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{{short description|14th–16th-century Asian cultural movement}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Amir Timur (9333672292).jpg
| image2 = Herat Congregational Mosque -Afghanistan.jpg
| image3 = Samarcanda, Gur-e Amir 02.jpg
| image4 = 44 Samarkand Registan medresa Ulug Beg (11).JPG
| image5 = Persian Tamerlane Chess Set.png
| image6 = Ulugh Beg observatory 2.JPG
| image7 = Samarkand registan 04.png
| image8 = Gawhar Shad bigum by ali mosavi sam.jpg
| image9 = Akhangan.jpg
| footer = From top to bottom and left to right: Portrait of [[Tamerlane]], [[Great Mosque of Herat]], Interior of [[Gur-e-Amir]], Sculptures of [[Ulugh Begh]], [[Al-Kashi]], [[Ali Qushji]] and some other scientists, [[Tamerlane chess]], [[Ulugh Beg Observatory]], View of [[Registan]] and its three [[Madrasa|Islamic school]]s, Aerial view of the [[Gawhar Shad Mausoleum]], Tomb of [[Gawhar Shad|Queen Gawhar Shad]]'s sister Gowhar-Taj from the [[Shah-i-Zinda|Timurid Necropolis]].}}

{{Infobox historical event
|Event_Name = Timurid Renaissance
|Participants = [[Timurid dynasty]]

[[Gunpowder empires]]: [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-11|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref name=":a">{{Cite journal |last=Dale |first=Stephen Frederic |date=24 September 2009 |title=The Legacy of the Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/legacy-of-the-timurids/98882C5B0EFED75E5A06D0908E43B9BA |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=43–58 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300016424 |s2cid=154120015 |issn=1474-0591}}</ref> [[Safavid Empire]]<ref name=":a" />
|Location = [[Timurid Empire]] (Central Asia and Persia)
|Date = [[14th century]] - [[16th century]]
|Result =
}}

The '''Timurid Renaissance''' was a historical period in [[Asian history|Asian]] and [[Islamic history]] spanning the late 14th, the 15th, and the early 16th centuries. Following the gradual downturn of the [[Islamic Golden Age]], the [[Timurid Empire]], based in [[Central Asia]] ruled by the [[Timurid dynasty]], witnessed the revival of [[Timurid art|arts]] and [[science]]s. Its movement spread across the [[Muslim world]].<ref name="Journal1988">{{cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The French word ''renaissance'' means "rebirth", and defines a period as one of cultural revival. The use of the term for the description of this period has raised reservations among scholars, some of whom see it as a [[swan song]] of Timurid culture.<ref name="Journal1988"/><ref name="A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx0Dlwb18WYC&q=Timurid+renaissance&pg=PA59 |title=A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance, Guido Ruggiero |isbn=9780470751619 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052706/https://books.google.com/books?id=fx0Dlwb18WYC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=Timurid+renaissance&source=bl&ots=oRBca6Ril-&sig=91TIV5mBBnYFwGah_7x6b0NP-jA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijusmUk5fQAhVHKsAKHeqdDn8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=Timurid%20renaissance&f=false |archivedate=8 November 2016 |last1=Ruggiero |first1=Guido |date=15 April 2008 }}</ref>

The Timurid Renaissance was marked slightly earlier than the [[Renaissance]] movement in [[Europe]].<ref>The Connoisseur - Volume 219 - Page 128</ref><ref>Europe in the second millenium: a hegemony achieved? - Page 58</ref> Some have described it as equal in glory to the [[Quattrocento|Italian Quattrocento]].<ref name="A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance" /> The Timurid Renaissance reached its peak in the 15th century, after the end of the period of [[Mongol invasions and conquests]].

Based on Islamic ideals,<ref>World History as the History of Foundations, 3000 BCE to 1500 CE By Michael Borgolte, page 293</ref> the foundations of the Timurid Renaissance include the rebuilding of [[Samarkand]] and the invention of [[Tamerlane Chess]] by [[Timur]], the reign of [[Shah Rukh]] and his consort [[Gawhar Shad]] in [[Herat]] (a city which rivaled [[Florence]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]] as the center of a cultural rebirth),<ref>Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective - Page 129</ref><ref>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia - Page 465</ref> the period of the astronomer and mathematician [[Ulugh Begh]] (along with notable [[polymath]]s and [[Islamic scholar]]s), and the construction of additional learning centers by the art patron [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]].<ref name="Columbia">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia | title = Timurids | url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html | edition = Sixth | publisher = [[Columbia University]] | location = New York City | accessdate = 2006-11-08 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073939/http://bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html | archivedate = 2006-12-05 }}</ref> The Timur reign experienced revived interest in classical [[Persian art]]. Large-scale building projects were undertaken, creating [[mausoleums]], [[madrasas]], and ''kitabhane'' - medieval Islamic book workshops. Mathematical and astronomical studies were reinvigorated, and at the beginning of the 16th century, mastering [[firearms]] was achieved.

Major commissions from the Timur's lifetime were the Summer Palace in [[Shahrisabz]], [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]], and the construction of the [[Registan]].<ref name="TheMet" /> The city of Herat became an important center of intellectual and artistic life in the Muslim world during this time.<ref name="TheMet">{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm |title=The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507) |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125142429/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm |archivedate=25 November 2016 }}</ref> [[Samarkand]], a center of scholarly study which was previously destroyed during the [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia]], became the center of the Renaissance and [[Islamic culture|Islamic civilization]] in general due to the reconstruction during the period.<ref name="Timurids">{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/timurids.html |title=Timurids |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133423/http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/timurids.html |archivedate=8 November 2016 }}</ref>

The Timurid Renaissance differed from previous [[Buyid dynasty]] [[Iranian Intermezzo|cultural and artistic developments]] in that it was not a direct revival of classical models, but rather a broadening of their cultural appeal by including more [[colloquial]] styles in [[Persian language]]. The Timurid Renaissance was inherited by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]<ref>Strange Parallels: Volume 2, Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands: Southeast Asia in Global Context, C.800-1830 by Victor Lieberman Page 712</ref><ref>Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire by Lisa Page 4</ref><ref>Sufism and Society: Arrangements of the Mystical in the Muslim World, 1200–1800 edited by John Curry, Erik Ohlander, Page 141</ref> and had significant influence on the other states of the [[Age of the Islamic Gunpowders]] ([[Ottoman Turkey]] and [[Safavid Iran]]).<ref>The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction by James A. Millward.</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Jami Rose Garden.jpg|thumb|Illustration from [[Jami|Jāmī's]] ''Rose Garden of the Pious'', dated 1553.]]
The Timurid Empire was founded by [[Timur|Amir Tamerlane]] in 1370 after the conquest of several [[Ilkhanate]] successor states. After conquering a city, the Timurids commonly spared the lives of the local artisans and deported them to the Timurid capital of [[Samarkand]].

After the Timurids conquered [[Persia]] in the early 15th century, many Islamic artistic traits became interwoven with existing [[Mongolian art|Mongol art]]. Timur's establishment of the Islamic [[Sharia]] [[law]] later in life made Samarkand one of the centers of [[Islamic art]].<ref name="marozzi-2004">{{Cite book |last=Marozzi |first=Justin |title=Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2004}}</ref>

In the mid 15th century the empire moved its capital to [[Herat]], which became a focal point for Timurid art. As with Samarkand, artisans and intellectuals of various ethnic backgrounds soon established Herat as a center for arts and culture. Soon, many of the Timurid cultural expressions became mixed with those of other traditions.<ref>B.F. Manz; W.M. Thackston; D.J. Roxburgh; L. Golombek; L. Komaroff; R.E. Darley-Doran (2007). "Timurids". Encyclopedia of Islam, online edition. "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."</ref>

=== Arts ===
{{main|Timurid art}}
[[File:Behhzad 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]], a patron of art, constructed multiple centers of learning.]]
Timurid art absorbed and improved upon the traditional Persian concept of the "Arts of the Book". The new, Timurid-inflected works of art saw illustrated [[paper]] (as opposed to [[parchment]]) manuscripts produced by the empire's artists. These illustrations were notable for their rich colors and elaborate designs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/timurid.htm|title=Iransaga - Persian Art, The Timurids|website=www.artarena.force9.co.uk|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> Due to the quality of the miniature paintings found in these manuscripts, archaeologist and art historian [[Suzan Yalman]] of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm|title=The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507) {{!}} Essay {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art|last=Komaroff|first=Authors: Suzan Yalman, Linda|website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> noted that "the Herat school [of manuscript painting] is often regarded as the apogee of Persian painting.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/metalwork|title=METALWORK – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>

Timurid silver-[[Inlay|inlaid]] steel is often cited as being of particularly high quality. Painting was not limited to manuscripts. Many Timurid artists also created intricate [[Mural|wall paintings]]. Many of these wall paintings depicted landscapes derived from both Persian and Chinese artistic tradition.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Timurids" ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (Sixth ed.). New York City: [[Columbia University]]. Retrieved 2006-11-08.</ref> While the subject matter of these paintings was borrowed from other cultures, Timurid wall paintings were eventually refined into their own, unique style.<ref>Lentz, W. Thomas. ''Dynastic Imagery in Early Timurid Wall Paintings''. Los Angeles Museum of Art.URL:https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/4320/original/DPC0599.pdf?1384784647</ref>

Mongol artistic traditions were not entirely phased out, as the highly stylized depictions of human figures seen in 15th century Timurid art are derived from this culture.<ref>Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M., ''The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800'', Chapter 5, 1995, Yale University Press. Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300064659}}.</ref>

[[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]]'s reign saw a further rise in the arts. He was renowned as a benefactor and patron of learning in his kingdom.<ref name="Iranica">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-bayqara |title=ḤOSAYN BĀYQARĀ |last= Roemer|first=Hans R. |publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation |date=March 23, 2012 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=April 9, 2019}}</ref> Sultan Husayn built numerous structures including a famous school. He has been described as "the quintessential Timurid ruler of the later period in [[Transoxiana]]." His sophisticated court and generous artistic patronage was a source of admiration, particularly from his cousin, [[Babur]] of [[Mughal India]].

===Timurid architecture===
{{Main|Timurid architecture}}
[[Timurid architecture]] drew on aspects of [[Seljuk architecture]]. Turquoise and blue tiles forming intricate linear and geometric patterns decorated the facades of buildings. Sometimes building interiors were decorated similarly, with painting and [[stucco]] [[relief]] further enriching the effect.<ref name="Britannica">''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', "[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072546/Timurid-Dynasty Timurid dynasty]", Online Academic Edition, 2007. "Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture."</ref>

Timurid architecture was the pinnacle of [[Islamic art]] in [[Central Asia]]. There were spectacular and stately edifices erected by Tamerlane and his successors in [[Samarkand]] and [[Herat]]. These monumental works helped to disseminate the influence of the [[Ilkhanid]] school of art as far as [[India]], where it gave rise to the celebrated ''Mughal'' (or ''Mongol'') [[Mughal architecture|school of architecture]].

Timurid architecture started with the [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi|sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi]] in present-day [[Kazakhstan]] and culminated in Timur's mausoleum [[Gur-e Amir]] in [[Samarkand]]. Timur's [[Gur-i Amir Mausoleum|Gur-I Mir]], the 14th-century mausoleum of the conqueror is covered with "turquoise Persian tiles".<ref name="John Julius Norwich 2001. pg 278">John Julius Norwich, ''Great Architecture of the World'', Da Capo Press, 2001. p. 278.</ref> Nearby, in the center of the ancient town, a "Persian style madrassa" (religious school)<ref name="John Julius Norwich 2001. pg 278" /> and a "Persian style mosque"<ref name="John Julius Norwich 2001. pg 278" /> by Timurid Sultan [[Ulugh Beg]] is observed. The mausoleums of Timurid princes, with their turquoise and blue-tiled domes, remain among the most refined and exquisite [[Persian architecture]].<ref>Hugh Kennedy, ''The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In'', Da Capo Press, 2007. p. 237</ref>

[[Axial symmetry]] is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the [[Shah-i-Zinda|Shāh-e Zenda]] in [[Samarkand]], the ''Musallah'' complex in Herat, and the mosque of [[Gawhar Shad]] in [[Mashhad]]. Double [[dome]]s of various shapes abound, perfused on the outside with brilliant colors. Timur's dominance of the region strengthened the influence of his capital and Persian architecture upon the [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>Banister Fletcher, Dan Cruickshan, ''[[Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture]]'', Architectural Press, 1996. pg 606</ref>

=== Metalwork, ceramics, and carving ===
The Timurid Empire also produced quality pieces of metalwork. [[Steel]], [[iron]], [[brass]], and [[bronze]] were commonly used as mediums.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/metalwork|title=METALWORK – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> Timurid silver-[[Inlay|inlaid]] steel is often being cited as being of particularly high quality.<ref>The Caspian Sea Journal ISSN: 1578-7899 Volume 10, Issue 1, Supplement 3 (2016) 127-132 The Compilation of One Object of Timurid Metalwork (12th Century) in the National Museum of Iran with Two Objects in National Museum of Yerevan-Armenia.

URL: http://csjonline.org/CSJ/2016/Supp3/127-132.pdf</ref> Following the collapse of the Timurid Empire, several Iranian and Mesopotamian cultures co-opted Timurid metalwork.<ref name=":1" />

Chinese-style [[Pottery|ceramics]] were produced by Timurid artisans. [[Jade|Jade carving]] also had some presence in Timurid art.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Science ===
[[File:Mirzo Ulughbek and Ali Kushchi in the observatory.jpg|thumb|Ulugh Beg and Ali Qushji in the [[Ulugh Beg Observatory|observatory]].|left]]
[[File:Ulugh Beg Madrasa (220363337).jpeg|thumb|[[Ulugh Beg Observatory]] and its Madrasah has been an important centre of astronomical study in Central Asia.|226x226px]]
[[File:Ali al-Qushji.JPG|thumb|350px|Papers from Ali Qushji's scientific works.]]
[[File:Resaleye mohitiye end.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Theorem of Al-Kashi]]
[[Jamshid al-Kashi]] was one of the most influential contributors in the fields of mathematics and astronomy. He got immense support from both Emperor [[Shah Rukh]] and Queen [[Goharshad]], who were very interested in the sciences and encouraged theirs court to study the various fields in great depth. Consequently, the period of their power became one of many scholarly achievements.

The rein of Sultan [[Ulugh Begh]] saw the scientific peak of the empire. During his rule, al-Kashi produced [[Trigonometric functions|sine]] tables to four [[sexagesimal]] digits (equivalent to eight [[decimal]] places) of accuracy for each degree and includes differences for each minute. He also produced tables dealing with transformations between [[coordinate system]]s on the [[celestial sphere]], such as the transformation from the [[ecliptic coordinate system]] to the [[equatorial coordinate system]].<ref name=MacTutor>{{MacTutor|id=Al-Kashi|title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi}}</ref>
The [[Sullam al-Sama]] was authored, which provided the resolution of difficulties met by predecessors in the determination of distances and sizes of [[Astronomical object|heavenly bodies]] such as the [[Earth]], the [[Moon]], the [[Sun]] and the [[Stars]]. The ''Treatise on Astronomical Observational Instruments'' was also written which described a variety of different instruments, including the [[Triquetrum (astronomy)|triquetrum]] and [[armillary sphere]], the [[Equinox|equinoctial]] armillary and [[Solstice|solsticial]] armillary of [[Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi]], the [[sine]] and [[versine]] instrument of Urdi, the [[Sextant (astronomical)|sextant]] of [[al-Khujandi]], the Fakhri sextant at the [[Samarqand]] observatory, a double quadrant [[Azimuth]]-[[altitude]] instrument he invented, and a small armillary sphere incorporating an [[alhidade]] which he invented.<ref>{{Harv|Kennedy|1951|pp=104–107}}</ref>

The invention of the Plate of Conjunctions was seen, an [[Analog computer|analog computing]] instrument used to determine the time of day at which [[planetary conjunction]]s will occur,<ref>{{Harv|Kennedy|1947|p=56}}</ref> and for performing [[linear interpolation]].<ref name=Kennedy/> Invented was also a mechanical planetary [[Analog computer|computer]] which he called the Plate of Zones, which could graphically solve a number of planetary problems, including the prediction of the true positions in [[longitude]] of the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]],<ref name=Kennedy>{{Harv|Kennedy|1950}}</ref> and the [[planet]]s in terms of [[elliptical orbit]]s;<ref>{{Harv|Kennedy|1952}}</ref> the [[latitude]]s of the Sun, Moon, and planets; and the [[ecliptic]] of the Sun. The instrument also incorporated an [[alhidade]] and [[ruler]].<ref>{{Harv|Kennedy|1951}}</ref>

Ulugh Begh founded an institute in Samarkand which soon became a prominent university. Students from all over Central Asia, and beyond, flocked to this academy in the capital city of his sultanate. Consequently, Ulugh Beg gathered many great mathematicians and scientists, including [[Ali Qushji]].
Ali made significant development of [[Astrophysics|astronomical physics]] independent from [[natural philosophy]], and for providing [[empirical evidence]] for the [[Earth's rotation]] in his treatise, ''Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy''. In addition to his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work [[Zij-i-Sultani]] and to the founding of [[Sahn-ı Seman Medrese]], one of the first centers for the study of various traditional Islamic sciences in the Ottoman caliphate, Ali Kuşçu was also the author of several scientific works and textbooks on astronomy.<ref name="gabor">{{Citation |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |last=Ágoston |first=Gábor |author2=Masters, Bruce Alan |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA35 }}</ref> Qushji's most important astronomical work is ''Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy''. Under the influence of [[Islamic theology|Islamic theologians]] who opposed the interference of [[Aristotelianism]] in astronomy, Qushji rejected [[Aristotelian physics]] and completely separated [[natural philosophy]] from [[Islamic astronomy]], allowing astronomy to become a purely [[empirical]] and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationary Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth instead (though [[Emilie Savage-Smith]] asserts that no Islamic astronomers proposed a heliocentric universe<ref name="Savage-Smith-2008">{{citation|title=Islamic Influence on Copernicus|author=Emilie Savage-Smith|journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy|volume=39|issue=4|date=November 2008|pages=538–541 [541]|url=http://www.shpltd.co.uk/Journal%20for%20the%20History%20of%20Astronomy%20November.pdf|accessdate=25 March 2010|bibcode = 2008JHA....39..538S |doi=10.1177/002182860803900414|s2cid=125819122}}</ref>). He also found [[Empirical research|empirical evidence]] for the [[Earth's rotation]] through his observation on [[comet]]s and concluded, on the basis of empirical evidence rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory.<ref name=Ragep>{{Harv|Ragep|2001a}}</ref><ref>F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science", ''Osiris'', 2nd Series, Vol. 16, Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions, pp. 49–64, 66–71.</ref><ref>{{Citation
| author = Edith Dudley Sylla
| chapter = Creation and nature
| editor = Arthur Stephen McGrade
| title = The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy
| place = Cambridge
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 2003
| pages = 178–179
| isbn = 978-0-521-00063-5}}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
Following the decline of the [[Timurid Empire]] in the late 15th century, the [[Age of the Islamic Gunpowders|Gunpowder empires]], which were the [[Ottomans]], [[Safavid dynasty]], [[Mughal India]] and other empires co-opted Timurid artistic traditions into their own.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/timurids-and-turkmen|title=The Timurids and the Turkmen - The David Collection|website=www.davidmus.dk|language=en|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm|title=The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507) {{!}} Essay {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art|last=Komaroff|first=Authors: Suzan Yalman, Linda|website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Timurid art]]
* [[Turko-Persian tradition]]
* [[Timurid relations with Europe]]
* [[Timeline of Samarkand]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Citation |last=Kennedy |first=Edward S. |authorlink=Edward Stewart Kennedy|year=1947 |title=Al-Kashi's Plate of Conjunctions |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=38 |issue=1–2 |pages=56–59 |doi=10.1086/348036|s2cid=143993402 }}
*{{Citation |last=Kennedy |first=Edward S. |year=1950 |title=A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi's "Tabaq al-Manateq" I. Motion of the Sun and Moon in Longitude |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=180–183 |doi=10.1086/349146 |pmid=15436217|s2cid=43217299 }}
*{{Citation |last=Kennedy |first=Edward S. |year=1951 |title=An Islamic Computer for Planetary Latitudes |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.2307/595221 |publisher=American Oriental Society |jstor=595221}}
*{{Citation |last=Kennedy |first=Edward S. |year=1952 |title=A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi's "Tabaq al-Maneteq" II: Longitudes, Distances, and Equations of the Planets |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=42–50 |doi=10.1086/349363|s2cid=123582209 }}
*{{Citation
|last=Ragep
|first=F. Jamil
|year=2001a
|title=Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context
|journal=Science in Context
|volume=14
|issue=1–2
|pages=145–163
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|doi=10.1017/s0269889701000060
|s2cid=145372613
}}

{{Timurid Empire}}

{{History of Islam}}

[[Category:Timurid Empire]]
[[Category:Central Asian culture]]

Timurid Renaissance - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article