Tiruchirapalli - Revision history

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References

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	== References ==		== References ==
			{{Reflist}}
			{{Tiruchirappalli}}
			{{Million-plus cities in India}}

			{{Portal bar\|India}}

			{{Authority control}}

			[[Category:Tiruchirappalli]]
			[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
			[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
			[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruchirappalli district]]
			[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]

Dhaneesh Ram: Dhaneesh Ram moved page Trichy to Tiruchirapalli

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Dhaneesh Ram moved page Trichy to Tiruchirapalli

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	According to [[Hindu mythology]], Tiruchirappalli derives its name from the three-headed demon ''Trishira'', who [[Tapas (Sanskrit)\|meditated]] on the Hindu god [[Shiva]] near the present-day city to obtain favours from the god.{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} An alternative derivation, albeit not universally accepted,{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} is that the source of the city's name is the [[Sanskrit]] word "Trishirapuram"—''[[Trishira]]'', meaning "three-headed", and ''palli'' or ''puram'' meaning "city".{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}}		According to [[Hindu mythology]], Tiruchirappalli derives its name from the three-headed demon ''Trishira'', who [[Tapas (Sanskrit)\|meditated]] on the Hindu god [[Shiva]] near the present-day city to obtain favours from the god.{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} An alternative derivation, albeit not universally accepted,{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} is that the source of the city's name is the [[Sanskrit]] word "Trishirapuram"—''[[Trishira]]'', meaning "three-headed", and ''palli'' or ''puram'' meaning "city".{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}}
			==History==
			{{Main\|History of Tiruchirappalli}}

			===Early and medieval history===
			Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities in [[Tamil Nadu]] and 3rd oldest city in [[India]] after [[Madurai]] and [[Varanasi]]; its earliest settlements date back to the Sangam period.{{Sfn\|Thani Nayagam\|1957\|p=324}} [[Uraiyur]], the capital of the Early Cholas for 600 years from the 3rd century BC onwards,{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=22}} is a neighbourhood in the present-day Tiruchirappalli.{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=19}}{{Sfn\|Beck\|2006\|p=40}} The city is referred to as Orthoura by the historian [[Ptolemy]] in his 2nd-century work ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)\|Geography]]''.{{Sfn\|Caldwell\|1881\|p=25}} The world's oldest surviving dam, the [[Kallanai]] (Lower Anaicut) about {{convert\|18\|km\|mi}} from Uraiyur,<ref>{{Google maps \| url =https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Uraiyur,%20tiruchirappalli&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF-8&ei=SauEUoHnA4Sihged24C4DA&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAg \| access-date =3 January 2014}}</ref> was built across the Kaveri River by [[Karikala Chola]] in the 2nd century AD.{{Sfn\|Pujari\|Kolhe\|Kumar\|2006\|p=102}}

			[[Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort]], the rock is said to be one of the oldest formations in the world. It is 3.8 billion years old, as it is older than [[Greenland]] and [[Himalayas]].

			The medieval history of Tiruchirappalli begins with the reign of the Pallava king [[Mahendravarman I]], who ruled over South India in the 6th century AD and constructed the rock-cut cave-temples within the [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort\|Rockfort]].{{Sfn\|Kuppuram\|1988\|p=105}}{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=105}}{{Sfn\|Beck\|2006\|pp=42–92}} Following the downfall of the Pallavas in the 8th century, the city was conquered by the [[Medieval Cholas]], who ruled until the 13th century.{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=438}}

			After the decline of the Cholas, Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the [[Pandyan Dynasty\|Pandyas]],{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=45}} who ruled from 1216 until their defeat in 1311 by [[Malik Kafur]], the commander of [[Allauddin Khilji]].{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=99}}{{Sfn\|Lal\|1967\|pp=251–252}} The victorious armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] are believed to have plundered and ravaged the region.{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=99}}{{Sfn\|Lal\|1967\|pp=251–252}}{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|pp=112–116}} The statue of the Hindu god [[Ranganatha]] in the temple of [[Srirangam]] vanished at about this time and was not recovered and reinstated for more than fifty years.{{Sfn\|Lal\|1967\|pp=251–252}}{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|pp=112–116}} Tiruchirappalli was ruled by the Delhi and [[Madurai Sultanate\|Madurai]] sultanates from 1311 to 1378,{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=213}} but by the middle of the 14th century the Madurai Sultanate had begun to fall apart.{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=185-188}} Gradually, the Vijayanagar Empire established supremacy over the northern parts of the kingdom, and Tiruchirappalli was taken by the Vijayanagar prince [[Kumara Kampana\|Kumara Kampanna Udaiyar]] in 1371.{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=241}} The Vijayanagar Empire ruled the region from 1378 until the 1530s, and played a prominent role in reviving Hinduism by reconstructing temples and monuments destroyed by the previous Muslim rulers.{{Sfn\|Yunus\|Parmar\|2003\|p=116}} Following the collapse of the Vijayanagar Empire in the early part of the 16th century, the [[Madurai Nayaks\|Madurai Nayak kingdom]] began to assert its independence.{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=169}}{{Sfn\|Sewell\|1900\|p=49}}{{Sfn\|Sathianathaier\|1924\|p=234}} The city flourished during the reign of [[Vishwanatha Nayak]] (c. 1529–1564), who is said to have protected the area by constructing the [[Teppakulam, Tiruchirapppalli\|Teppakulam]] and building walls around the Srirangam temple.{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=51}}{{Sfn\|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway\|1926\|pp=73–74}} His successor [[Kumara Krishnappa Nayak]]a made Tiruchirappalli his capital,{{Sfn\|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway\|1926\|pp=73–74}} and it served as the capital of the Madurai Nayak kingdom from 1616 to 1634 and from 1665 to 1736.{{Sfn\|Sathianathaier\|1924\|pp=103–160}}{{Sfn\|Amaladass\|1988\|p=122}}{{Sfn\|Subrahmanian\|1977\|pp=12–61}}

			In 1736 the last Madurai Nayak ruler, [[Meenakshi (Nayak queen)\|Meenakshi]], committed suicide, and Tiruchirappalli was conquered by [[Chanda Sahib]].{{Sfn\|Sathianathaier\|1924\|p=234}}{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|pp=43–79}} He ruled the kingdom from 1736 to 1741, when he was captured and imprisoned by the [[Marathas]] in the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)\|siege of Tiruchirappalli (1741)]] led by general [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] under the orders of [[Chhattrapati Shahu]].{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|pp=43–79}}{{Sfn\|Jaques\|2007\|pp=1034–1035}}{{Sfn\|Subramanian\|1928\|p=52–53}} Chanda Sahib remained prisoner for about eight years before making his escape from the Maratha Empire. Tiruchirappalli was administered by the Maratha general [[Murari Rao]] from 1741 to 1743, when [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)\|it was acquired]] by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], who bribed Rao to hand over the city.{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|pp=43–79}}{{Sfn\|Subramanian\|1928\|p=52–53}} Nizam appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the ruler and returned to [[Golkonda]].{{Sfn\|Chhabra\|2005\|p=103}} When the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] was dethroned by Chanda Sahib after the [[Battle of Ambur]] (1749), the former fled to Tiruchirappalli, where he set up his base.{{Sfn\|Rose\|Newton\|1929\|pp=126–127}}{{Sfn\|Markovits\|2004\|p=222}}{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|p=115}} The subsequent [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752)\|siege of Tiruchirappalli (1751–1752)]] by Chanda Sahib took place during the [[Second Carnatic War]] between the [[East India Company\|British East India Company]] and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah on one side and Chanda Sahib and the [[French East India Company]] on the other.{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|p=148}} The British were victorious and Wallajah was restored to the throne. During his reign he proposed renaming the city Natharnagar after the Sufi saint [[Nathar Vali]], who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century AD.{{Sfn\|Bayly\|2004\|p=233}}{{Sfn\|Muthiah\|2008\|p=137}} Tiruchirappalli was invaded by [[Nanjaraja Wodeyar]] in 1753 and [[Hyder Ali]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore\|Mysore kingdom]] in 1780, both attacks repulsed by the troops of the British East India Company.{{Sfn\|Brayley-Hodgetts\|2008\|p=217}} A third invasion attempt, by [[Tipu Sultan]]—son of Hyder Ali—in 1793, was also unsuccessful;{{Sfn\|Burn\|Cotton\|1908\|p=29}} he was pursued by British forces led by [[William Medows]], who thwarted the attack.{{Sfn\|Fortescue\|1902\|pp=558–559}}

			===British rule===
			The Carnatic kingdom was [[Carnatic Treaty\|annexed by the British]] in July 1801 as a consequence of the discovery of collusion between Tipu Sultan—an enemy of the British—and [[Umdat Ul-Umra]], son of Wallajah and the [[Nawab]] at the time, during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]].{{Sfn\|Ingram\|1995\|pp=5–27}}{{Sfn\|Ramachandran\|2008\|p=74}} Trichinopoly was incorporated into the [[Madras Presidency]] the same year, and the district of [[Trichinopoly District\|Trichinopoly]] was formed, with the city of Trichinopoly (or Tiruchirappalli) as its capital.{{Sfn\|Moore\|1878\|p=178}}

			During the [[Company Raj]] and later the [[British Raj]], Tiruchirappalli emerged as one of the most important cities in India. According to the [[Indian census\|1871 Indian census]]—the first in British India—Tiruchirappalli had a population of 76,530, making it the second largest city in the presidency after the capital of Madras (now Chennai).{{Sfn\|Burn\|Cotton\|1908\|p=43}} It was known throughout the [[British Empire]] for its unique variety of ''cheroot'', known as the [[Trichinopoly cigar]].{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}} Tiruchirappalli was the first headquarters for the newly formed [[South Indian Railway Company]] in 1874 until its relocation to [[Madras]] in the early 20th century.{{efn\|Madras was renamed as Chennai in 1996.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Destination Puducherry \|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/23/stories/2006092300020100.htm \|access-date=29 December 2013 \|date=23 September 2006 \|first=Deepa H. \|last=Ramakrishnan \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001854/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/23/stories/2006092300020100.htm \|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news\|first=S. \|last=Muthiah \|title=The railway of the Deep South \|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-railway-of-the-deep-south/article425584.ece \|access-date=16 August 2013 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=9 May 2010 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007133037/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-railway-of-the-deep-south/article425584.ece \|archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref>

			<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4" caption="Trichinopoly during the British Raj">
			File:Town and Fort of Trichinopoly p.302.jpg\|alt=The town and fort of Trichinopoly photographed in 1840\|The town and fort of Trichinopoly c. 1840
			File:The tank and Rockfort Trichinopoly.jpg\|alt=The Teppakulam and Rockfort photographed in 1860\|Rockfort and Teppakulam, c. 1860
			</gallery>

			===Contemporary and modern history===
			[[File:Tiruchirapalli1955.jpg\|thumb\|left\|200px\|Map of Tiruchirappalli town in 1955\|alt=a historical map of the city]]
			Tiruchirappalli played an active role during the [[Indian independence movement\|pre-independence era]]; there were a number of strikes and non-violent protests during the [[Quit India Movement]],{{Sfn\|Zaidi\|1973\|p=101}} notably the [[1928 South Indian Railway Strike\|South Indian Railway Strike]] that took place in 1928.{{Sfn\|South Indian Railway Strike\|1928}} The city was the base for the [[Vedaranyam march\|Vedaranyam salt march]] initiated by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in parallel with the [[Dandi March]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite news\|first=La. Su. \|last=Rengarajan \|title=Marathon march \|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000240400.htm \|access-date=16 August 2013 \|date=10 April 2005 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007060442/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000240400.htm \|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli was an epicentre of the [[anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]] when a team of Tamil language supporters gathered and organised a rally from the city to Madras in [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40\|1938]].<ref>{{cite news\|title=First anti-Hindi agitation remembered \|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/first-antihindi-agitation-remembered/article3716668.ece \|access-date=21 November 2013 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=2 August 2012 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225437/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/first-antihindi-agitation-remembered/article3716668.ece \|archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> Later in 1965, Tiruchirappalli was made the base of the "Madras state Anti-Hindi Conference" convened by C. Rajagopalachari.{{Sfn\|Baliga\|1999\|p=244}}{{Sfn\|Rasam\|1997\|p=98}} The population of Tiruchirappalli continued to grow rapidly, achieving a growth rate of 36.9% during the period 1941–51.{{Sfn\|Rao\|1974\|p=193}} After independence in 1947, Tiruchirappalli fell behind other cities such as [[Salem, Tamil Nadu\|Salem]] and [[Coimbatore]] in terms of growth.{{Sfn\|Bala\|1986\|p=148}}{{Sfn\|Rajendran\|Arumugam\|Chandrasekaran\|2002\|p=3}}<ref name="thehindu_20110409">{{cite news\|title=City of choice \|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2011/04/09/stories/2011040950120100.htm \|date=9 April 2011 \|first1=Aruna V. \|last1=Iyer \|first2=Asha V. \|last2=Sridhar \|access-date=11 May 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831032908/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2011/04/09/stories/2011040950120100.htm \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=31 August 2011 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli remained a part of [[Madras State]], which was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969.{{Sfn\|Rana\|2006\|p=399}} The city underwent extensive economic development in the 1960s with the commissioning of [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]].{{Sfn\|Ahmed\|1980\|p=52}}<ref name=business_line>{{cite web\|title=Tiruchi: Key centre for fabrication \|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/tiruchi-key-centre-for-fabrication/article2692965.ece \|access-date=5 October 2013 \|work=[[Business Line]] \|date=7 December 2011 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007013748/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/tiruchi-key-centre-for-fabrication/article2692965.ece \|archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref> In the early 1980s, [[M. G. Ramachandran]], then [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu\|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] drafted a plan to move the state's administrative headquarters to Tiruchirappalli.<ref name=Mayilvaganan>{{cite news\|first=V. \|last=Mayilvaganan \|title=Residents see development, price rise as major election issues \|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2009/05/11&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T \|access-date=16 August 2013 \|newspaper=The Times of India \|date=11 May 2009 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006222852/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2009%2F05%2F11&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T \|archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> A [[satellite town]] was developed near [[Navalpattu]] on the outskirts of the city,<ref name=Mayilvaganan /> but the proposed move was shelved by successive governments.<ref>{{cite news\|first=S. \|last=Muthiah \|title=Madras Miscellany \|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/article2037759.ece \|access-date=16 August 2013 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=22 May 2011 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006214525/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/article2037759.ece \|archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>

			Like much of Tamil Nadu, Tiruchirappalli remains prone to communal tensions based on religion and ethnicity. There have been occasional outbreaks of [[Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu\|violence against Sri Lankans]]. In 2009, the offices of a Sri Lankan airline were attacked in the city.<ref>
			{{cite web \|first=Jatindra \|last=Dash \|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1637830731.html \|title=Karunanidhi sets up a forum for Sri Lankan Tamil's Welface \|publisher=The Hindustan Times, accessed via HighBeam Research {{subscription}} \|date=3 February 2009 \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060341/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1637830731.html \|archive-date=10 June 2014 }}
			</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Forum for Sri Lankan Tamils' welfare \|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article32700.ece \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|newspaper=The New Indian Express \|date=3 February 2009 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203090748/http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article32700.ece \|archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> In September 2012, two groups of Sri Lankan pilgrims who had visited the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] in [[Velankanni]] and the [[Poondi Madha Basilica]] had their buses attacked in Tiruchirappalli by a group of Tamil activists.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Attacks on Lankan pilgrims in Tamil Nadu: India assures security \|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2012/09/05/attacks-lankan-pilgrims-tamil-nadu-india-assures-security \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]] \|date=5 September 2012 \|first=R. \|last=Vasudevan \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000231/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2012/09/05/attacks-lankan-pilgrims-tamil-nadu-india-assures-security \|archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=On way to airport, Sri Lankan pilgrims attacked by mob in Tamil Nadu \|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-way-to-airport-sri-lankan-pilgrims-attacked-by-mob-in-tamil-nadu/997675/ \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|newspaper=The Indian Express \|date=4 September 2012 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407040619/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-way-to-airport-sri-lankan-pilgrims-attacked-by-mob-in-tamil-nadu/997675/ \|archive-date=7 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>
			{{cite web \|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2756227941.html \|title=Our Pilgrimage to Tamil Nadu Ended in Sadness \|publisher=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)\|Sunday Observer]], accessed via HighBeam Research {{subscription}} \|date=10 September 2013 \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060325/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2756227941.html \|archive-date=10 June 2014 }}
			</ref> Owing to a series of terrorist attacks in Indian cities since 2000, security has been increased at sites such as [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam\|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]].<ref>
			{{cite web \|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1561396171.html \|title=Terror threat to temples in Tamil Nadu \|publisher=The Hindustan Times, accessed via HighBeam Research {{subscription}} \|date=25 September 2008 \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1561396171.html \|archive-date=10 June 2014 }}
			</ref>

			== References ==

Dhaneesh Ram at 09:29, 11 February 2022

2022-02-11T09:29:34Z

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	\| population_total = 916,857 <ref>{{Cite web\|URL=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=733053\| title= Tiruchirapalli population in 2011 - Census India 2011}}</ref>		\| population_total = 916,857 <ref>{{Cite web\|URL=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=733053\| title= Tiruchirapalli population in 2011 - Census India 2011}}</ref>
	\| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India\|52nd]] <br />		\| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India\|52nd]] <br />
	[[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population\|~~4th~~ in Tamil Nadu]]		[[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population\|6th in Tamil Nadu]]
	\| population_as_of = 2011		\| population_as_of = 2011
	\| population_footnotes = {{efn\|name=expansion}}		\| population_footnotes = {{efn\|name=expansion}}
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	A major road and railway hub in the state, the city is served by the [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] (TRZ) which operates flights to the [[Middle East]] and [[Southeast Asia]].		A major road and railway hub in the state, the city is served by the [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] (TRZ) which operates flights to the [[Middle East]] and [[Southeast Asia]].
			== Etymology ==
			Historically, Tiruchirappalli was commonly referred to in English as "Trichinopoly".{{Sfn\|Jaques\|2007\|p=1025}} The shortened forms "Trichy" or "Tiruchi" are used in everyday speech and the full name Tiruchirapalli appears in official use by government and quasi-government offices but seldom used by the general public.{{Sfn\|Brayley-Hodgetts\|2008\|p=216}}{{Sfn\|Ludden\|2004\|p=178}}

			According to the late scholar [[C. P. Brown]], Tiruchirappalli might be a derivative of the word ''Chiruta-palli'' (lit. "little town").{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}} [[Orientalists]] [[Henry Yule]] and [[Arthur Coke Burnell]] have speculated that the name may derive from a rock inscription carved in the 16th century in which Tiruchirappalli is written as ''Tiru-ssila-palli'', meaning "holy-rock-town" in [[Tamil language\|Tamil]].{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}} Other scholars have suggested that the name Tiruchirappalli is a rewording of ''Tiru-chinna-palli'', meaning "holy little town".{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}} The ''Madras Glossary'' gives the root as ''Tiruććināppalli'' or the "holy (''tiru'') village (''palli'') of the ''shina'' (''[[Cissampelos pareira]]'') plant".{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}}

			According to [[Hindu mythology]], Tiruchirappalli derives its name from the three-headed demon ''Trishira'', who [[Tapas (Sanskrit)\|meditated]] on the Hindu god [[Shiva]] near the present-day city to obtain favours from the god.{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} An alternative derivation, albeit not universally accepted,{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} is that the source of the city's name is the [[Sanskrit]] word "Trishirapuram"—''[[Trishira]]'', meaning "three-headed", and ''palli'' or ''puram'' meaning "city".{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}}

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{About|the city in Tamil Nadu, India|}} {{featured article}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Tiruchirappalli | native_name = | other_name = Trichy, Tiruchi | settlement_type = Metropolis | image_s..."

2022-02-11T09:27:43Z

Created page with "{{About|the city in Tamil Nadu, India|}} {{featured article}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}  {{Infobox settlement | name = Tiruchirappalli | native_name =  | other_name = Trichy, Tiruchi | settlement_type = Metropolis | image_s..."

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:57, 11 February 2022
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	#~~REDIRECT~~ [[Tiruchirappalli]]		{{About\|the city in Tamil Nadu, India\|}}

			{{featured article}}
			{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}
			<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->
			{{Infobox settlement
			\| name = Tiruchirappalli
			\| native_name = <!--Do not add Tamil or any other Indic-language script here per [[MOS:IS]]-->
			\| other_name = Trichy, Tiruchi
			\| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
			\| image_seal =
			\| image_skyline = {{multiple image
			\|border=infobox
			\|image_style=border:1;
			\|total_width=280
			\|perrow=1/2
			\|image1 = Rock Fortress - Tiruchirappalli - India.JPG
			\|image2 = Tiruvanaikaval14.jpg
			\|image3 = Aerial view of Our Lourdes church in Tiruchirapalli 2.jpg
			\|image4 = Upper Anaicut.JPG
			\|image5 = Srirangam Temple Gopuram View.jpg
			\|image6 = Trichy-Junction.jpg
			\|image7 = ELCOT IT Park.jpg
			}}
			\| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort]], [[Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Tiruchirapalli\|Our Lady of Lourdes Church]], [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]], [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]], [[Upper Anaicut\|Mukkombu]], [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval]], and [[ELCOT IT Park Trichy]]
			\| nickname =
			\| map_alt =
			\| map_caption =
			\| pushpin_map = India#India Tamil Nadu
			\| pushpin_label_position =
			\| pushpin_map_alt =
			\| pushpin_map_caption =
			\| coordinates = {{coord\|10\|48\|18\|N\|78\|41\|08\|E\|display=inline,title}}
			\| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]]
			\| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
			\| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India\|State]]
			\| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
			\| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Tamil Nadu\|District]]
			\| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruchirapalli District\|Tiruchirapalli]]
			\| subdivision_type4 = Zone
			\| subdivision_name4 = Central
			\| established_title = <!-- Established -->
			\| established_date = 1866
			\| founder =
			\| named_for =
			\| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
			\| governing_body = [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]
			\| leader_title = Member of Parliament
			\| leader_name = [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
			\| unit_pref = Metric
			\| area_footnotes =
			\| area_total_km2 = 167.23
			\| area_metro_km2 = 211.51
			\| area_rank = 4
			\| elevation_m = 88
			\| population_total = 916,857 <ref>{{Cite web\|URL=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=733053\| title= Tiruchirapalli population in 2011 - Census India 2011}}</ref>
			\| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India\|52nd]] <br />
			[[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population\|4th in Tamil Nadu]]
			\| population_as_of = 2011
			\| population_footnotes = {{efn\|name=expansion}}
			\| population_metro = 1,022,518
			\| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
			\| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India\|52nd]]
			\| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="UA_2011">{{cite web\|title=Primary Census Abstract – Urban Agglomeration \|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx \|format=XLS \|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] \|access-date=13 October 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315050316/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx \|archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref>
			\| population_demonym = Tiruchiite
			\| demographics_type1 = Languages
			\| demographics1_title1 = Official
			\| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time\|IST]]
			\| utc_offset1 = +5:30
			\| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number\|PIN]]
			\| postal_code = 620 xxx
			\| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India#Fixed (landline) numbers\|0431]]
			\| area_code_type = Telephone code
			\| registration_plate = TN-45, TN-48, TN-81, TN-81A
			\| website = {{URL\|http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/\|Trichy City Municipal Corporation}}
			\| footnotes =
			\| area_metro_footnotes =
			\| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language\|Tamil]]
			\| official_name =
			}}

			'''Tiruchirappalli'''{{efn\|The official spelling, as per the municipal corporation website is "Tiruchirappalli".<ref name=Corporation>{{cite web\|url=https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/ \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218223621/https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=18 December 2012 \|title=Welcome to Tiruchirappalli city ... The RockFort City! \|access-date=10 August 2013 \|publisher=[[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]] }}</ref> However, the spellings Tiruchirapalli, Tiruchchirapalli and Tiruchchirappalli are also widely used.{{Sfn\|Baliga\|1999\|p=993}}{{Sfn\|Kuppuram\|1988\|p=101}}<ref name="Operations)1989">{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Om Parkash\|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in India (Dy. Dir. of Census Operations)\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onNDAAAAYAAJ\|year=1989\|publisher=Kar Kripa Publishers\|isbn=978-81-85414-00-3\|page=116\|access-date=30 December 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702162006/https://books.google.com/books?id=onNDAAAAYAAJ\|archive-date=2 July 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ({{audio\|Tiruchirapalli.ogg\|pronunciation}}) ([[Renaming of cities in India\|formerly]] '''Trichinopoly''' in English), also called '''Tiruchi''' or '''Trichy''', is a major [[tier II city]] in the [[States and union territories of India\|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the administrative headquarters of [[Tiruchirappalli district]]. The city is credited with being the best livable city<ref name="Karthik">{{cite news\|title=Trichy ranked 12th in liveable cities ranking, best in Tamil Nadu \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/65386883.cms \|access-date=21 December 2020 \|newspaper=Times of India \|date=13 August 2018 \|first=Deepak \|last=Karthik \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202231412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-ranked-12th-in-liveable-cities-ranking-best-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/65386883.cms \|archive-date=2 February 2019 }}</ref> and the cleanest city of Tamil Nadu, as well as the fifth safest city for women in India.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=31848\|title=Live Chennai: The safest cities for women in India: Chennai & Coimbatore,safest cities for women in India,Chennai,Coimbatore\|website=www.livechennai.com\|access-date=21 December 2020\|archive-date=20 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520083924/https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=31848\|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the fourth largest city as well as the fourth largest [[urban agglomeration]] in the state. Located {{Convert\|322\|km}} south of [[Chennai]] and {{Convert\|374\|km\|}} north of [[Kanyakumari]], Tiruchirappalli sits almost at the geographic centre of Tamil Nadu state. The [[Cauvery Delta]] begins {{Convert\|16\|km}} west of the city where the [[Kaveri\|Kaveri river]] splits into two, forming the island of [[Srirangam Island\|Srirangam]] which is now incorporated into the [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]. The city occupies an area of {{Convert\|167.23\|km2\|sqmi}} and had a population of 916,857 in 2011.{{efn\|name=expansion\|The area of the city was expanded from {{Convert\|146.9\|km2}} to {{Convert\|167.23\|km2}} in 2010, as a result of which the population increased from 847,387 to 916,857 according to the [[2011 census of India\|2011 census]].<ref name=CMA /><ref name=PCA>{{cite web\|title=Search PCA Data by District/SubDistrict/Town/Village Name: Tiruchirappalli (M Corp.) \|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=687102 \|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] \|access-date=25 January 2014 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302230923/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=687102 \|archive-date=2 March 2016 }}</ref>}}

			Tiruchirappalli's recorded history begins in the 3rd century BC, when it was under the rule of the [[Chola Kingdom\|Cholas]]. The city has also been ruled by the [[Pallavas]], [[Pandyas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Nayak Dynasty]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic\|Carnatic state]] and the [[British Raj\|British]]. The most prominent historical monuments in Tiruchirappalli include the [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort\|Rockfort]] at [[Teppakulam]], the [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple\|Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam]] and the [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval\|Jambukeswarar temple at Thiruvanaikaval]]. The archaeologically important town of [[Uraiyur]], capital of the [[Early Cholas]], is now a neighbourhood in Tiruchirappalli. The city played a critical role in the [[Carnatic Wars]] (1746–1763) between the [[East India Company\|British]] and the [[French East India Company\|French East India companies]].

			The city is an important educational centre in the state of Tamil Nadu, and houses nationally recognised institutions such as [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli\|National Institutes of Technology]] (NIT), [[Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli\|Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIM) [[Tamil Nadu National Law University\|National Law Universities
			]] (NLU), and [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Tiruchirappalli\|Indian Institutes of Information Technology]] (IIIT) Srirangam. Industrial units such as [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop]], [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]] (OFT) and [[High Energy Projectile Factory]] (HEPF) have their factories in the city. The presence of a large number of energy equipment manufacturing units in and around the city has earned it the title of "Energy Equipment and Fabrication Capital of India". Tiruchirappalli is internationally known for a brand of ''[[cheroot]]'' known as the [[Trichinopoly cigar]], which was exported in large quantities to the United Kingdom during the 19th century.

			A major road and railway hub in the state, the city is served by the [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] (TRZ) which operates flights to the [[Middle East]] and [[Southeast Asia]].

Mohamedmeera29: basic improved references for clarity and cleaned formatting for consistency

2009-06-28T21:44:41Z

basic improved references for clarity and cleaned formatting for consistency

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#REDIRECT [[Tiruchirappalli]]

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	According to [[Hindu mythology]], Tiruchirappalli derives its name from the three-headed demon ''Trishira'', who [[Tapas (Sanskrit)\|meditated]] on the Hindu god [[Shiva]] near the present-day city to obtain favours from the god.{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} An alternative derivation, albeit not universally accepted,{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} is that the source of the city's name is the [[Sanskrit]] word "Trishirapuram"—''[[Trishira]]'', meaning "three-headed", and ''palli'' or ''puram'' meaning "city".{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}}		According to [[Hindu mythology]], Tiruchirappalli derives its name from the three-headed demon ''Trishira'', who [[Tapas (Sanskrit)\|meditated]] on the Hindu god [[Shiva]] near the present-day city to obtain favours from the god.{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} An alternative derivation, albeit not universally accepted,{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}} is that the source of the city's name is the [[Sanskrit]] word "Trishirapuram"—''[[Trishira]]'', meaning "three-headed", and ''palli'' or ''puram'' meaning "city".{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}}
			==History==
			{{Main\|History of Tiruchirappalli}}

			===Early and medieval history===
			Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities in [[Tamil Nadu]] and 3rd oldest city in [[India]] after [[Madurai]] and [[Varanasi]]; its earliest settlements date back to the Sangam period.{{Sfn\|Thani Nayagam\|1957\|p=324}} [[Uraiyur]], the capital of the Early Cholas for 600 years from the 3rd century BC onwards,{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=22}} is a neighbourhood in the present-day Tiruchirappalli.{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=19}}{{Sfn\|Beck\|2006\|p=40}} The city is referred to as Orthoura by the historian [[Ptolemy]] in his 2nd-century work ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)\|Geography]]''.{{Sfn\|Caldwell\|1881\|p=25}} The world's oldest surviving dam, the [[Kallanai]] (Lower Anaicut) about {{convert\|18\|km\|mi}} from Uraiyur,<ref>{{Google maps \| url =https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Uraiyur,%20tiruchirappalli&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF-8&ei=SauEUoHnA4Sihged24C4DA&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAg \| access-date =3 January 2014}}</ref> was built across the Kaveri River by [[Karikala Chola]] in the 2nd century AD.{{Sfn\|Pujari\|Kolhe\|Kumar\|2006\|p=102}}

			[[Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort]], the rock is said to be one of the oldest formations in the world. It is 3.8 billion years old, as it is older than [[Greenland]] and [[Himalayas]].

			The medieval history of Tiruchirappalli begins with the reign of the Pallava king [[Mahendravarman I]], who ruled over South India in the 6th century AD and constructed the rock-cut cave-temples within the [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort\|Rockfort]].{{Sfn\|Kuppuram\|1988\|p=105}}{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=105}}{{Sfn\|Beck\|2006\|pp=42–92}} Following the downfall of the Pallavas in the 8th century, the city was conquered by the [[Medieval Cholas]], who ruled until the 13th century.{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=438}}

			After the decline of the Cholas, Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the [[Pandyan Dynasty\|Pandyas]],{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=45}} who ruled from 1216 until their defeat in 1311 by [[Malik Kafur]], the commander of [[Allauddin Khilji]].{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=99}}{{Sfn\|Lal\|1967\|pp=251–252}} The victorious armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] are believed to have plundered and ravaged the region.{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=99}}{{Sfn\|Lal\|1967\|pp=251–252}}{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|pp=112–116}} The statue of the Hindu god [[Ranganatha]] in the temple of [[Srirangam]] vanished at about this time and was not recovered and reinstated for more than fifty years.{{Sfn\|Lal\|1967\|pp=251–252}}{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|pp=112–116}} Tiruchirappalli was ruled by the Delhi and [[Madurai Sultanate\|Madurai]] sultanates from 1311 to 1378,{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=213}} but by the middle of the 14th century the Madurai Sultanate had begun to fall apart.{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=185-188}} Gradually, the Vijayanagar Empire established supremacy over the northern parts of the kingdom, and Tiruchirappalli was taken by the Vijayanagar prince [[Kumara Kampana\|Kumara Kampanna Udaiyar]] in 1371.{{Sfn\|Sastri\|1935\|p=241}} The Vijayanagar Empire ruled the region from 1378 until the 1530s, and played a prominent role in reviving Hinduism by reconstructing temples and monuments destroyed by the previous Muslim rulers.{{Sfn\|Yunus\|Parmar\|2003\|p=116}} Following the collapse of the Vijayanagar Empire in the early part of the 16th century, the [[Madurai Nayaks\|Madurai Nayak kingdom]] began to assert its independence.{{Sfn\|Aiyangar\|1921\|p=169}}{{Sfn\|Sewell\|1900\|p=49}}{{Sfn\|Sathianathaier\|1924\|p=234}} The city flourished during the reign of [[Vishwanatha Nayak]] (c. 1529–1564), who is said to have protected the area by constructing the [[Teppakulam, Tiruchirapppalli\|Teppakulam]] and building walls around the Srirangam temple.{{Sfn\|Hemingway\|1907\|p=51}}{{Sfn\|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway\|1926\|pp=73–74}} His successor [[Kumara Krishnappa Nayak]]a made Tiruchirappalli his capital,{{Sfn\|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway\|1926\|pp=73–74}} and it served as the capital of the Madurai Nayak kingdom from 1616 to 1634 and from 1665 to 1736.{{Sfn\|Sathianathaier\|1924\|pp=103–160}}{{Sfn\|Amaladass\|1988\|p=122}}{{Sfn\|Subrahmanian\|1977\|pp=12–61}}

			In 1736 the last Madurai Nayak ruler, [[Meenakshi (Nayak queen)\|Meenakshi]], committed suicide, and Tiruchirappalli was conquered by [[Chanda Sahib]].{{Sfn\|Sathianathaier\|1924\|p=234}}{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|pp=43–79}} He ruled the kingdom from 1736 to 1741, when he was captured and imprisoned by the [[Marathas]] in the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)\|siege of Tiruchirappalli (1741)]] led by general [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] under the orders of [[Chhattrapati Shahu]].{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|pp=43–79}}{{Sfn\|Jaques\|2007\|pp=1034–1035}}{{Sfn\|Subramanian\|1928\|p=52–53}} Chanda Sahib remained prisoner for about eight years before making his escape from the Maratha Empire. Tiruchirappalli was administered by the Maratha general [[Murari Rao]] from 1741 to 1743, when [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)\|it was acquired]] by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], who bribed Rao to hand over the city.{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|pp=43–79}}{{Sfn\|Subramanian\|1928\|p=52–53}} Nizam appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the ruler and returned to [[Golkonda]].{{Sfn\|Chhabra\|2005\|p=103}} When the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] was dethroned by Chanda Sahib after the [[Battle of Ambur]] (1749), the former fled to Tiruchirappalli, where he set up his base.{{Sfn\|Rose\|Newton\|1929\|pp=126–127}}{{Sfn\|Markovits\|2004\|p=222}}{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|p=115}} The subsequent [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752)\|siege of Tiruchirappalli (1751–1752)]] by Chanda Sahib took place during the [[Second Carnatic War]] between the [[East India Company\|British East India Company]] and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah on one side and Chanda Sahib and the [[French East India Company]] on the other.{{Sfn\|Ramaswami\|1984\|p=148}} The British were victorious and Wallajah was restored to the throne. During his reign he proposed renaming the city Natharnagar after the Sufi saint [[Nathar Vali]], who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century AD.{{Sfn\|Bayly\|2004\|p=233}}{{Sfn\|Muthiah\|2008\|p=137}} Tiruchirappalli was invaded by [[Nanjaraja Wodeyar]] in 1753 and [[Hyder Ali]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore\|Mysore kingdom]] in 1780, both attacks repulsed by the troops of the British East India Company.{{Sfn\|Brayley-Hodgetts\|2008\|p=217}} A third invasion attempt, by [[Tipu Sultan]]—son of Hyder Ali—in 1793, was also unsuccessful;{{Sfn\|Burn\|Cotton\|1908\|p=29}} he was pursued by British forces led by [[William Medows]], who thwarted the attack.{{Sfn\|Fortescue\|1902\|pp=558–559}}

			===British rule===
			The Carnatic kingdom was [[Carnatic Treaty\|annexed by the British]] in July 1801 as a consequence of the discovery of collusion between Tipu Sultan—an enemy of the British—and [[Umdat Ul-Umra]], son of Wallajah and the [[Nawab]] at the time, during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]].{{Sfn\|Ingram\|1995\|pp=5–27}}{{Sfn\|Ramachandran\|2008\|p=74}} Trichinopoly was incorporated into the [[Madras Presidency]] the same year, and the district of [[Trichinopoly District\|Trichinopoly]] was formed, with the city of Trichinopoly (or Tiruchirappalli) as its capital.{{Sfn\|Moore\|1878\|p=178}}

			During the [[Company Raj]] and later the [[British Raj]], Tiruchirappalli emerged as one of the most important cities in India. According to the [[Indian census\|1871 Indian census]]—the first in British India—Tiruchirappalli had a population of 76,530, making it the second largest city in the presidency after the capital of Madras (now Chennai).{{Sfn\|Burn\|Cotton\|1908\|p=43}} It was known throughout the [[British Empire]] for its unique variety of ''cheroot'', known as the [[Trichinopoly cigar]].{{Sfn\|Yule\|Burnell\|1903\|p=938}} Tiruchirappalli was the first headquarters for the newly formed [[South Indian Railway Company]] in 1874 until its relocation to [[Madras]] in the early 20th century.{{efn\|Madras was renamed as Chennai in 1996.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Destination Puducherry \|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/23/stories/2006092300020100.htm \|access-date=29 December 2013 \|date=23 September 2006 \|first=Deepa H. \|last=Ramakrishnan \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001854/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/23/stories/2006092300020100.htm \|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news\|first=S. \|last=Muthiah \|title=The railway of the Deep South \|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-railway-of-the-deep-south/article425584.ece \|access-date=16 August 2013 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=9 May 2010 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007133037/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-railway-of-the-deep-south/article425584.ece \|archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref>

			<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4" caption="Trichinopoly during the British Raj">
			File:Town and Fort of Trichinopoly p.302.jpg\|alt=The town and fort of Trichinopoly photographed in 1840\|The town and fort of Trichinopoly c. 1840
			File:The tank and Rockfort Trichinopoly.jpg\|alt=The Teppakulam and Rockfort photographed in 1860\|Rockfort and Teppakulam, c. 1860
			</gallery>

			===Contemporary and modern history===
			[[File:Tiruchirapalli1955.jpg\|thumb\|left\|200px\|Map of Tiruchirappalli town in 1955\|alt=a historical map of the city]]
			Tiruchirappalli played an active role during the [[Indian independence movement\|pre-independence era]]; there were a number of strikes and non-violent protests during the [[Quit India Movement]],{{Sfn\|Zaidi\|1973\|p=101}} notably the [[1928 South Indian Railway Strike\|South Indian Railway Strike]] that took place in 1928.{{Sfn\|South Indian Railway Strike\|1928}} The city was the base for the [[Vedaranyam march\|Vedaranyam salt march]] initiated by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in parallel with the [[Dandi March]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite news\|first=La. Su. \|last=Rengarajan \|title=Marathon march \|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000240400.htm \|access-date=16 August 2013 \|date=10 April 2005 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007060442/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000240400.htm \|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli was an epicentre of the [[anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]] when a team of Tamil language supporters gathered and organised a rally from the city to Madras in [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40\|1938]].<ref>{{cite news\|title=First anti-Hindi agitation remembered \|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/first-antihindi-agitation-remembered/article3716668.ece \|access-date=21 November 2013 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=2 August 2012 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225437/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/first-antihindi-agitation-remembered/article3716668.ece \|archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> Later in 1965, Tiruchirappalli was made the base of the "Madras state Anti-Hindi Conference" convened by C. Rajagopalachari.{{Sfn\|Baliga\|1999\|p=244}}{{Sfn\|Rasam\|1997\|p=98}} The population of Tiruchirappalli continued to grow rapidly, achieving a growth rate of 36.9% during the period 1941–51.{{Sfn\|Rao\|1974\|p=193}} After independence in 1947, Tiruchirappalli fell behind other cities such as [[Salem, Tamil Nadu\|Salem]] and [[Coimbatore]] in terms of growth.{{Sfn\|Bala\|1986\|p=148}}{{Sfn\|Rajendran\|Arumugam\|Chandrasekaran\|2002\|p=3}}<ref name="thehindu_20110409">{{cite news\|title=City of choice \|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2011/04/09/stories/2011040950120100.htm \|date=9 April 2011 \|first1=Aruna V. \|last1=Iyer \|first2=Asha V. \|last2=Sridhar \|access-date=11 May 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831032908/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2011/04/09/stories/2011040950120100.htm \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=31 August 2011 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli remained a part of [[Madras State]], which was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969.{{Sfn\|Rana\|2006\|p=399}} The city underwent extensive economic development in the 1960s with the commissioning of [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]].{{Sfn\|Ahmed\|1980\|p=52}}<ref name=business_line>{{cite web\|title=Tiruchi: Key centre for fabrication \|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/tiruchi-key-centre-for-fabrication/article2692965.ece \|access-date=5 October 2013 \|work=[[Business Line]] \|date=7 December 2011 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007013748/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/tiruchi-key-centre-for-fabrication/article2692965.ece \|archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref> In the early 1980s, [[M. G. Ramachandran]], then [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu\|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] drafted a plan to move the state's administrative headquarters to Tiruchirappalli.<ref name=Mayilvaganan>{{cite news\|first=V. \|last=Mayilvaganan \|title=Residents see development, price rise as major election issues \|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2009/05/11&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T \|access-date=16 August 2013 \|newspaper=The Times of India \|date=11 May 2009 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006222852/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2009%2F05%2F11&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T \|archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> A [[satellite town]] was developed near [[Navalpattu]] on the outskirts of the city,<ref name=Mayilvaganan /> but the proposed move was shelved by successive governments.<ref>{{cite news\|first=S. \|last=Muthiah \|title=Madras Miscellany \|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/article2037759.ece \|access-date=16 August 2013 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=22 May 2011 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006214525/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/article2037759.ece \|archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>

			Like much of Tamil Nadu, Tiruchirappalli remains prone to communal tensions based on religion and ethnicity. There have been occasional outbreaks of [[Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu\|violence against Sri Lankans]]. In 2009, the offices of a Sri Lankan airline were attacked in the city.<ref>
			{{cite web \|first=Jatindra \|last=Dash \|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1637830731.html \|title=Karunanidhi sets up a forum for Sri Lankan Tamil's Welface \|publisher=The Hindustan Times, accessed via HighBeam Research {{subscription}} \|date=3 February 2009 \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060341/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1637830731.html \|archive-date=10 June 2014 }}
			</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Forum for Sri Lankan Tamils' welfare \|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article32700.ece \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|newspaper=The New Indian Express \|date=3 February 2009 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203090748/http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article32700.ece \|archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> In September 2012, two groups of Sri Lankan pilgrims who had visited the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] in [[Velankanni]] and the [[Poondi Madha Basilica]] had their buses attacked in Tiruchirappalli by a group of Tamil activists.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Attacks on Lankan pilgrims in Tamil Nadu: India assures security \|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2012/09/05/attacks-lankan-pilgrims-tamil-nadu-india-assures-security \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]] \|date=5 September 2012 \|first=R. \|last=Vasudevan \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000231/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2012/09/05/attacks-lankan-pilgrims-tamil-nadu-india-assures-security \|archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=On way to airport, Sri Lankan pilgrims attacked by mob in Tamil Nadu \|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-way-to-airport-sri-lankan-pilgrims-attacked-by-mob-in-tamil-nadu/997675/ \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|newspaper=The Indian Express \|date=4 September 2012 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407040619/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-way-to-airport-sri-lankan-pilgrims-attacked-by-mob-in-tamil-nadu/997675/ \|archive-date=7 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>
			{{cite web \|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2756227941.html \|title=Our Pilgrimage to Tamil Nadu Ended in Sadness \|publisher=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)\|Sunday Observer]], accessed via HighBeam Research {{subscription}} \|date=10 September 2013 \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060325/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2756227941.html \|archive-date=10 June 2014 }}
			</ref> Owing to a series of terrorist attacks in Indian cities since 2000, security has been increased at sites such as [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam\|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]].<ref>
			{{cite web \|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1561396171.html \|title=Terror threat to temples in Tamil Nadu \|publisher=The Hindustan Times, accessed via HighBeam Research {{subscription}} \|date=25 September 2008 \|access-date=29 November 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1561396171.html \|archive-date=10 June 2014 }}
			</ref>

			== References ==