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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Tirukkuṟaḷ'' translations into Latin}}{{Translation sidebar}}
[[File:1856 CE Translation 1865 edition, Kural of Thiruvalluvar Tirukkural Graul.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|1856 CE Latin translation of ''Tirukkural'' by Karl Graul, with English notes by William Germann.<ref name=derkural>{{cite web
| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.RTa2/page/n7
| title = Der Kural des Tiruvalluver
| last = Graul
| first = Karl
| date = 1856
| website =
| publisher = London: Williams & Norgate
| access-date = 6 February 2017
| quote = }} </ref>]]

[[Latin]] is the first foreign language into which the '''''[[Tirukkuṟaḷ]]''''' was translated. There are three known translations of the Kural text available in Latin.

==History==
The [[Christian missionaries]] who arrived in [[India]] during the [[British Empire in India|British era]] admired the Kural text greatly owing to the moral values found in the work.<ref name="PudhiyaPanuvalPDF">{{cite journal
| last = Amaladass
| first = Anand
| title = Values in Leadership in the Tamil Tradition of ''Tirukkural'' Vs. Present-day Leadership Theories
| journal = International Management Review
| volume = 3
| issue = 1
| pages = 9–16
| date = 2007
| url = http://scholarspress.us/journals/IMR/pdf/IMR-1-2007/v3n107-art1.pdf
| access-date = 20 Nov 2016}}</ref> In 1730, [[Constanzo Beschi|Constantius Joseph Beschi]] of the Society of Jesus (1700–1742) translated it into [[Latin]],<ref name="Polilan2019">{{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |language=Tamil|isbn= |page=684}}</ref> introducing the work to the Europeans for the first time. Beschi, however, translated only the first two parts, namely, virtue and wealth, since he considered translating the section on love inappropriate for a Christian missionary.<ref name="OnTranslatingTirukkural">{{cite book
| last = Ramasamy
| first = V.
| title = On Translating Tirukkural
| publisher = International Institute of Tamil Studies
| edition = First
| date = 2001
| location = Chennai
}}</ref> This manuscript, now found in the India Office Library, London, was edited by [[George Uglow Pope]], who published it as 'notes' at the end of his famous English translation titled ''The Sacred Kurral'' in 1886. This saved the manuscript from having been lost in the oblivion. There are at least two more Latin translations of the Kural text available either in full or in parts. In 1856, [[Karl Graul]] published the Kural text in German, with later translated it into Latin and simple Tamil in 1865.<ref name="Polilan2019"/> In 1865, an unknown author made the third Latin translation of the Kural text titled ''Tiruvalluvar Kural Versione Lationa''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sanjeevi
| first = N.
| title = ''Bibliography on Tirukkural''. ''In'' First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers
| publisher = University of Madras
| date = 1973
| location = Chennai
| pages = 147
}}</ref><ref name="GeoCities_Latin">{{cite web
| url = http://www.geocities.ws/nvkashraf/kur-trans/Lat-Int.htm
| title = Kurral (Latina)
| last = Ashraf
| first = N. V. K.
| orig-year = October 2005| date = March 2007
| access-date = 14 April 2017
}}</ref>

==Translations for comparison==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:20%;" rowspan="2"|Translation
!colspan="2"|Chapter 26, Abstinentia a carnibus
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:40%;"|''Kural'' 254 (Couplet 26:4)
!style="text-align:center; width:40%;"|''Kural'' 258 (Couplet 26:8)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Constantius Joseph Beschi, 1730''||Si quaeras quid sit lenitas, quid ejus contrarium, scito esse haec duo, nempe viventia non mactare, et ea mactare; quapropter virtuosa esse nequit illorum carnium comestio. ||Qui scientiam habent ab omni deceptione immunem non vescentur carnibus, quae non sunt nisi cadavera.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Karl Graul, 1856''||Quae est benevolentia et quid (vitium ei) contrarium? Non mactare et mactare. Etiam carne illa (mactando comparata) vesci nefas est. ||Sapiens, qui a libidine discessit, non vescetur carne, quae a vita discessit.
|}

==Comparison with European literature==
In his commentary, the Italian Jesuit missionary Fr. Beschi who then translated most of the Kural couplets into Latin, compared the couplets with the maxims of [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]]. Later when [[George Uglow Pope]] translated the work into English in 1886, he reprinted Beschi's translations in his work.<ref name="Maharajan2017">{{cite book |author=S. Maharajan|title=Tiruvalluvar|url= |series=Makers of Indian Literature| year=2017|edition=2nd|publisher= Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi|language= |isbn= 978-8126053216|ref={{sfnRef|Maharajan, 2017}} }}</ref>{{Rp|p=9}} In his introduction to the English translation, Pope compared the Kural to the [[Elegiac comedy|Latin elagiac verse]], while drawing parallels with the works of [[Propertius]] and [[Martial]].<ref name="Maharajan2017"/>{{Rp|p=9}}

==Criticisms on translations==
Modern scholars have noticed several mistranslations in the Latin translation by Father Beshi. According to V. Ramasamy, "Beschi is purposely distorting the message of the original when he renders பிறவாழி as ‘the sea of miserable life’ and the phrase பிறவிப்பெருங்கடல் as ‘sea of this birth’ which has been translated by others as ‘the sea of many births’. Beschi means thus ‘those who swim the vast sea of miseries’. The concept of rebirth or many births for the same soul is contrary to Christian principle and belief".<ref name="OnTranslatingTirukkural"/>

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural translations]]
* [[List of Tirukkural translations by language]]

== References ==
{{Portal box|Tamils|India|Literature|Poetry}}
{{reflist}}

==Published translations==
* Karl Graul (Trans.). (1865). ''Kural of Tiruvalluver. High-Tamil Text with Translation into Common Tamil and Latin, Notes and Glossary.'' (''Bibliotheca Tamulica sive Opera Praecipia Tamuliensium'', Volume 4). Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. 348 pages. ([http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10251488-3 Digitalisat])

==Further reading==
* Pope, G. U. (1886). ''The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar'' (with Latin Translation By Fr. Beschi) (Original in Tamil with English and Latin Translations). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, pp. i-xxviii, 408
* Department of Tamil Development. (2000). திருக்குறள் நூல்கள் (Thirukkural Books). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies, p. 15

{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}

[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|Latin]]
[[Category:Translations into Latin]]

Tirukkuṟaḷ translations into Latin - Revision history

GregorioBigge0: adding the post first draft.