WikiDwarf: rm non-existing templates

2020-08-27T08:10:48Z

rm non-existing templates

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 27 August 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{redirect\|Jinas\|Buddhism\|Five Jinas\|the singular\|Jina (disambiguation)}}~~
	~~{{short description\|In Jainism, a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma}}~~
	~~{{Italic title}}~~
	~~{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}~~
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2015}}~~
	~~{{more footnotes\|date=September 2016}}~~
	[[File:Jain 24-Tirthankaras.jpg\|thumb\| Jain miniature painting of 24 Jain Tirthankaras, [[Jaipur]], {{circa\|1850}}\|300px]]		[[File:Jain 24-Tirthankaras.jpg\|thumb\| Jain miniature painting of 24 Jain Tirthankaras, [[Jaipur]], {{circa\|1850}}\|300px]]
	[[File:The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable Hrim.jpg\|thumb\|The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable ''Hrim'', painting on cloth, [[Gujarat]], c. 1800\|300px]]		[[File:The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable Hrim.jpg\|thumb\|The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable ''Hrim'', painting on cloth, [[Gujarat]], c. 1800\|300px]]
	~~{{Jainism}}~~
	In [[Jainism]], a '''''Tirthankara''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ''{{IAST\|tīrthaṅkara}}''; [[English language\|English]]: literally a '[[Ford (crossing)\|ford]]-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the ''[[Dharma (Jainism)\|dharma]]'' (righteous path).<ref name="britannica"/> The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)\|tirtha]]'',{{Sfn\|Babb\|1996\|p=5}} which is a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths, the ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)\|saṃsāra]]''. According to Jains, a ''Tirthankara'' is an individual who has conquered the ''saṃsāra'', the cycle of death and rebirth, on their own, and made a path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the ''Tīrthaṅkara'' attains ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (omniscience). The first Tirthankara founded [[Jainism]]. Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow the new teacher from ''saṃsāra'' to ''[[Mahaviraswami]]'' (liberation).{{sfn\|Sangave\|2006\|p=16}}<ref name="britannica">{{citation \| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar \| title=Britannica Tirthankar Definition \| publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] }}</ref>{{sfn\|Taliaferro\|Marty\|2010\|p=286}}		In [[Jainism]], a '''''Tirthankara''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ''{{IAST\|tīrthaṅkara}}''; [[English language\|English]]: literally a '[[Ford (crossing)\|ford]]-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the ''[[Dharma (Jainism)\|dharma]]'' (righteous path).<ref name="britannica"/> The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)\|tirtha]]'',{{Sfn\|Babb\|1996\|p=5}} which is a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths, the ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)\|saṃsāra]]''. According to Jains, a ''Tirthankara'' is an individual who has conquered the ''saṃsāra'', the cycle of death and rebirth, on their own, and made a path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the ''Tīrthaṅkara'' attains ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (omniscience). The first Tirthankara founded [[Jainism]]. Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow the new teacher from ''saṃsāra'' to ''[[Mahaviraswami]]'' (liberation).{{sfn\|Sangave\|2006\|p=16}}<ref name="britannica">{{citation \| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar \| title=Britannica Tirthankar Definition \| publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] }}</ref>{{sfn\|Taliaferro\|Marty\|2010\|p=286}}

Line 227:		Line 220:

	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Commons category}}~~
	* [[God in Jainism]]		* [[God in Jainism]]
	* [[Kundakunda]]		* [[Kundakunda]]
Line 273:		Line 265:
	* {{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C\| title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism\| isbn=9788178357232\| last1=Jain\| first1=Arun Kumar\| year=2009}}		* {{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C\| title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism\| isbn=9788178357232\| last1=Jain\| first1=Arun Kumar\| year=2009}}
	* {{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBooAAAAYAAJ\|title=Indian Antiquary\|volume=2\|publisher=Popular Prakashan\|date=1874\|first=Jas\|last=Burgess}}		* {{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBooAAAAYAAJ\|title=Indian Antiquary\|volume=2\|publisher=Popular Prakashan\|date=1874\|first=Jas\|last=Burgess}}

	~~{{Portal bar\|Religion\|India}}~~
	~~{{Jain Gods}}~~
	~~{{Jainism topics}}~~
	~~{{Authority control}}~~

	[[Category:Tirthankaras\| ]]		[[Category:Tirthankaras\| ]]
	[[Category:God in Jainism]]		[[Category:God in Jainism]]

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{redirect|Jinas|Buddhism|Five Jinas|the singular|Jina (disambiguation)}} {{short description|In Jainism, a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma}} {{Italic title}} {{U..."

2020-08-27T06:34:21Z

Created page with "{{redirect|Jinas|Buddhism|Five Jinas|the singular|Jina (disambiguation)}} {{short description|In Jainism, a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma}} {{Italic title}} {{U..."

New page

{{redirect|Jinas|Buddhism|Five Jinas|the singular|Jina (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|In Jainism, a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{more footnotes|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Jain 24-Tirthankaras.jpg|thumb| Jain miniature painting of 24 Jain Tirthankaras, [[Jaipur]], {{circa|1850}}|300px]]
[[File:The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable Hrim.jpg|thumb|The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable ''Hrim'', painting on cloth, [[Gujarat]], c. 1800|300px]]
{{Jainism}}
In [[Jainism]], a '''''Tirthankara''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ''{{IAST|tīrthaṅkara}}''; [[English language|English]]: literally a '[[Ford (crossing)|ford]]-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the ''[[Dharma (Jainism)|dharma]]'' (righteous path).<ref name="britannica"/> The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]'',{{Sfn|Babb|1996|p=5}} which is a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths, the ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]''. According to Jains, a ''Tirthankara'' is an individual who has conquered the ''saṃsāra'', the cycle of death and rebirth, on their own, and made a path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the ''Tīrthaṅkara'' attains ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (omniscience). The first Tirthankara founded [[Jainism]]. Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow the new teacher from ''saṃsāra'' to ''[[Mahaviraswami]]'' (liberation).{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=16}}<ref name="britannica">{{citation | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar | title=Britannica Tirthankar Definition | publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] }}</ref>{{sfn|Taliaferro|Marty|2010|p=286}}

In [[Jain cosmology]], the wheel of time is divided in two halves, ''Utsarpiṇī'' or ascending time cycle and ''[[avasarpiṇī]]'', the descending time cycle (said to be current now). In each half of the cosmic time cycle, exactly twenty-four ''tirthankaras'' grace this part of the universe. There have been an infinite number of tirthankaras in the past time periods.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=20}} The first ''tirthankara'' in this present time cycle was [[Rishabhanatha]], who is credited for formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously. The 24th and last ''tirthankara'' of present half-cycle was [[Mahavira]] (599 BC–527 BC).{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=19}}{{sfn|Taliaferro|Marty|2010|p=286}}<ref>{{citation |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |authorlink=Vir Sanghvi |title=Rude Travel: Down The Sages |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/rude-travel-down-the-sages/article1-1121641.aspx |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 September 2013 }}</ref> History records the existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, [[Parshvanath]], the twenty-third ''tirthankara''.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=182-183}}

A ''tirthankara'' organises the ''[[Sangha (Jainism)|sangha]]'', a fourfold order of [[Jain monasticism|male and female monastics]], ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|srāvaka]]''s (male followers) and ''śrāvikā''s (female followers).{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2009|p =17}}

The ''tirthankara's'' teachings form the basis for the Jain [[Canon law|canons]]. The inner knowledge of ''tirthankara'' is believed to be perfect and identical in every respect and their teachings do not contradict one another. However, the degree of elaboration varies according to the spiritual advancement and purity of the society during their period of leadership. The higher the spiritual advancement and purity of mind of the society, the lower the elaboration required.

While ''tirthankaras'' are documented and revered by Jains, their grace is said to be available to all living beings, regardless of religious orientation.<ref name="flugel">Flügel, P. (2010). The Jaina Cult of Relic Stūpas. Numen: International Review For The History Of Religions, 57(3/4), 389–504. doi:10.1163/156852710X501351</ref>

''Tīrthaṅkaras'' are ''[[Arihant (Jainism)|arihants]]'' who after attaining ''[[Kevala Jnana|kevalajñāna]]'' (pure infinite knowledge){{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=164}} preach the true ''[[Dharma (Jainism)|dharma]]''. An ''Arihant'' is also called ''Jina'' (victor), that is one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride and greed.{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=16}} They dwell exclusively within the realm of their Soul, and are entirely free of ''[[Kashaya (Jainism)|kashayas]]'', inner passions, and personal desires. As a result of this, unlimited ''[[siddhi]]s'', or spiritual powers, are readily available to them – which they use exclusively for the spiritual elevation of living beings. Through ''[[darśana]]'', divine vision, and ''[[deshna]]'', divine speech, they help others in attaining ''kevalajñana'', and ''moksha'' (final liberation) to anyone seeking it sincerely.

==Meaning==
[[File:India, Rajasthan, Medieval period - Jina (Tirthankara) - 2001.88 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|Jain iconography]]
[[File:Jain statues, Gwalior.jpg|thumb|Tirthankara images at [[Siddhachal Caves]] inside [[Gwalior Fort]].]]
[[File:Photo of lord adinath bhagwan at kundalpur.JPG|thumb|[[Rishabhanatha]], the first ''Tirthankara'']]

The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]'' which means a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths (called ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]'').{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=313}}{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=169-170}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1930|p=3}}
''Tirthankaras'' are variously called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers" and "Makers of the River-Crossing.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=212}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1930|p=3}}

== ''Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma'' ==
Jain texts propound that a special type of ''[[Karma in Jainism|karma]]'', the ''tīrthaṅkara nama-karma'', raises a soul to the supreme status of a ''Tīrthaṅkara''. ''[[Tattvartha Sutra]]'', a major Jain text, lists sixteen observances which lead to the ''[[Bandha (Jainism)|bandha]]'' (bondage) of this ''karma'':{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=91}}
*Purity of right faith
*Reverence
*Observance of vows and supplementary vows without transgressions
*Ceaseless pursuit of knowledge
*Perpetual fear of the cycle of existence
*Giving gifts (charity)
*Practising austerities according to one's capacity
*Removal of obstacles that threaten the equanimity of ascetics
*Serving the meritorious by warding off evil or suffering
*Devotion to omniscient lords, chief preceptors, preceptors, and the scriptures
*Practice of the six essential daily duties
*Propagation of the teachings of the omniscient
*Fervent affection for one's brethren following the same path.

==''Panch Kalyanaka''==
{{main|Panch Kalyanaka}}
[[File:Sixteen Symbolic Dreams.jpg|thumb|[[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|Auspicious dreams]] seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy]]

Five auspicious events called ''Pañca kalyāṇaka'' mark the life of every ''tirthankara'':{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=110}}
# ''Gārbha kalyāṇaka'' (conception): When ''[[Jiva (Jainism)|ātman]]'' (soul) of a tirthankara comes into his mother's womb.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=74859|title=HereNow4U.net :: Glossary/Index – Terms – Eastern Terms – Chyavana Kalyanak|work=HereNow4u: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness}}</ref>
# ''Janma kalyāṇaka'' (birth): Birth of a tirthankara. [[Indra]] performs a ceremonial bath on ''tirthankara'' on [[Mount Meru]].{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=200}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=246}}
# ''Tapa kalyāṇaka'' (renunciation): When a tirthankara renounces all worldly possessions and become an ascetic.
# ''Jñāna kalyāṇaka'': The event when a tirthankara attains ''kevalajñāna'' (infinite knowledge). A ''[[samavasarana]]'' (divine preaching hall) is erected from where he delivers sermons and restores ''sangha'' after that.
# ''Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka'' (liberation): When a tirthankara leaves his mortal body, it is known as ''nirvana''. It is followed by the final liberation, ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'', after which his souls dwells in ''[[Siddhashila]]''.

==''Samavasarana''==
[[File:Lord Risbabhdev in Samosharan on Mount Kailash.jpg|thumb|right|''Samavasarana'' of Tirthankara [[Rishabha]] ([[Ajmer Jain temple]])]]
{{Main|Samavasarana}}

After attaining ''kevalajñāna'', a ''tirthankara'' preaches the path to liberation in the ''samavasarana''. According to Jain texts, the heavenly pavilion is erected by ''[[Deva (Jainism)|devas]]'' (heavenly beings) where ''devas'', humans and animals assemble to hear the ''tirthankara''.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=200}} A ''tirthankara's'' speech is heard by all humans and animals in their own language. It is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site.{{sfn|Pramansagar|2008|p = 39-43}}

== ''Tīrthaṅkaras'' of present cosmic age ==
[[File:Altarpiece with multiple Jinas, c. 1500, Norton Simon Museum.JPG|thumb|Tirthankars of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)]]
Jainism postulates that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. The wheel of time is divided in two halves, ''Utsarpiṇī'' (ascending half cycle) and ''Avasarpiṇī'' (descending half cycle). 24 ''tirthankaras'' are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition the ''tirthankaras'' were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of their previous lives. Their clan and families are also among those recorded in legendary stories. Jain canons state that [[Rishabhanatha]], the first ''tirthankara'',{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=313}} founded the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]],{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=15}} from which 21 other ''tirthankaras'' also rose over time. Two ''tirthankaras'' – [[Munisuvrata]], the 20th, and [[Neminatha]], the 22nd – belonged to the [[Harivamsa]] dynasty.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=151}}

In Jain tradition, the 20 ''tirthankaras'' attained ''moksha'' on mount [[Shikharji]], in the present Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].{{sfn|Osho|2016|p=4}} Rishabhanatha attained nirvana on [[Mount Kailash]], presently located in [[Tibet]],{{Sfn|Jain|2009|p=273}} close to Indian border, Vasupujya at [[Champapuri]] in [[North Bengal]],{{Sfn|Burgess|1874|p=136}} [[Neminatha]] on mount [[Girnar]], [[Gujarat]], and Mahavira, the last ''tirthankara'', at [[Pawapuri]], near modern [[Patna]]. Twenty-one of the ''tirthankaras'' are said to have attained ''moksha'' in the ''[[kayotsarga]]'' (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Mahavira are said to have attained moksha in the ''Padmasana'' ([[lotus position]]).{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=212}}

== List of the 24 tirthankaras ==
=== Present cosmic age ===
[[File:Shrine with Four Jinas (Rishabhanatha (Adinatha)), Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira) LACMA M.85.55 (1 of 4).jpg|thumb|Jain chaumukha sculpture at [[LACMA]], 6th century]]

In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 ''tirthankaras'' of this age are mentioned below:{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=550}}<ref name="britannica" />{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=181-208}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jainuniversity.org/pdfbooks/030414060736pdfbooks.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713111418/http://www.jainuniversity.org/pdfbooks/030414060736pdfbooks.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Tirthankara (EMBLEMS OR SYMBOLS) pdf|archivedate=13 July 2015}}</ref> ''[[Dhanusha (unit)|Dhanuṣa]]'' means "bow", ''hatha'' means "hands" {{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} and ''1 Purva'' equals 8,400,000 x 8,400,000 or 70,560,000,000,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jaina.org/page/RealityExistence|title=Jain Reality/Existence – JAINA-JainLink|website=www.jaina.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Name !! Symbol !! Colour !! Height
!Age
!Moksh Vriksha
|-
| 1 || [[Rishabhanatha]] (Adinatha) || [[Bull]] || Golden || 500 dhanuṣa
|8,400,000 Purva
|[[Ficus benghalensis|Ficus Benghalensis]]
|-
| 2 || [[Ajitanatha]] || [[Elephant]] || Golden || 450 dhanuṣa
|7,200,000 Purva
|[[Alstonia scholaris|Alstonia Scholaris]]
|-
| 3 || [[Sambhavanatha]] || [[Horse]] || Golden || 400 dhanuṣa
|6,000,000 Purva
|[[Shorea robusta|Shorea Robusta Gaertn]]
|-
| 4 || [[Abhinandananatha]] || [[Monkey]] || Golden || 350 dhanuṣa
|5,000,000 Purva
|[[Pterocarpus marsupium|Petrocarpus Marsupium]] Roxb
|-
| 5 || [[Sumatinatha]] || [[Heron]] || Golden || 300 dhanuṣa
|4,000,000 Purva
|[[Prunus mahaleb|Prunus Mahaleb]] L.
|-
| 6 || [[Padmaprabha]] || [[Padma (attribute)|Padma]] || Red || 250 dhanuṣa
|3,000,000 Purva
|
|-
| 7 || [[Suparshvanatha]] || [[Swastika]] || Golden || 200 dhanuṣa
|2,000,000 Purva
|[[Albizia lebbeck|Albizia Lebbeck]] (L.) Benth
|-
| 8 || [[Chandraprabha]] || [[Crescent]] [[Moon]] || White || 150 dhanuṣa
|1,000,000 Purva
|[[Mesua ferrea|Mesua Ferrea]] L.
|-
| 9 || [[Pushpadanta]] (Suvidhinath) || [[Crocodile]] or [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] || White || 100 dhanuṣa
|2,00,000 Purva
|[[Aegle marmelos|Aegle Marmelos]] (L.) Corrrea
|-
| 10 || [[Shitalanatha]] || [[Kalpvraksha]] || Golden || 90 dhanuṣa
|1,00,000 Purva
|[[Ficus amplissima|Ficus Amplissima]] Sm.
|-
| 11 || [[Shreyanasanatha]] || [[Rhinoceros]] || Golden || 80 dhanuṣa
|84,00,000 Years
|[[Diospyros malabarica|Diospyros Malabarica]] (Desr.) Kostel.
|-
| 12 || [[Vasupujya]] || [[African buffalo|Buffalo]] || Red || 70 dhanusa
|72,00,000 Years
|[[Stereospermum chelonoides|Stereopermum Suaveolens]] (Roxb.) DC.
|-
| 13 || [[Vimalanatha]] || [[Boar]] || Golden || 60 dhanusa
|60,00,000 Years
|[[Syzygium cumini|Syzygium Cumini]] (L.) Skeels
|-
| 14 || [[Anantanatha]] || [[Porcupine]] according to the [[Digambara]]<br />[[Falcon]] according to the [[Śvētāmbara]] || Golden || 50 dhanuṣa
|30,00,000 Years
|[[Ficus religiosa|Ficus Religiosa]] L.
|-
| 15 || [[Dharmanatha]] || [[Vajra]] || Golden || 45 dhanuṣa
|10,00,000 Years
|[[Limonia acidissima|Lomonia Acidissima]] Groff
|-
| 16 || [[Shantinatha]] || [[Antelope]] or [[deer]] || Golden || 40 dhanuṣa
|7,00,000 Years
|[[Ficus retusa|Ficus Retusa]] L.
|-
| 17 || [[Kunthunatha]] || [[Goat]] || Golden || 35 dhanuṣa
|95,000 Years
|[[Wendlandia heynei|Wendlandia Heynei]] (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant
|-
| 18 || [[Aranatha]] || Nandyavarta or [[fish]] || Golden || 30 dhanuṣa
|84,000 Years
|[[Mangifera indica|Mangifera Indica]] L.
|-
| 19 || [[Māllīnātha]] || [[Kalasha]] || Blue || 25 dhanuṣa
|56,000 Years
|[[Saraca indica|Saraca Indica]] L.
|-
| 20 || [[Munisuvrata]] || [[Tortoise]] || Black || 20 dhanuṣa
|30,000 Years
|''[[Magnolia champaca]]'' (L.) Baill.ex Pierre
|-
| 21 || [[Naminatha]] || [[Nymphaea caerulea|Blue lotus]] || Golden || 15 dhanuṣa
|10,000 Years
|''[[Mimusops elengi]]'' L.
|-
| 22 || [[Neminatha]] || [[Shankha]] || Black || 10 dhanuṣa
|1000 Years
|[[Salix tetrasperma|Salix Tetrasperma]] Roxb
|-
| 23 || [[Parshvanatha]] || [[Snake]] || Blue || 9 hath
|100 Years
|[[Anogeissus latifolia|Anogeissus Latifolia]] (Roxb.ec DC.)
Wall. ex Guillem. & Perr.
|-
| 24 || [[Mahavira]] || [[Lion]] || Golden || 4 hath
|72 Years
|[[Manilkara hexandra|Manilkara Hexandra]] (Roxb.) Dubard
|}

=== Next cosmic age ===
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2015}}
The 24 ''tirthankaras'' of the present age (''avasarpinī'') are the ones listed above. The names of the next 24, which will be born in ''utsarpinī'' age are as follows.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}
[Mentioned in the parentheses is one of the (previous human birth) of that soul.]

# Padmanabha (King [[Bimbisara|Shrenika]]){{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=276}}
# Surdev (Mahavira's uncle Suparshva)
# Suparshva (King Kaunik's son king [[Udayin]])
# Svamprabh (The ascetic Pottil)
# Sarvanubhuti (''[[Śrāvaka]]'' Dridhayadha)
# Devshruti (Kartik's Shreshti)
# Udaynath (''Shravak'' Shamkha)
# Pedhalputra (''Shravak'' Ananda)
# Pottil (''Shravak'' Sunand)
# Shatak (''Sharavak'' Shatak)
# Munivrat ([[Krishna]]'s mother [[Devaki]])
# Amam ([[Krishna]])
# Shrinishkashay (Satyaki Rudhra also Satyaki of Mahabharata)
# Nishpulak (Krishna's brother Balbhadra also known as [[Balrama]])
# Nirmam (''Shravika'' Sulsa)
# Chitragupta (Krishna's brother's mother [[Rohini Devi]])
# Samadhinath (Revati Gathapatni)
# Samvarnath (''Sharavak'' Shattilak)
# Yashodhar (''Rishi'' Dwipayan)
# Vijay ([[Karna]] of [[Mahabharata]])
# Malyadev (Nirgranthaputra or Mallanarada)
# Devachandra (''Shravak'' Ambadh)
# Anantvirya (''Shravak'' Amar)
# Shribhadrakar (Shanak)

== Iconography of tirthanakars ==
[[File:Mahavir.jpg|thumb|Famous idol of [[Mahavir Swami]] at [[Shri Mahavirji]] ]]

A tīrthaṅkara is represented either seated in [[lotus position]] (''Padmasana'') or standing in the meditation Khadgasana (''[[Kayotsarga]]'') posture.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=209-210}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=79}} This latter, which is similar to the military [[standing at attention]] is a difficult posture to hold for a long period, and has the attraction to Jains that it reduces to the minimum the amount of the body in contact with the earth, and so posing a risk to the sentient creatures living in or on it. If seated, they are usually depicted seated with their legs crossed in front, the toes of one foot resting close upon the knee of the other, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap.<ref name="britannica" />

Tirthanakar images do not have distinctive facial features, clothing or (mostly) hair-styles, and are differentiated on the basis of the symbol or emblem (''Lanchhana'') belonging to each tirthanakar except [[Parshvanatha]]. Statues of Parshvanath have a snake crown on the head. The first Tirthankara [[Rishabha]] can be identified by the [[Lock of hair|locks of hair]] falling on his shoulders. Sometimes [[Suparshvanath]] is shown with a small snake-hood. The symbols are marked in the centre or in the corner of the pedestal of the statue. The sects of Jainism [[Digambara]] and [[Svetambara]] have different depictions of idols. Digambara images are naked without any ornamentation, whereas Svetambara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments.{{sfn|Cort|2010}} The images are often marked with [[Srivatsa]] on the chest and [[Tilaka]] on the forehead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/r/red_sandstone_figure_of_a_tirt.aspx|title=Red sandstone figure of a tirthankara}}</ref> Srivatsa is one of the [[ashtamangala]] (auspicious symbols). It can look somewhat like a [[fleur-de-lis]], an [[endless knot]], a flower or diamond-shaped symbol.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=15, 31}}

The bodies of tirthanakar statues are exceptionally consistent throughout the over 2,000 years of the historical record. The bodies are rather slight, with very wide shoulders and a narrow waist. Even more than is usual in Indian sculpture, the depiction takes relatively little interest in the accurate depiction of the underlying musculature and bones, but is interested in the modelling of the outer surfaces as broad swelling forms. The ears are extremely elongated, suggesting the heavy earrings the figures wore in their early lives before they took the path to enlightenment, when most were wealthy if not royal.

Sculptures with four tirthanakars, or their heads, facing in four directions, are not uncommon in early sculpture, but unlike the comparable Hindu images, these represent four different tirthanakars, not four aspects of the same deity. Multiple extra arms are avoided in tirthanakar images, though their attendants or guardians may have them.<ref>Srinivasan, Doris, ''Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art'', pp. 329-330, 1997, BRILL, {{ISBN|9004107584}}, 9789004107588, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA335 google books]</ref>

== In other religions ==
{{See also|Rishabha (Hinduism)|Paranath Avtar}}
The first ''Tirthankara'', ''Rishabhanatha'' is mentioned in Hindu texts like the ''Rigveda'',{{sfn|George|2008|p=318}} ''Vishnupurana'' and ''Bhagwata Purana''.{{sfn|Rao|2007|p=13}} The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tīrthaṅkaras – Ṛiṣhabha, Ajitnātha and Ariṣṭanemi.{{sfn|Dr. K. R. Shah|2011|p=9}} The Bhāgavata Purāṇa includes legends about the Tirthankaras of Jainism particularly Rishabha.<ref>Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231149990}}, pages 151–155</ref>
Yoga Vasishta, Chapter 15, Sloka 8 gives the saying of [[Rama]]:
{{quote|I am not Rama. I have no desire for material things. Like Jina I want to establish peace within myself.<ref>://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm</ref>}}

[[Champat Rai Jain]], a 20th-century Jain writer, claimed that the "[[Four and Twenty Elders]]" mentioned in the [[Book of Revelation]] (the final book of the Christian [[Bible]]) are "Twenty-four ''Tirthankaras''".{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1930|p=78}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
* [[God in Jainism]]
* [[Kundakunda]]
* [[List of Tirthankaras]]
* [[Simandhara]]
* [[Tattva (Jainism)]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{citation |last=Balcerowicz |first=Piotr |authorlink=Piotr Balcerowicz |title=Jainism and the definition of religion |date=2009 |publisher=[[Hindi Granth Karyalay]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |isbn=978-81-88769-29-2 |edition=1st }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |authorlink=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2010 |orig-year=1953 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195132342 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC |date=2001 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC |date=1999 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn=0-87779-044-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] }}
* {{citation |last=George |first=Vensus A. |authorlink=Vensus A. George |title=Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaRePV92YwC |publisher=[[The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy]] |date=2008 |volume=XII |isbn=978-1-56518-248-6}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Champat Rai |authorlink=Champat Rai Jain |title=Jainism, Christianity and Science |publisher=[[The Indian Press]] |location=[[Allahabad]] |date=1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/JainismChristianityAndScience |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Champat Rai Jain|1930}} }}
*{{citation
|last1=Jain
|first1=Jyotindra
|last2=Fischer
|first2=Eberhard
|title=Jaina Iconography, Part 12- Iconography of religions: Indian religions
|year=1978
|publisher=BRILL
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFZ7vQ2jwlEC
|isbn=978-9004052598}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |authorlink=Vijay K. Jain |title=Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara |date=2015 |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |isbn=978-81-903639-7-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xI8HBgAAQBAJ |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2015}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |authorlink=Vijay K. Jain |title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra |date=2011 |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |location=[[Uttarakhand]] |isbn=81-903639-2-1 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2011}} }}
* {{citation |last=Pramansagar |first=Muni |authorlink=Pramansagar |title=Jain Tattvavidya |date=2008 |publisher=[[Bhartiya Gyanpeeth]] |location=[[India]] |isbn=978-81-263-1480-5 }}
* {{citation |last=Rao |first=P Raghunadha |authorlink=P Raghunadha Rao |title=Indian Heritage and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC |isbn=9788120709300 |date=2007 |origyear=1988 |publisher=[[Sterling Publishers]] }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |authorlink=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Aspects of Jaina religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhvGRoyAqMC |edition=5 |date=2006 |origyear=1990 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=81-263-1273-4 }}
*{{citation|first=K. R.|last=Shah|title=The Philosophy of welfare economics of Dr. Amartya Sen and Jain Philosophy|publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]]| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mttaJSAlMf4C&pg=PA9| isbn=978-1-4269-5023-0|date=2011|ref={{sfnref|Dr. K. R. Shah|2011}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |authorlink=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |origyear=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{Cite Q|Q40348271|ref={{sfnref|Umakant P. Shah|1987}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |authorlink=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Taliaferro |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Taliaferro |last2=Marty |first2=Elsa J. |authorlink2=Elsa J. Marty |title=A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78962vlrCDcC |publisher=[[A&C Black]] |date=2010 |isbn=1441111972 }}
* {{citation |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |authorlink=Kristi L. Wiley |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=9780810868212 |date=2009 }}
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |authorlink=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editorlink=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]], E.C. 4 |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y64wDwAAQBAJ|title=Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture|first=Lawrence A. |last=Babb|publisher=University of California Press|date=1996}}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X }}
* {{Citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdHKV6aWnQ8C| first=Rajneesh|last=Jain|author-link=osho|publisher=Krishna Prakashan Media|date=2016|title=Essence of spiritualism|isbn= 9788179332009|ref={{sfnref|Osho|2016}} }}
* {{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C| title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism| isbn=9788178357232| last1=Jain| first1=Arun Kumar| year=2009}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBooAAAAYAAJ|title=Indian Antiquary|volume=2|publisher=Popular Prakashan|date=1874|first=Jas|last=Burgess}}

{{Portal bar|Religion|India}}
{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tirthankaras| ]]
[[Category:God in Jainism]]

Tirthankara - Revision history

WikiDwarf: rm non-existing templates

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{redirect|Jinas|Buddhism|Five Jinas|the singular|Jina (disambiguation)}} {{short description|In Jainism, a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma}} {{Italic title}} {{U..."