Timeline of Jainism - Revision history

MarioStpierre: Refined content and updated sections

2026-01-20T11:10:23Z

Refined content and updated sections

122.170.108.232 at 13:24, 13 May 2022

2022-05-13T13:24:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 13 May 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{short description\|None}}

	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2015}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
Line 8:		Line 10:
	* 584,979–574,979 BCE: [[Naminatha]], 21st [[Tirthankara]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=NamiNatha Bhagwan\|url=http://jainmuseum.com/history-of-naminath-swami-bhagwan.htm\|website=jainmuseum.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=About Tonks Of 24 Jain Tirthankaras On Parasnath Hills Information-Topchanchi\|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/jharkhand/topchanchi-attractions/tonks-of-24-jain-tirthankaras-on-parasnath-hills.aspx\|website=hoparoundindia.com}}</ref>		* 584,979–574,979 BCE: [[Naminatha]], 21st [[Tirthankara]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=NamiNatha Bhagwan\|url=http://jainmuseum.com/history-of-naminath-swami-bhagwan.htm\|website=jainmuseum.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=About Tonks Of 24 Jain Tirthankaras On Parasnath Hills Information-Topchanchi\|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/jharkhand/topchanchi-attractions/tonks-of-24-jain-tirthankaras-on-parasnath-hills.aspx\|website=hoparoundindia.com}}</ref>
	* [[Neminatha]], 22nd [[Tirthankara]]: According to Jain beliefs, he lived 84,650 years before the 23rd Tirthankara, [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn\|Zimmer\|1953\|p=226}} He existed in the [[Mahabharata]] era and was the cousin brother of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Jinasena\|first1=Acharya\|last2=Jain (Sahityacharya)\|first2=Dr. Pannalal\|date=2008\|title=Harivamsapurana\|trans-title=Harivamsapurana\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_sFcJNt1sUC \|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith (18, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003)\|isbn=978-81-263-1548-2}}</ref>		* [[Neminatha]], 22nd [[Tirthankara]]: According to Jain beliefs, he lived 84,650 years before the 23rd Tirthankara, [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn\|Zimmer\|1953\|p=226}} He existed in the [[Mahabharata]] era and was the cousin brother of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Jinasena\|first1=Acharya\|last2=Jain (Sahityacharya)\|first2=Dr. Pannalal\|date=2008\|title=Harivamsapurana\|trans-title=Harivamsapurana\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_sFcJNt1sUC \|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith (18, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003)\|isbn=978-81-263-1548-2}}</ref>
	* 877–777 BCE: [[Parshva~~\|Parshvanatha~~]], 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of Jainism. He is the earliest Jain ~~leader~~ who can be reliably dated.<ref>{{cite book \| last =Fisher \| first =Mary Pat \| title =Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths \| publisher = I.B.Tauris \| year =1997 \| location =London \| isbn =1-86064-148-2 }} p. 115</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia \| title =Parshvanatha \| encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica \| volume =Encyclopædia Britannica Online \| year =2007 \| url =http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576 \| access-date =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia \| last =Bowker \| first =John \| title =Parsva \| encyclopedia =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions \| publisher =Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press \| year =2000 \| url =http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e5504 \| access-date =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \| title=History of Jaina monachism from inscriptions and literature \| publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute \| author=Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra \| year=1956 \| location=Poona [Pune, India] \| pages=59–60}}</ref>		* 877–777 BCE: [[Parshva]]natha, 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of Jainism. He is the earliest Jain tirthankara who can be reliably dated.<ref>{{cite book \| last =Fisher \| first =Mary Pat \| title =Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths \| publisher = I.B.Tauris \| year =1997 \| location =London \| isbn =1-86064-148-2 }} p. 115</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia \| title =Parshvanatha \| encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica \| volume =Encyclopædia Britannica Online \| year =2007 \| url =http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576 \| access-date =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia \| last =Bowker \| first =John \| title =Parsva \| encyclopedia =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions \| publisher =Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press \| year =2000 \| url =http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e5504 \| access-date =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \| title=History of Jaina monachism from inscriptions and literature \| publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute \| author=Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra \| year=1956 \| location=Poona [Pune, India] \| pages=59–60}}</ref>
	* 599–527 BCE: [[Mahavira]], 24th and last [[Tirthankar]] of this era.<ref>"Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira</ref>		* 599–527 BCE: [[Mahavira]], 24th and last [[Tirthankar]] of this era.<ref>"Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira</ref>
	* 5th century BCE: [[Siddhasen Diwakar]]		* 5th century BCE: Acharya shree [[Siddhasen Diwakar]]
	* d. 507 BCE: [[~~Ganahar~~ Sudharma Swami]]		* d. 507 BCE: [[Ganadhar Sudharma Swami]]
	* d. 357 BCE: [[Acharya Bhadrabahu]]		* d. 357 BCE: [[Acharya Bhadrabahu]]
	* d. 162 BCE: [[Hathigumpha inscription]] mentions the ''[[Namokar Mantra]]'' and [[Jain]] monarch [[Kharvela]].<ref>Rapson, "Catalogue of the Indian coins of the British Museum. Andhras etc...", p XVII.</ref><ref>[http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm Full text of the Hathigumpha Inscription in English] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm \|date=17 November 2006 }}</ref>{{sfn\|Cort\|2009\|p=39-41}}		* d. 162 BCE: [[Hathigumpha inscription]] mentions the ''[[Namokar Mantra]]'' and [[Jain]] monarch [[Kharvela]].<ref>Rapson, "Catalogue of the Indian coins of the British Museum. Andhras etc...", p XVII.</ref><ref>[http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm Full text of the Hathigumpha Inscription in English] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm \|date=17 November 2006 }}</ref>{{sfn\|Cort\|2009\|p=39-41}}
Line 73:		Line 75:
	* 2006: the Supreme Court opined that "Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of the Hindu religion" (''Para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India.'')		* 2006: the Supreme Court opined that "Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of the Hindu religion" (''Para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India.'')
	* 2008: [[Delhi]] city government declares Jain community a minority per the Supreme Court Orders.		* 2008: [[Delhi]] city government declares Jain community a minority per the Supreme Court Orders.
	* 2014: Jain community is designated a minority at the national level.<ref>[http://~~www~~.~~minorityaffairs~~.gov.in/~~sites~~/~~upload_files~~/~~moma~~/~~files~~/~~notification_jain~~.~~pdf Government notification~~- ~~minority]~~</ref>		* 2014: Jain community is designated a minority at the national level.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Gazette of India notification 27th January 2014 \|url=http://ncm.nic.in/legislations/Gazette_JainInclusion_27Jan2014.pdf \|access-date=2022-03-18 \|website= \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318225154/http://ncm.nic.in/legislations/Gazette_JainInclusion_27Jan2014.pdf \|archive-date=18 March 2022 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-03-18 \|title=Inclusion of Jains as a minority community under Section 2(c) of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Act, 1992 \|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102623 \|access-date=2022-03-18 \|website= \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318225214/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102623 \|archive-date=18 March 2022 \|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 92:		Line 94:
	*{{cite book\|last=Sangave\|first=Dr. Vilas Adinath\|title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture\|publisher=Popular Prakashan\|year=2001\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC\|location=[[Mumbai]]\|isbn=978-81-7154-839-2}}		*{{cite book\|last=Sangave\|first=Dr. Vilas Adinath\|title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture\|publisher=Popular Prakashan\|year=2001\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC\|location=[[Mumbai]]\|isbn=978-81-7154-839-2}}
	*{{citation\|last=Glasenapp\|first=Helmuth Von\|title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation\|year=1999\|location=[[Delhi]]\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC\|isbn=81-208-1376-6}}		*{{citation\|last=Glasenapp\|first=Helmuth Von\|title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation\|year=1999\|location=[[Delhi]]\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC\|isbn=81-208-1376-6}}
	*{{citation\|last=Zimmer\|first=Heinrich\|author-link=Heinrich Zimmer\|title=Philosophies Of India\|year=1953\|editor=Joseph Campbell\|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd\|location=London~~, E.C. 4~~\|url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer\|isbn=978-8120807396}}		*{{citation\|last=Zimmer\|first=Heinrich\|author-link=Heinrich Zimmer\|title=Philosophies Of India\|year=1953\|editor=Joseph Campbell\|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd\|location=London\|url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer\|isbn=978-8120807396}}

	==External links==		==External links==

>Mvqr: Reverted 1 edit by Dawnpope (talk): Revert sock

2021-10-24T11:16:14Z

Reverted 1 edit by Dawnpope (talk): Revert sock

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Jainism}}

[[Jainism]] is an ancient [[Indian religion]] belonging to the [[śramaṇa]] tradition. It prescribes ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahimsa]]'' (non-violence) towards all living beings to the greatest possible extent. The three main teachings of Jainism are ''ahimsa'', ''[[anekantavada]]'' (non-absolutism), ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-possessiveness). Followers of Jainism take five main vows: ''ahimsa'', ''[[satya]]'' (not lying), ''[[asteya]]'' (non stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (chastity), and ''aparigraha''. Monks follow them completely whereas ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvakas]]'' (householders) observe them partially. Self-discipline and [[Jain monasticism|asceticism]] are thus major focuses of Jainism.

==Before common era (BCE)==
* 584,979–574,979 BCE: [[Naminatha]], 21st [[Tirthankara]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NamiNatha Bhagwan|url=http://jainmuseum.com/history-of-naminath-swami-bhagwan.htm|website=jainmuseum.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Tonks Of 24 Jain Tirthankaras On Parasnath Hills Information-Topchanchi|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/jharkhand/topchanchi-attractions/tonks-of-24-jain-tirthankaras-on-parasnath-hills.aspx|website=hoparoundindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Neminatha]], 22nd [[Tirthankara]]: According to Jain beliefs, he lived 84,650 years before the 23rd Tirthankara, [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=226}} He existed in the [[Mahabharata]] era and was the cousin brother of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jinasena|first1=Acharya|last2=Jain (Sahityacharya)|first2=Dr. Pannalal|date=2008|title=Harivamsapurana|trans-title=Harivamsapurana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_sFcJNt1sUC |publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith (18, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003)|isbn=978-81-263-1548-2}}</ref>
* 877–777 BCE: [[Parshva|Parshvanatha]], 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of Jainism. He is the earliest Jain leader who can be reliably dated.<ref>{{cite book | last =Fisher | first =Mary Pat | title =Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths | publisher = I.B.Tauris | year =1997 | location =London | isbn =1-86064-148-2 }} p. 115</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title =Parshvanatha | encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =Encyclopædia Britannica Online | year =2007 | url =http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576 | access-date =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last =Bowker | first =John | title =Parsva | encyclopedia =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher =Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press | year =2000 | url =http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e5504 | access-date =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=History of Jaina monachism from inscriptions and literature | publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute | author=Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra | year=1956 | location=Poona [Pune, India] | pages=59–60}}</ref>
* 599–527 BCE: [[Mahavira]], 24th and last [[Tirthankar]] of this era.<ref>"Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira</ref>
* 5th century BCE: [[Siddhasen Diwakar]]
* d. 507 BCE: [[Ganahar Sudharma Swami]]
* d. 357 BCE: [[Acharya Bhadrabahu]]
* d. 162 BCE: [[Hathigumpha inscription]] mentions the ''[[Namokar Mantra]]'' and [[Jain]] monarch [[Kharvela]].<ref>Rapson, "Catalogue of the Indian coins of the British Museum. Andhras etc...", p XVII.</ref><ref>[http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm Full text of the Hathigumpha Inscription in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm |date=17 November 2006 }}</ref>{{sfn|Cort|2009|p=39-41}}
* 2nd century BCE: ''Namokar Mantra'' epigraphically attested [[Jains of Maharashtra|in Maharashtra]]{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==Common era (CE)==
[[File:Acharya KundaKunda.jpg|thumb|Sculpture depicting Acharya Kundkund]]
*1st century CE: Acharya [[Kundkund]]
*87 CE: [[Pushpadanta]] starts to write [[Shatkhandagam]]
*156 CE: Acharya [[Bhutabali]] completes writing of [[Shatkhandagam]]
*454 CE: Devardhigani compiles [[Jain Agamas]]
*5th century CE: first mention of the [[Mula Sangh]] order

==Middle Ages==
* 9th century
** The [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] complex in [[Tamil Nadu]] is established.
* 10th century
** Life of [[Nemichandra]], a famous Jain author.
** Jain temple of Gurjiwada, Cudnem, [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]] was constructed.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}
** 982: Monolithic statue of Bahubali erected at Shravana belagola
* 12th century
** [[Kashtha Sangh]]
** 1172: [[Acharya Hemachandra]]
** 1194: [[Tristutik]]
* 13th century
** 1229: [[Tapa Gachchha]]
* 15th century
** Ancient Jain temple of Gurjiwada, Cudnem, [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]] was in ruins.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}
* 17th century
** 1664: [[Digambar Terapanth]]
** 1658: Digambara Jain Lal Mandir temple [[Jainism in Delhi|in Delhi]] built.
* 18th century
** 1760: [[Swetembar Terapanth]]
** 1780: [[Sthanakvasi]] and [[Svetambar Terapanth|Terapanth]]i orders

==British India==
* 1868: Jain temple [[Jainism in Mumbai|in Mumbai]]
* 1880s: reform movement of [[Acharya Rajendrasuri]]
* 1893: [[Virachand Gandhi]] participates in Chicago's [[World Parliament of Religions]]& Won Silver Medal.
* 1904: Jain temple at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]]
*1927: Madras High Court in Gateppa v. Eramma and others recognizes "[[Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India|Jainism as a distinct religion]]"

==Post-Partition==
* 1970s: significant presence of [[Jainism in the United States]]
* 1972: Aacharya Shri Vidyasagar Maharaj elevated to the Acharya status.
* 1975: Acharya [[Sushil Kumar (Jain monk)]] ji travels to USA. The first Jain muni to travel by air out of the Indian subcontinent.
* 1975: Monolithic statue of [[Bahubali]] is installed at [[Dharmasthala]], [[Karnataka]], India under the auspices of D. Rathnavarma Heggade and Mathrushree D. Rathnamma Heggade, members of Dharmasthala's Jaina lineage who also manage the local Shivaite temple. Carving work began in 1966 under the sculptor Rejala Gopalkrishna Shenoy of [[Karkala]].
* 1976: In Arya Samaj Education Trust, Delhi & Others v. The Director of Education, Delhi Administration, Delhi & Others (AIR 1976 Delhi 207), the Court referred to [[Heinrich Zimmer]]'s ''Philosophies of India'' describing Jainism as "a heterodox Indian religion" and [[J. N. Farquhar]]'s ''Modern Religious Movements in India'' describing Jainism as "a rival of Hinduism."
* 1981: First Jain convention in Los Angeles
* 1983: Formal organization of JAINA (Jain Associations in North America)
* 1990: Temple Pratishtha, The Jain Sangh Cherry Hill, New Jersey
* 1990: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Metropolitan Washington
* 1991: Founding of [[Siddhachalam]], the Jain tirtha
* 1991: Death of Jain Acharya Shri Ramchandra Surishwarji
* 1993: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Metropolitan Chicago
* 1995: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Center of Cincinnati and Dayton
* 1998: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Greater Detroit
* 2000: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Center of Northern California (JCNC)
* 2000: Jain Vishwa Bharati Orlando
* 2005: the [[Supreme Court of India]] declined to grant Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India, leaving it to the respective states to decide on the minority status of Jainis.
* 2006: the Supreme Court opined that "Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of the Hindu religion" (''Para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India.'')
* 2008: [[Delhi]] city government declares Jain community a minority per the Supreme Court Orders.
* 2014: Jain community is designated a minority at the national level.<ref>[http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/notification_jain.pdf Government notification- minority]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[History of Jainism]]
* [[Jain philosophy]]
* [[Shramana]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*{{citation|last1=Kerkar|first1=Rajendra|last2=TNN|title=Jain heritage dwindles as govt sits pretty|url=http://timesofindia.com/city/goa/Jain-heritage-dwindles-as-govt-sits-pretty/articleshow/44987827.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2014}}
*{{cite book|last=Bedrij|first=Orest|title=The Greatest Achievement: Miracle after Miracle the Easy Way|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzC6AgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-4931-0773-5}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
*{{cite book|last=Bedrij|first=Orest|title=Exodus III: Great Joy and Glory to the Most High as You|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agbf_BJD_O8C|isbn=9781462879915}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
*{{cite book|last=Cort|first=John|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=16 November 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|location=United States|isbn=9780199739578}}
*{{citation|last=Shah|first=Natubhai|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1938-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Sangave|first=Dr. Vilas Adinath|title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC|location=[[Mumbai]]|isbn=978-81-7154-839-2}}
*{{citation|last=Glasenapp|first=Helmuth Von|title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation|year=1999|location=[[Delhi]]|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC|isbn=81-208-1376-6}}
*{{citation|last=Zimmer|first=Heinrich|author-link=Heinrich Zimmer|title=Philosophies Of India|year=1953|editor=Joseph Campbell|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd|location=London, E.C. 4|url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer|isbn=978-8120807396}}

==External links==
*[http://www.slideshare.net/balpatil/evolution-of-sramanic-jain-culture History & Evolution of Sramanic Jain Culture- Bal Patil]
*[http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=65998 Antiquity of Jainism - Jain, Mahavir Saran]

{{Jainism Topics|state=expanded}}{{Timelines of religion}}{{History of religions|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:History of Jainism| Timeline]]
[[Category:Jainism-related lists|Timeline]]
[[Category:Religion timelines|Jainism]]