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{{Short description|Turco-Mongol dynasty}}
{{About|the royal family|the territorial states over which it ruled|Timurid Empire|and|Mughal Empire}}
{{Infobox family|
|name = Timurid dynasty
|native_name ={{lang|fa|{{Nastaliq|گورکانیان}}}}, Gūrkāniyān
|country = {{plainlist|
*[[Timurid Empire]]
*[[Mughal Empire]]
}}
|region=[[Central Asia]] [[Greater Iran]] [[Indian peninsula]]
|parent house = [[Barlas]]
|cadet_branches = [[Mughal dynasty]]
|current head =
|coat of arms =
|titles =
* [[Amir]]
* [[Bey|Beg]]
* [[Gurkani]]
* [[Mirza]]
* [[Sahib Qiran]]
* [[Sultan]]
* [[Shah]]
* [[Padishah]]
|founded = 1370
|founder = [[Timur]]
|final ruler = [[Bahadur Shah II]]
|dissolution = 1857
|deposition = {{plainlist|
*1507 (Timurid Empire)
*1857 (Mughal Empire)}}
|image=File:Timur reconstruction03.jpg
| caption = Timur, the founder of the Timurid dynasty
| traditions = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]])
}}

The '''Timurid dynasty''' ({{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|تیموریان}}}}), self-designated as '''Gurkani''' ({{lang-fa|{{nastaliq|گورکانیان}}|translit=Gūrkāniyān}}, {{lang-chg|{{nastaliq|گورکانیان}}|translit=Küregen}}), was a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]]<ref>Maria E. Subtelny, ''Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Persia'', Vol. 7, (Brill, 2007), 201.</ref> dynasty or [[clan]] of [[Turco-Mongol]] origin<ref name="EI">B.F. Manz, ''"Tīmūr Lang"'', in [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Online Edition, 2006</ref><ref name="Britannica">''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', "[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072546/Timurid-Dynasty Timurid Dynasty]", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.")</ref><ref name="Columbia">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia | title = Timurids | url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html | edition = Sixth | publisher = [[Columbia University]] | location = New York City | access-date = 2006-11-08 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073939/http://bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html | archive-date = 2006-12-05 }}</ref><ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' article: [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26937/Islamic-world "Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids"], Online Edition, 2007.</ref> descended from the warlord [[Timur]] (also known as Tamerlane). The word "Gurkani" derives from "Gurkan", a Persianized form of the Mongolian word "Kuragan" meaning "son-in-law".<ref>''A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community'', by Vernon Egger, p. 193</ref> This was an honorific title used by the dynasty as the Timurids were in-laws of the line of [[Genghis Khan]],<ref>[http://www.amitavghosh.com/essays/mosque.html "The Man Behind the Mosque"]</ref> founder of the [[Mongol Empire]], as Timur had married [[Saray Mulk Khanum]], a direct descendant of [[Genghis Khan]]. Members of the Timurid dynasty signaled the [[Timurid Renaissance]], and they were strongly influenced by [[Persian culture]]<ref name="EI"/><ref>Maria Subtelny, ''Timurids in Transition'', p. 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." p. 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture."</ref> and established two significant [[empire]]s in history, the [[Timurid Empire]] (1370–1507) based in [[Persia]] and [[Central Asia]], and the [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1707) based in the [[Indian subcontinent]].

==Origins==
{{main|Barlas|Mongol|Turko-Persian tradition|Persianate society}}

The origin of the Timurid dynasty goes back to the [[Mongols|Mongol]] tribe known as [[Barlas]], who were remnants of the original Mongol army of [[Genghis Khan]],<ref name="EI"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Timur |encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=Sixth |date=2005 |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timur.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26937/Islamic-world }}</ref> founder of the [[Mongol Empire]]. After the [[Mongol conquest of Central Asia]], the Barlas settled in what is today southern [[Kazakhstan]], from [[Shymkent]] to [[Taraz]] and [[Almaty]], which then came to be known for a time as ''[[Moghulistan]]'' – "Land of Mongols" in Persian – and intermingled to a considerable degree with the local [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic-speaking]] population, so that at the time of Timur's reign the Barlas had become thoroughly Turkicized in terms of language and habits.

Additionally, by adopting [[Islam]], the Central Asian Turks and Mongols adopted the [[Persianate society|Persian literary and high culture]]<ref name=Iranica2>{{cite encyclopedia |author=B. Spuler |title=Central Asia in the Mongol and Timurid periods |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |date=2006 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-v |quote=Like his father, [[Ulugh Beg|Olōğ Beg]] was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of [[Samarkand|Samarqand]] until the [[Russian Revolution|Russian revolution 1917]] [...] [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara|Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā]] encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible }}</ref> which had dominated Central Asia since the early days of Islamic influence. Persian literature was instrumental in the assimilation of the Timurid elite into the Perso-Islamic courtly culture.<ref>{{cite book |author=David J. Roxburgh |title=The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2005 |page=130 |quote=Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find [[Baysunghur|Baysanghur]] commissioned [[Baysonghor Shahnameh|a new edition]] of [[Ferdowsi|Firdawsi]]'s [[Shahnameh|Shanama]]. }}</ref>

==List of rulers==
{{See also|Timurid family tree}}
===Timurid Empire===
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:27%;"| Titular name
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Personal name
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Reign
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Timur ruled over the [[Chagatai Khanate]] with [[Suurgatmish|Soyurghatmïsh Khan]] as nominal ''Khan'' followed by [[Sultan Mahmud (Chagatai)|Sultan Mahmud Khan]]. He himself adopted the Muslim Arabic title of ''Amir''. In essence the Khanate was finished and the [[Timurid Empire]] was firmly established.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} ''Timur Lang'' {{Nastaliq| تیمور لنگ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Timur|Timur Beg Gurkani]] {{Nastaliq| تیمور بیگ گورکانی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1370–1405
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir Mirza]] {{Nastaliq|پیر محمد بن جہانگیر میرزا }} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1405–1407
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Khalil Sultan|Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah]] {{Nastaliq| خلیل سلطان بن میران شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1405–1409
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shahrukh Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| شاھرخ میرزا }} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1405–1447
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} ''Ulugh Beg'' {{Nastaliq| الغ بیگ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ulugh Beg|Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay]] {{Nastaliq| میرزا محمد طارق }} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1447–1449
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Division of [[Timurid Empire]]
|}

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Transoxiana
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:27%;"| Khurasan/Herat/Fars/Iraq-e-Ajam
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Abdal-Latif Mirza]] {{Nastaliq|میرزا عبداللطیف }} ''Padarkush'' (Father Killer) 1449–1450
| style="text-align:center;"|
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ala al-Dawla Mirza]] {{Nastaliq|علاء الدولہ میرزا بن بایسنقر}} ?
* [[Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| میرزا ابوالقاسم بابر بن بایسنقر}} 1449–1457
* [[Sultan Muhammad (Timurid)|Sultan Muhammad]] {{Nastaliq|سلطان محمد ابن بایسنقر }} 1447–1451
{{colend}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Abdullah Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| میرزا عبد اللہ}} 1450–1451
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| میرزا ابوالقاسم بابر بن بایسنقر}} 1451–1457
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mirza Shah Mahmud]] {{Nastaliq| میرزا شاہ محمود}} 1457
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ibrahim Mirza (Timurid)|Ibrahim Sultan]] {{Nastaliq| ابراھیم میرزا}} 1457–1459
|- style="background:silver;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[Abu Sa'id Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| ابو سعید میرزا}} (Although Abu Sa'id Mirza re-united most of the Timurid heartland in Central Asia with the help of [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] Chief, [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan|Abul-Khayr Khan]] (grandfather of [[Muhammad Shaybani|Muhammad Shayabani Khan]]), he agreed to divide [[Iran]] with the [[Kara Koyunlu|Black Sheep Turkomen]] under [[Jahan Shah]], but the [[Aq Qoyunlu|White Sheep Turkomen]] under [[Uzun Hassan]] defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id. After Abu Sa'id's death another era of fragmentation follows.) 1451–1469
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| **''Transoxiana is divided''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] {{Nastaliq| سلطان حسین میرزا بایقرا}} 1469 ''1st reign''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Yadgar Muhammad Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| میرزا یادگار محمد}} 1470 (6 weeks)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] {{Nastaliq| سلطان حسین میرزا بایقرا}} 1470–1506 ''2nd reign''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
{{colbegin}}
* [[Badi' al-Zaman Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| بدیع الزمان میرزا}} 1506–1507
* [[Muzaffar Husayn Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| مظفر حسین میرزا}} 1506–1507
{{colend}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Uzbeks]] under [[Muhammad Shaybani|Muhammad Shayabak Khan Uzbek]] Conquer [[Herat]]
|}
* ''Abu Sa'id's sons divided Transoxiana upon his death, into [[Samarkand]], [[Bukhara]], [[Hisor|Hissar]], [[Balkh]], [[Kabul]] and [[Farghana]].''

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:17%;"| Samarkand
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:17%;"| Bukhara
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:17%;"| Hissar
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:15%;"| Farghana
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:15%;"| Balkh
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:17%;"| Kabul
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Ahmad|Sultan Ahmad Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| سلطان احمد میرزا}} 1469–1494
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Umar Shaikh Mirza II]] {{Nastaliq| عمر شیخ میرزا ثانی}} 1469–1494
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Mahmud Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| سلطان محمود میرزا }} 1469–1495
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ulugh Beg II|Ulugh Beg Mirza II]] {{Nastaliq| میرزا الغ بیگ}} 1469 – 1502
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Baysonqor Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| بایسنقر میرزا بن محمود میرزا}} 1495–1497
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Ali bin Mahmud Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| سلطان علی بن محمود میرزا}} 1495–1500
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Masud Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| سلطان مسعود بن محمود میرزا}} 1495 – ?
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]] {{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}} 1494–1497
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Khusroe Shah]]{{Nastaliq| خسرو شاہ}} (Usurper) ? – 1503
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mukim Beg Arghun]]{{Nastaliq| مقیم ارغون }} (Usurper) ? – 1504
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[Uzbeks]] under [[Muhammad Shaybani|Muhammad Shayabak Khan Uzbek]] {{Nastaliq| محمد شایبک خان ازبک}} 1500–1501
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Jahangir Mirza II]] {{Nastaliq| جہانگیر میرزا}} (puppet of Sultan Ahmed Tambol) 1497 – ?
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]] {{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}} 1503–1504
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| [[Uzbeks]] under [[Muhammad Shaybani|Muhammad Shayabak Khan Uzbek]] {{Nastaliq| محمد شایبک خان ازبک}} 1503–1504
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]] {{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}} 1504–1511
|- style="background:thistle;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| [[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]] {{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}} (Never till his conquest of India were the dominions of Babur as extensive as at this period. Like his grandfather [[Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id Mirza]], he managed to re-unite the Timurid heartland in Central Asia with the help of Shah of Iran, [[Ismail I]]. His dominions stretched from the [[Caspian Sea]] and the [[Ural Mountains]] to the farthest limits of Ghazni and comprehended [[Kabul]] and [[Ghazni]];[[Kunduz]] and [[Hisor|Hissar]]; [[Samarkand]] and [[Bukhara]]; [[Farghana]]; [[Tashkent]] and [[Sayram (city)|Seiram]]) 1511–1512
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| [[Uzbeks]] under [[Ubaydullah Sultan]] {{Nastaliq| عبید اللہ سلطان}} re-conquer Transoxiana and Balkh 1512
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]] {{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}} 1512–1530
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Timurid Empire in Central Asia becomes extinct under the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] of the [[Uzbeks]]. However, Timurid dynasty moves on to conquer [[India]] under the leadership of [[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]] in 1526 C.E. and established the [[Mughal emperors|Timurid dynasty of India]].
|}

===Mughal Empire===
{{Main|Mughal emperors}}

{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable"
|-
! Emperor !! Birth !! Reign Period !! Death !! Notes
|-
| style="width:125px;" | [[Babur]] || 1483 || 1526–1530 || 1530 || Was a direct descendant of [[Genghis Khan]] through his mother and was descendant of [[Timur]] through his father. Founded the Mughal Empire after his victories at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] and the [[Battle of Khanwa]].
|-
| [[Humayun]] || 1508 || 1530–1540 || 1556 || Reign interrupted by [[Sur Empire]]. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than a usurper, [[Sher Shah Suri]].
|- style="background:silver"
| [[Sher Shah Suri]] || 1486 || 1540–1545 || 1545 || Deposed Humayun and led the [[Sur Empire]].
|- style="background:silver"
| [[Islam Shah Suri]] || 1507 || 1545–1554 || 1554 || Second and last ruler of the [[Sur Empire]], claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminated by Humayun's restoration.
|-
| [[Humayun]] || 1508 || 1555–1556 || 1556 || Restored rule was more unified and effective than the initial reign of 1530–1540; left a unified empire for his son, [[Akbar]].
|-
| [[Akbar]] || 1542 || 1556–1605 || 1605 || He and [[Bairam Khan]] defeated [[Hemu]] during the [[Second Battle of Panipat]] and later won famous victories during the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]] and the [[Siege of Ranthambore (1568)|Siege of Ranthambore]]; He greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Empire as he set up the empire's various institutions; He married [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], a Rajput princess who became the mother to his successor Jahangir. One of his most famous construction marvels was the [[Lahore Fort]] and Agra Fort.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klingelhofer|first=William G.|date=1988|title=The Jahangiri Mahal of the Agra Fort: Expression and Experience in Early Mughal Architecture|journal=Muqarnas|volume=5|pages=153–169|doi=10.2307/1523115|issn=0732-2992|jstor=1523115}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jahangir]] || 1569 || 1605–1627 || 1627 || Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened first relations with the [[British East India Company]].
|-
| [[Shah Jahan]]|| 1592 || 1628–1658 || 1666 || Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], [[Red Fort]], [[Tomb of Jahangir|Jahangir mausoleum]], and [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] in [[Lahore]]. Deposed by his son Aurangzeb.
|-
| [[Aurangzeb]] || 1618 || 1658–1707 || 1707 || He reinterpreted [[Sharia|Islamic law]] and presented the [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]]; he captured the diamond mines of the [[Sultanate of Golconda]]; he spent the major part of his last [[Maratha War of Independence|27 years]] in the war with the Maratha rebels; at its zenith, his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; the over-stretched empire was controlled by [[Mansabdar]]s, and faced challenges after his death. He is known to have transcribed copies of the [[Qur'an]] using his styles of [[calligraphy]].
|-
| [[Bahadur Shah I]] || 1643 || 1707–1712 || 1712 || First of the Mughal emperors to preside over an empire ravaged by uncontrollable revolts. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline due to the lack of leadership qualities among his immediate successors.
|-
| [[Jahandar Shah]] || 1661 || 1712–1713 || 1713 || The son of Bahadur Shah I, he was an unpopular incompetent titular figurehead; he attained the throne after his father's death by his victory in battle over his brother, who was killed.
|-
| [[Farrukhsiyar]] || 1685 || 1713–1719 || 1719 || His reign marked the ascendancy of the manipulative [[Syed Brothers]], execution of the rebellious [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda]]. In 1717 he granted a [[firman (decree)|Firman]] to the [[English East India Company]] granting them duty-free trading rights in [[Bengal]]. The Firman was repudiated by the notable [[Murshid Quli Khan]] the Mughal appointed ruler of Bengal.
|-
| [[Rafi Ul-Darjat]] || 1699 || 1719 || 1719 ||  
|-
| [[Rafi Ud-Daulat]]|| 1696 || 1719 || 1719 ||  
|-
| [[Nikusiyar]] || c.1679 || 1719 || 1723 ||  
|-
| [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Muhammad Ibrahim]] || 1703 || 1720 || 1746 ||  
|-
| [[Muhammad Shah]] || 1702 || 1719–1720, 1720–1748 || 1748 || Got rid of the [[Syed Brothers]]. Tried to counter the emergence of the [[Maratha]]s but his empire disintegrated. Suffered the invasion of [[Nadir-Shah]] of Persia in 1739.<ref name="sen">{{cite book |title= History Modern India |author= S. N. Sen |publisher= New Age International |pages=11–13, 41–43 |year= 2006 |isbn= 978-81-224-1774-6 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] || 1725 || 1748–54 || 1775 ||
|-
| [[Alamgir II]] || 1699 || 1754–1759 || 1759 || He was murdered according to by the [[Vizier]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]] and [[Maratha]] associate [[Sadashivrao Bhau]].
|-
| [[Shah Jahan III]] || 1711 || 1759-1760 || 1772 || Was ordained to the imperial throne as a result of the intricacies in Delhi with the help of [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]]. He was later deposed by Maratha Sardars.<ref name="books.google.co.in">[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=maratha+sardar+deposed+Shah+Jahan+III&source=bl&ots=HLT-i48i0f&sig=AnrgAYgghJMUtXpcqjdsKtQnZA8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H6MbVaPPLcSVuATNu4DIAg&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=maratha%20sardar%20deposed%20Shah%20Jahan%20III&f=false ''Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813'', p. 140]</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2018}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&q=mirza+jawan+bakht&pg=PA767 |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |volume= 3|page= 765 |author= S.R. Sharma|isbn=9788171568192 |year=1999 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Shah Alam II]] || 1728 || 1759–1806 || 1806 || He was proclaimed as Mughal Emperor by the Marathas.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/> Later, he was again recognized as the [[Mughal Emperor]] by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] after the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&q=mirza+jawan+bakht&pg=PA767 |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |volume= 3|page= 767 |author= S.R. Sharma|isbn=9788171568192 |year=1999 }}</ref> 1764 saw the defeat of the combined forces of Mughal Emperor, Nawab of Oudh and Nawab of Bengal and Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the [[Battle of Buxar]]. Following this defeat, Shah Alam II left Delhi for Allahabad, ending hostilities with the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] (1765). Shah Alam II was reinstated to the throne of Delhi in 1772 by [[Mahadaji Shinde]] under the protection of the Marathas.<ref>N. G. Rathod, ''The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia'', (Sarup & Sons, 1994), 8:[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=1771+scindia&source=bl&ots=Ohxv9jrPpo&sig=gdLcPTomT2FOmazdsOmytJmiiFE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JF2_T_PEF8PYrQfPkNW2CQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=1771%20scindia&f=false]</ref> He was a [[de jure]] emperor. During his reign in 1793 British East India company abolished Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) and took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal marking the beginning of British reign in parts of Eastern India officially.
|-
| [[Akbar Shah II]] || 1760 || 1806–1837 || 1837 ||He became a British pensioner after the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha war who was until then the protector of the Mughal throne. Under the East India company's protection, his imperial name was removed from official coinage after a brief dispute with the [[British East India Company]].
|-
| [[Bahadur Shah II]] || 1775 || 1837–1857 || 1862 ||The last Mughal emperor was deposed in 1858 by the British East India Company and exiled to [[Myanmar|Burma]] following the [[War of 1857]] after the fall of Delhi to the company troops. His death marks the end of the Mughal dynasty but not of the family.
|}

==See also==
* [[Timur]]
* [[Timurid Empire]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Turco-Mongol]]
* [[List of Turkic dynasties and countries]]
* [[List of Mongol states]]
* [[Borjigin]]
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]

==References and notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baysongori-sah-nama BĀYSONḠORĪ ŠĀH-NĀMA] in ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]''
* Elliot, Sir H. M.; edited by Dowson, John. ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]''; published by London Trubner Company 1867–77. (Online Copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] — This online copy has been posted by: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132016/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List])

==External links==
{{Commons category|Timurid dynasty}}
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/timurids.html Timurid Dynasty]
* [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/timurids/timurids.html Virtual Art Exhibit]

{{Timurid Empire}}
{{Mughal Empire}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Timurid dynasty}}
[[Category:Timurid dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Mongol dynasties]]
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Central Asia]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]

Timurid dynasty - Revision history

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