imported>Bada Kaji: Nepal Sudurpashchim Pradesh → Nepal Sudurpashchim Province (map); clean up

2021-05-06T06:36:31Z

Nepal Sudurpashchim Pradesh → Nepal Sudurpashchim Province (map); clean up

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{{Infobox territory
| name = Tinkar
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| settlement_type = village
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| pushpin_map = Nepal Sudurpashchim Province#Nepal
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| coordinates = {{coord|30.1355|80.9848|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Sudurpashchim Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type = Province
| subdivision_name = [[Sudurpashchim Pradesh|Sudurpashchim]]
| subdivision_type1 = District
| subdivision_name1 = [[Darchula District|Darchula]]
| subdivision_type2 = Rural Municipality
| subdivision_name2 = [[Byans Rural Municipality|Byas]]
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| elevation_max_footnotes =<ref>{{harvp|Śreshṭha, Border Management of Nepal|2003|p=243}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m = 5258
| elevation_min_footnotes = <ref name="transit point">[https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/tinker-transit-point-unguarded/ Tinker transit point unguarded], ''The Himalayan Times'', 19 January 2019.</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 3650
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'''Tinkar''' is a village in the [[Byans Rural Municipality]] of [[Darchula District]] in the [[Sudurpashchim Pradesh|Sudurpashchim]] province of [[Nepal]]. It is named after the '''Tinkar Khola''' river, a tributary of the [[Sharda River|Mahakali River]], which it joins near the village of '''Chhangru'''.

At the top of the Tinkar valley near the Tibet [[China–Nepal border|border]] is the '''Tinkar Pass''' (5,258 m), which provides a trading route for the [[Byansi people|Byansis]] of the region for the Tibetan trading centre [[Burang Town|Burang]].<ref name=Latombe>{{cite web |url=http://ai.stanford.edu/~latombe/mountain/photo/nepal-2016/nepal-2016.htm |title=Valleys of Nepal's Northwestern Corner |date=April 2016 |website=www.ai.stanford.edu |publisher= |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nepal.places-in-the-world.com/7940227-place-tinkar-pass.html |title=Tinkar Pass |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=Api>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainkingdoms.com/uploads/itineraries/2000028/2015%20Api%20Base%20Camp,%20West%20Nepal.pdf |title=Api Best Camp, West Nepal |publisher=Mountain Kingdoms Ltd. |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> However, the Tinkaris are said to prefer the [[Lipulekh Pass]] across the border in Indian territory due to its higher volume.<ref name=snow>{{harvp|Strachey, Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan etc.|1848}}: "We met a smiling rosy-faced ''Tinker'' [resident of Tinkar] on the top of Nirpaniah, who ... informed me that his pass is not so easy as Lipu Lekh, and the snow on it more troublesome, because his village has but 5 or 6 ''Man'' (families) whose small traffic is insufficient to make a good beaten path."</ref> Nepal has ongoing claims to the Lipulekh Pass, as part of the [[Kalapani territory]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
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| mark-coord1 = {{coord| 30.2328|81.0284}}
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| label1 = Lipulekh |labela1 = Pass
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| mark-title1 = [[Lipulekh Pass]]
| mark-description1 = Point on China–India border

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|30.2234|80.9123}}
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| mark-title2 = Kalapani village
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| mark-title3 = Kalapani camping ground
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| mark-title4 = [[Gunji, Uttarakhand|Gunji]]
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| mark-coord5 = {{coord|30.1795|80.9417}}
| mark5 = Blue Fire.svg
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| label5 = P.6172
| label-size5 = 10
| label-color5 = hard blue
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| mark-title5 = P.6172
| mark-description5 = Peak on India–Nepal border (6,172 m)

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|30.1969443|81.0327243}}
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| label6 = Om Parvat
| label-size6 = 10
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| mark-title6 = Om Parvat
| mark-description6 = Peak on India–Nepal border (5590 m)

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|30.1941715|81.0397054}}
| mark7 = Mountain pass 12x12 ne.svg
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| label7 = Tinkar |labela7 = Pass
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| label-color7 = hard red
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| mark-title7 = Tinkar Pass or Tinkar Lipu
| mark-description7 = Mountain pass on China–Nepal border

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|30.1295|80.8834}}
| mark8 = Red pog.svg
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| label8 = Changru
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| mark-title8 = Changru
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| mark-coord9 = {{coord|30.1355|80.9848}}
| mark9 = Red pog.svg
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| label9 = Tinkar
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| mark-title9 = Tinkar
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| mark-coord10 = {{coord|30.23565|80.94821}} 
| mark10 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
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| label10 = Kalapani |labela10 = River
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| mark-title10 = [[Kalapani River]]
| mark-description10= Also called Lipu Gad, headwater of Kali

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|30.2425|81.0022}}
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| label11 = Lipu | labela11 = Gad
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| label-pos11 = bottom |label-offset-x11 = -5 |label-offset-y11 = 0
| mark-title11 = Lipu Gad
| mark-description11 = Upper stream of the Kalapani River

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|30.21134|80.933}}
| mark13 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
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| label13 = Pankha |labela13 = Gad
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| mark-title13 = Pankha Gad
| mark-description13 = Tributary of the Kalapani River

| mark-coord14 = {{coord|30.14814|81.01722}}
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| label14 = Tinkar |labela14 = Khola
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| mark-title14 = Tinkar Khola
| mark-description14 = Tributary of Kali in Nepal


| mark-coord20 = {{coord|30.26|80.68}}
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| label20 = KUMAON |labela20 = (INDIA)
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| label-color20 = dark grey
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| mark-title20 = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| mark-description20 = Part of [[Uttarakhand]]

| mark-coord21 = {{coord|30.08|80.95}}
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| label21 = NEPAL
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| mark-coord22 = {{coord|30.40|80.85}}
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| mark-title22 = [[Tibet]]
| mark-description22 = Autonomous region of [[China]]
}}
Tinkar is in the far-western region of Nepal, in the province of [[Sudurpashchim Pradesh]] at the high end of the Great Himalayan range, elevation {{convert|3650|m|ft}}. It is the principal village in the valley of the Tinkar River (''Tinkar Khola''), which is a tributary of the [[Mahakali River]] (or Kali River and Sarda River). Mahakali serves as the western boundary of Nepal with India, beyond which lies the Indian region of [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]] (part of the [[Uttarakhand]] state).

Along the Tinkar Valley, closer to the border, is another large village called Chhangru (or Changru). Tinkar (80 households) and Chhangru (100 households) are populated by [[Byansi people]], who speak a [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]] language called [[Byangsi language|Byangsi]]. The region across the border in Kumaon is also populated by Byansi people, with whom the Byansis of the Tinkar Valley have cultural and historical links. A third village called Ghaga, at the confluence of Tinkar and Nampa rivers, is populated by other classes of people.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}

Upstream along one of the headwaters of the Tinkar Khola is the Tinkar Pass (or "Tinkar Lipu"{{sfnp|Heim & Gansser, The Throne of the Gods|1939|p=207}}) at the top of the Great Himalayan range, which provides a historical trading route for the Byansis to the Tibetan town of [[Burang Town|Burang]]. This pass is however insignificant for the overall economy of Nepal because the far-western region is cut off from the rest of the country by "high impassable mountains and glaciers".{{sfnp|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988|p=99}} Manzard et al. state that the Tinkar Byansis also used to use the Lipulekh Pass because the Tinkar Pass is quite difficult to traverse.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}

While the general border runs along the Mahakali River, in the upper headwaters above the [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani village]], it is the [[drainage divide|watershed]] of the streams that flow into the river. This was a decision made by the [[British India]]n government in the 19th century.<ref name="District Almora map">{{harvp|Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue|2001|pp=3–4}}: "The map 'District Almora' published by the Survey of India [during 1865–1869] for the first time shifted the boundary further east beyond even the Lipu Khola (Map-5). The new boundary moving away from Lipu Khola follows the southern divide of Pankhagadh Khola and then moves north along the ridge."</ref><ref name="Almora British territory">{{harvp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2|1981|pp=381–382}} and {{harvp|Walton, Almora District Gazetteer|1911|p=253}}: "The drainage area of the Kalapani lies ''wholly within British territory'', but a short way below the springs the Kali forms the boundary with Nepal." (Emphasis added)</ref>
Two significant peaks, P. 6172 and Om Parvat (5590 m), lie on this watershed range, which are popular trekking destinations.<ref name=Latombe/><ref name=Api/> Nepal has ongoing claims to the territory beyond the watershed, up to the main headwater stream, which is termed the [[Kalapani territory]].<ref name=Economist>[https://www.economist.com/asia/1998/07/02/its-ours It's ours], ''The Economist'', 2 July 1998.</ref><ref name=Mehta/>

== History ==
According to the ''Himalayan Gazetteer'', the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]].{{sfnp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}} After the [[unification of Nepal]] in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well as [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]]. The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] saw the British general [[David Ochterlony|Ochterlony]] evict the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Mahakali River.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=41-42}}<ref>
{{harvp|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971|pp=83–85}}: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
</ref> After agreeing the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], which made a territorial settlement along the Mahakali River, the Nepalese appealed to the British governor general that they were entitled to the areas to the east (here, southeast) of the Mahakali River. The British conceded the demand, and the Tinkar Valley with its large villages of Chhangru and Tinkar was transferred to Nepal. The British, however, retained the areas to the northwest of the Mahakali River, including the [[Kuthi Valley]] and the [[Kalapani territory]] near the headwaters of the Mahakali. Thus the "parganah [of] Byans" got divided across the two countries.<ref>{{harvp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}}: "... this arrangement divided into two parts [the] parganah Byans, which had hitherto been considered as an integral portion of Kumaon as distinguished from Doti and Jumla."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue|2001|p=4}}: Quoting Government of India's letter to the Almora officials: "... the occupation of the villages and lands of Pergunnah Byans on that side of the river, having taken place under erroneous view of the questions, they must now be transferred to the Nipaulese, however desirous the British Government may be to retain under its own sway the Zamindars and Inhabitants of those villages."</ref>

Since the British operated an open border with Nepal, allowing free movement of people across it, the normal intercourse of the Tinkaris with their fellow Byansis on the Indian side is likely to have continued unhindered. They continued to use the [[Lipulekh Pass]] on the Indian side for their commerce with the Tibetans.<ref name=snow/><ref name="Lipulekh Manzardo">{{harvp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}: "Tinkar pass reaches an altitude of 20,000 feet and is considerably more difficult to traverse than Lipu pass, which was the main route to Taklakot (Purang)."</ref> They also use the road on the Indian side to travel to [[Khalanga, Darchula|Khalanga]] where they spend the winters as part of their [[transhumance]] practices. The footbridge at Sitapul near the mouth of Tinkar Khola is used to transit to the Indian side of the border.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}} Likewise the ''zamindars'' (landholders) on the Indian side that owned land in Nepal continued to opearate such lands.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}

The Tinkar Pass at the top of the Tinkar Valley is the ''de facto'' tri-junction between China, India and Nepal. The Article 1 of the [[China–Nepal border|China–Nepal border treaty]] of 1961 states:
{{quote|The Chinese-Nepalese boundary line starts from the point where the watershed between the Kali River and the Tinkar River meet the watershed between the tributaries of the Mapchu (Karnali) River on the one hand and the Tinkar River on the other hand.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|p=16}}}}
This being the precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|pp=16–17}}

Following the Chinese take-over of Tibet, India and Nepal jointly operated a number of checkposts along the Tibet border starting in 1952.<ref>{{harvp|Kavic, India's Quest for Security|1967|p=55}}: "The extent of these precautionary measures is reflected in the rise in the cost of these defence posts from $42,000 (1952) to $280,000 (1954)".... "[25] The initiative reportedly came from Nepal. See Robert Trumbull in the New York Times, 16 February 1950."</ref> According to Nepalese geographer [[Buddhi Narayan Shrestha]], one of these was at the Tinkar Pass.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|p=8}}{{efn|Shrestha calls them "Indian posts", but they were in fact Nepalese posts set up with Indian assistance, and had only technical personnel from India. See {{citation |last=Sen |first=N. C. |title=Changing Indo-Nepal Relations |journal=China Report |volume=5 |number=5 |pages=20–22 |year=1969 |doi=10.1177/000944556900500505|s2cid=155924339 }}}} In 1969, Nepal asked for the Indian personnel to be withdrawn from the posts, and India did so, with the understanding that Nepal would continue to man the posts. Former Indian Army general [[Ashok K. Mehta]] states that none of the posts remained afterwards.<ref name=Mehta>
Ashok K. Mehta, [https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/kalapani-dispute-india-nepal-border-china-indian-army-royal-nepal-army-politics Delhi Can’t Anger Nepal Too — Kalapani Issue Must Be Resolved ASAP], The Quint, 17 December 2019.
</ref> Subsequently, India stepped up security and surveillance on the Indian side of the Nepal–India border and also introduced a permit system for the use of Indian roads.<ref name=ASI>
Gokarna Dayal, [https://risingnepaldaily.com/interview/i-used-to-patrol-with-arms-in-kalapani-48-years-ago-nepal-police-asi I Used To Patrol With Arms In Kalapani 48 Years Ago: Nepal Police ASI], The Rising Nepal, 12 May 2020.
</ref>

According to ''[[The Rising Nepal]]'', a checkpost was established at the Tinkar village around 1972, by an Assistant Sub-Inspector, who was also in charge of patrolling up to Chhangru. The officer claimed to have patrolled up to the Kalapani village with arms once, along the Indian road, while the Indian security kept him under surveillance. He was denied a permit to visit it a second time.<ref name=ASI/>

After the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|border war]] between India and China, India closed the Lipulekh Pass at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The Byansis of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988|p=99}}: "Lipu La, however, was closed in 1962, due to the strained Sino-Indian relations. Today remaining trade moves via Tinkar La."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}: "Previously there were two passes to Tibet, the Lipu pass (Lipu la) and the Tinkar pass (Tinkar la), but now only the Tinkar pass is accessible, since the Indians have closed Lipu pass to trans-Himalayan traffic."</ref> In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass,<ref name=Rose>{{citation |first=Leo E. |last=Rose |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms |journal=Asian Survey |volume=39 |number=1 |date=January–February 1999 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.2307/2645605 |jstor=2645605}}</ref> and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined.

== Status ==
According to the Chairperson of the Byas Rural Municipality, Chhangru is the last Nepali village along the Mahakali river heading north.{{efn|It is to the south of [[Gunji, Uttarakhand|Gunji]] where the Kuthi Yankti and Kalapani rivers merge, which India officially regards as the starting point of the Kali river. Even though the Chairperson says that Changru is the last village "not under India's control", that assertion is contracted by the ''Nepali Times'' journalists, who reported going up to 600 metres near the Kalapani stream before being stopped by the Indian security.<ref name="Nepali Times"/>}} He states that the roads on the Nepali side are bad and the villagers have to use the Indian roads to get to Chhangru.{{efn|Even earlier, Manzardo et al. noted that the Byansis used the road on the Indian side because it was easier to traverse.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}}} They have to obtain permits from the Indian administration for this purpose. He complained of the attitude of the Indian administrators, which he described as "condescending".<ref>
Ram Chandra Bhandari, [http://english.lokaantar.com/articles/no-border-marks-kalapani-locals-mercy-indian-administration/ No border marks in Kalapani, locals at mercy of Indian administration], ''Lokantar'', 10 November 2019.
</ref>

There is a walk bridge over the Mahakali River near Chhangru called ''Sita Pul'', which allows passage between India and Nepal. Nepal used to have a customs point at this location, which was abandoned during the [[Nepalese Civil War|conflict period]], and has not yet been reinstated.<ref name="trade hit"/> During the conflict period, the area was controlled by the [[Nepalese Civil War|Maoist rebels]], who charged "tax" (protection money) on wildlife trafficking through the Tinkar route. Illegal animal products from India are said to have been trafficked, including tiger skins, tiger bones and parts, musk deer pouches and yarsagumba. The ''Nepali Times'' journalists estimated that the rebels earned Rs. 35 million annually through such "taxes".<ref name="Nepali Times">K. C. Sharad, [http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=2049#.XelnrdX7Qz0 Kalapani's new ‘line of control’], ''Nepali Times'', 10 September 2004.</ref> Such trafficking is still ongoing as of 2019.<ref>Sonia Awale, [https://www.pangolinreports.com/nepal-china-connectivity/ Nepal-China Connectivity Aid Wildlife Smuggling], ''The Pangolin Reports'', 6 September 2019. "New trans-Himalayan roads have also made it easier for wildlife smugglers transporting contraband from India to China via Nepal. Besides Rasuwagadi, Olangchungola in Taplejung, Kimathanka in Sankhuwasaba, Ilam in eastern Nepal, Tinkar Pass in Darchula and Hilsa in Humla are new smuggling routes."</ref>

News reports in May 2018 state that the trade with Tibet is "almost nil", and it has been so for the last five or six years. "There is neither road access from the Nepal side to bring goods imported from Tibet nor is there [a] customs office," according to ''The Kathmandu Post''.<ref name="trade hit">[https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/10/20/nepal-tibet-trade-hit-for-lack-of-road-and-other-facilities Nepal-Tibet trade hit for lack of road and other facilities], ''The Kathmandu Post'', 20 October 2018.</ref>

Between 2013 and 2020, India laid a (motorable) link road on the Indian side of the river. When it was inaugurated in May 2020, the Nepalese government protested, calling it a "unilateral act".<ref>PTI, [https://theprint.in/world/nepal-objects-to-indias-unilateral-opening-of-link-road-to-kailash-mansarovar/418096/ Nepal objects to India's ‘unilateral’ opening of link road to Kailash Manasarovar], ''The Print'', 9 May 2020.</ref>

Bir Bahadur Chand, the police officer that established the Tinkar checkpost, states that the controversies surrounding the [[Kalapani territory]] are raised only by the [[Kathmandu]] media, and they cause a lot of difficulties for the people of the Tinkar region.<ref name=ASI/>

==See also==
* [[Kalapani territory]]
* [[Kuthi Valley]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18114/page/n205 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981}}}}
* {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15260/page/n5 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2|1981}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sam |last=Cowan |author-link=Samuel Cowan |title=The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2015 |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/SWAY000513/00001}}
* {{citation |first1=Arnold |last1=Heim |first2=August |last2=Gansser |title=The Throne of the Gods: An account of the first Swiss expedition to the Himalayas |publisher=Macmillan |date=1939 |url=http://www.perrelet.gr/abacus/dox/TheThroneOfTheGods.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Heim & Gansser, The Throne of the Gods|1939}}}}
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{{Mountain passes of Nepal}}

[[Category:Sudurpashchim Province]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Nepal]]

Tinkar - Revision history

imported>Bada Kaji: Nepal Sudurpashchim Pradesh → Nepal Sudurpashchim Province (map); clean up