelveli|Papanasam]]&lt;br /&gt;
File:KMTR board.JPG|[[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]]&lt;br /&gt;
File:Manimuthar anicut.JPG|Manimuthar Dam&lt;br /&gt;
File:Nellaiappar temple tower.jpg|Swamy Nellaiappar temple at Tirunelveli town in [[Tirunelveli|Tirunelveli City]]&lt;br /&gt;
File:Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus) at Koonthakulam Bird Sanctuary.jpg|Koodankulam Bird Sanctuary&lt;br /&gt;
File:Manimuthar Falls.jpg|Manimuthar falls&lt;br /&gt;
File:Sivasailam.JPG|Sivasailam Temple&lt;br /&gt;
File:Gadana nadi dam.jpg|[[Gadananathi River]] or Karunai River Dam&lt;br /&gt;
File:Uvari beach, Tirunelveli.jpg|Uvari Beach&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]&lt;br /&gt;
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== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
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== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Commons category}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{wikivoyage|Tirunelveli}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{EB1911 Poster|Tinnevelly}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://tirunelveli.nic.in/ Tirunelveli District]&lt;br /&gt;
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{{Tirunelveli district}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Tamil Nadu}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Authority control}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirunelveli District}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tirunelveli district| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:1790 establishments in British India]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>imported&gt;Cwmhiraeth</name></author>
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