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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Tilia-cordata2.JPG
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite iucn|title=Small-leaved Lime, ''Tilia cordata''|page=e.T203360A68079373|author=Rivers, M.C., Barstow, M. & Khela, S. 2017|year=2017|access-date=3 March 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T203360A68079373.en}}</ref>
| genus = Tilia
| species = cordata
| authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]
| range_map = Tilia cordata range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution map
}}
[[File:Bombus hypnorum - Tilia cordata - Keila.jpg|thumb|[[Tree bumblebee]] on the small-leaved lime]]
'''''Tilia cordata''''', the '''small-leaved lime''' or '''small-leaved linden''', is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae, native to much of Europe. Other common names include '''little-leaf''' or '''littleleaf linden''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TICO2|taxon=Tilia cordata|access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> or traditionally in South East England, '''pry''' or '''pry tree'''.<ref>"pry, n.1." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2020, http://oed.com/view/Entry/153661. Accessed 7 January 2021</ref> Its range extends from [[Great Britain|Britain]] through mainland Europe to the [[Caucasus]] and western Asia. In the south of its range it is restricted to high elevations.<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref><ref name=dvf>Den Virtuella Floran: [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/tilia/tilia/tilicor.html ''Tilia cordata'' (in Swedish; with maps]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rackhan|first=Oliver|author-link
= Oliver Rackham|title=Trees and Woodland in The British Landscape|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1976|isbn=978-1-4746-1404-7|location=London|pages=21}}</ref>

==Description==
[[Image:Tilia platyphyllos and T. cordata leaf comparison.jpg|thumb|left|140px|''T. platyphyllos'' (left) and ''T. cordata'' leaf comparison]]
''Tilia cordata'' is a [[deciduous]] tree growing to {{convert|20|-|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, diameter 1/3 to 1/2 the height, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter. The largest known trunk circumference was a specimen in [[Närke]], Sweden, that measured 8.35 meters diameter at chest height. Lindar in Germany is said to be over 1000 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/tilia/tilia/tilicor.html|title = Den virtuella floran – stängd för ombyggnad|website=Linnaeus.nrm.se}}</ref> The bark is smooth and grayish when young, firm with vertical ridges and horizontal fissures when older. The crown is rounded in a formal oval shape to pyramidal. Branching is upright and increases in density with age.<ref name= winter>{{cite book|last=Upham Smith|first=Alica|title=Trees in a winter landscape.|date=1969|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|location=New York|isbn=978-0030818639|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/treesinwinterlan00smit}}</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternately arranged, rounded to triangular-ovate, 3–8 cm long and broad, mostly hairless (unlike the related ''[[Tilia platyphyllos]]'') except for small tufts of brown hair in the leaf vein axils – the leaves are distinctively heart-shaped. The [[buds]] are alternate, pointed egg shaped and have red scales. It has no terminal bud.<ref name=winter /> The small yellow-green [[plant sexuality|hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s are produced in clusters of five to eleven in early summer with a leafy yellow-green subtending [[bract]], have a rich, heavy scent; the trees are much visited by [[bee]]s to the erect flowers which are held above the bract; this flower arrangement is distinctly different from that of the Common Lime ''[[Tilia × europaea]]'' where the flowers are held beneath the bract. The [[fruit]] is a dry nut-like [[drupe]] 6–7 mm long by 4 mm broad containing one, or sometimes two, brown seeds (infertile fruits are globose), downy at first becoming smooth at maturity, and (unlike ''T. platyphyllos'' and also ''T.'' × ''europaea'') not ribbed but very thin and easily cracked open.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=fnwe>http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=2132 {{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Ecology==
The trees favour good, loamy sites, but can also be found on sandy, infertile soils, and are not thought to be drought resistant. Dormant shoots of ''Tilia cordata'' can resist winter frost temperatures as low as −34 °C.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jensen, J.S.|title=Lime - ''Tilia'' spp.|journal=EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use|date=2003|page=6 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/926_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_lime__Tilia_cordata_and_Tilia_platyphyllos_.pdf|access-date=2017-01-19|archive-date=2017-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131185559/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/926_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_lime__Tilia_cordata_and_Tilia_platyphyllos_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Britain ''Tilia cordata,'' traditionally called pry, is considered an indicator of [[ancient woodland]], and is becoming increasingly rare.<ref>[[Natural England]] internal website</ref> Owing to its rarity, a number of woods have been given [[Site of Special Scientific Interest|SSSI]] status. Cocklode Wood, part of the [[Bardney Limewoods]], is the best surviving spread of [[Middle Ages|medieval]] small leaved limes in England.<ref>Woodland Trust ''The test-tube tree'', Broadleaf Anon, Spring 2014, p. 7</ref> Another site is [[Shrawley#Shrawley Wood|Shrawley Wood]] in [[Worcestershire]].<ref>[http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002918.pdf Natural England Citation dated 12 May 1986], Sssi.naturalengland.org.uk</ref> Small-leaved lime was once regarded as [[Sacred|holy]] and good for [[carving]].<ref>Woodland Trust ''Giant seed hunt to revitalize woods'', Broadleaf Anon, Spring 2014, p. 9</ref>

Trees in northern England were found to have established when the climate was warmer and have adapted to the cooling climate. [[Paleobotany|Paleobotanical]] analysis of tree pollen preserved in peat deposits demonstrates that ''Tilia cordata'' was present as a woodland tree in the southern [[Lake District]] c 3100 B.C.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pigott|first=C. D.|title=Factors Controlling the Distribution of Tilia cordata at the Northern Limits of Its Geographical Range. II. History in North-West England|journal=New Phytologist|date=January 1980|volume=84|issue=1|pages=145–164|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb00757.x}}</ref> In spite of the late migration of ''T. cordata'' into the Lake District, pollen diagrams from many sites show rapid expansion so that, within a few centuries, it had become plentiful and even locally dominant in the southern valleys. Maximum values for ''Tilia'' from all pollen diagrams available for the north of England show a conspicuous concentration of high values in the southern Lake District. At several sites among the limestone hills on both sides of the estuary of the [[River Kent]], the curves for ''Tilia'', although beginning about 4800 to 4000 B.C. then achieve values of at least 10% within a few centuries. At [[Witherslack]] values of this magnitude persist for a depth of 3 m which represents about 4000 years. For much of this period ''Ulmus'' is approximately 10%, ''Quercus'' 20% and the remaining arboreal pollen is largely that of ''Alnus''. For a shorter period ''Tilia'' exceeds ''Quercus'' and reaches a maximum of 30%. The (Witherslack) basin is about 200 m in width, so that with distance correction factors applied this indicates that the surrounding woodlands on well-drained soils contained ''Tilia'', ''Quercus'' and ''Ulmus'' in the proportions 4 : 1 : 1. Modern mature woodland trees were estimated to have germinated between 1150 and 1300 [[Anno Domini|AD]], making them around 800 years old. Precise age determination is impossible as [[heartwood]] at the centre disintegrates and therefore rings cannot be counted, and other methods are used.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pigott|first=C. D.|title=Factors Controlling the Distribution of Tilia cordata Mill at the Northern Limits of Its Geographical Range. IV. Estimated Ages of the Trees|journal=New Phytologist|date=May 1989|volume=112|issue=1|pages=117–121|jstor=2556763|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb00316.x}}</ref>

==Pests and diseases==
The tree is fairly disease-resistant, though a common problem is [[leaf scorch]] where planted on dry soils, however leaf scorch is not a long-term problem as the leaves are lost in the autumn. Pests include [[Japanese beetles]], [[aphids]], [[lace bugs]] and various species of moths,<ref name=facts /> such as ''[[Lymantria dispar dispar]]'' (Gypsy moth). This moth is one of the top 100 invasive species in North America, introduced by [[Étienne Léopold Trouvelot]], and citizens are encouraged to remove Gypsy moth egg masses and cocoons from tree bark in order to help prevent the spread of this species.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/insects/factsheet/9506|work=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|title=Gypsy moth|date=31 December 2013|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

==Cultivation and uses==
[[File:Tilleul, Haute-Savoie, France.jpg|thumb|15-year-old lime-tree, Haute-Savoie, France]]

''Tilia cordata'' is widely grown as an [[ornamental tree]]. It was much planted to form [[avenue (landscape)|avenue]]s in 17th and early 18th century landscape planning. A famous example is [[Unter den Linden]] in [[Berlin]]. It is also widely cultivated in [[North America]] as a substitute for the native ''[[Tilia americana]]'' (American linden or basswood) which has a larger leaf, coarser in texture; there it has been renamed "Little-leaf Linden". It is popular as both a shade tree with its dense canopy, an ornamental tree with its architectural shape and a street tree. In the US, ''Tilia cordata'' has been planted in Wellesley, MA; Modesto, CA; Chicago, IL; Indianapolis, IN; and Atlanta, GA as street trees.<ref>{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Leonard E. Jr.|title=Urban Trees: A Guide for Selection, Maintenance, and Master Planning|date=1993|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=United States of America|page=259|editor=Joel Stein}}</ref> In Europe, there are [[espalier]]ed trees owing to the ability to survive heavy pruning. ''Tilia cordata'' is an easy tree to train for bonsai when the training is not done all at once. Letting the tree recoup in between sessions over a period of several months creates a healthy, good-looking miniature tree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bonsai Focus|url=http://www.bonsaifocus.com/article_read/414/tilia-cordata.html|access-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228052806/http://www.bonsaifocus.com/article_read/414/tilia-cordata.html|archive-date=2014-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to the advent of firearms, it was also commonly used for making shields (as referenced in ''[[Beowulf]]'').

''Tilia cordata'' survives best in a [[soil pH]] range of 5.0 to 8.0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Soil pH Trees and Shrubs and what they like|url=http://www.towsonuuc.org/resources/Soil+pH+++Trees+and+Shrubs+and+what+they+like.pdf|access-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307145826/http://www.towsonuuc.org/resources/Soil+pH+++Trees+and+Shrubs+and+what+they+like.pdf|archive-date=2014-03-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in USDA Hardiness Zones 3–7.<ref name=Dirr /> The tree prefers moist, well drained soil, but can survive flooding; it is not highly drought tolerant.<ref name= facts>{{cite web|last=Gilman|first=Edward|title=Tilia cordata Littleleaf Linden|url=http://hort.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/tilcora.pdf|access-date=28 February 2014|author2=Watson, Dennis }}</ref> It does not do well in soils with high [[salinity]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kotuby-Amacher|first=Jan|title=Salinity and Plant Tolerance|url=http://forestry.usu.edu/files/uploads/agso03.pdf|publisher=Electronic Publishing|access-date=28 February 2014|pages=1–8|date=March 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307091100/http://forestry.usu.edu/files/uploads/agso03.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Notable trees===
The [[Najevnik linden tree]] ({{lang-sl|Najevska lipa}}), about 700 years old ''Tilia cordata'', is the thickest tree in [[Slovenia]]. It is a place of cultural events, and every June a national meeting of Slovene politicians takes place under it.<ref name="DEDI">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/263-najevska-lipa |title=Najevska lipa |trans-title=Najevnik Linden Tree |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] |first1=Mateja |last1=Šmid Hribar |editor1-first=Mateja |editor1-last=Šmid Hribar |editor2-first=Gregor |editor2-last=Golež |editor3-first=Dan |editor3-last=Podjed |editor4-first=Drago |editor4-last=Kladnik |editor5-first=Bojan |editor5-last=Erhartič |editor6-first=Primož |editor6-last=Pavlin |editor7-first=Jerele |editor7-last=Ines |access-date=28 August 2013 |language=sl}}</ref>

===Hybrids===
*Common lime: ''T. cordata'' readily [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridises]] with ''[[Tilia platyphyllos]]''; the hybrid is commonly known as common lime, [[Tilia × europaea|''Tilia'' × ''europaea'']] (syn. ''T.'' × ''vulgaris'').<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=fnwe1>http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=2131 {{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>

===Cultivars===
*'Corinthian' ('Corzam') – dense, uniform limb spacing creates a compact, pyramidal, formal shape; darker and smaller leaves; resistant to [[Japanese beetles]].<ref name=Dirr />
*'Greenspire' – the most common, a cross between the cultivar 'Euclid' and a selection from the Boston Parks, broadly used as a street tree, survives better under difficult conditions, overall a good looking, quick growing tree.<ref name= Dirr>{{cite book|last=Dirr|first=Michael A.|title=Manual of Woody Landscape Plants|date=2009|work=Stripes|location=Champaign, IL|isbn=978-1-58874-868-3|pages=1148–1149|edition=6th}}</ref>
*'June Bride' – significantly pyramidal habit, evenly spaced branches around a very straight central leader, glossier leaves, and 3 to 4 times as many flowers.<ref name=Dirr />
*'Winter Orange' – rich red-orange-brown stems with reddish buds, can be cut back to grow long shoot extensions. It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/52502/i-Tilia-cordata-i-Winter-Orange/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Tilia cordata'' 'Winter Orange' | access-date = 23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 102 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 23 December 2018}}</ref>

===Linden flower tea===
[[File:Tilia cordata MHNT.BOT.2004.0.780.jpg|thumb|left|Mature fruits]]
[[File:Tiliae flos dried.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''Tiliae flos'': Flowers (and impurities consisting of other parts) of ''Tilia cordata'' as commonly used in linden flower tea]] In the countries of Central, Southern and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an [[herbal tea]] called lime tea<ref>"[https://www.wildfooduk.com/edible-wild-plants/lime-tree/ Wild Food UK]", Wildfooduk.com</ref> or linden tea in Britain, tilleul in France.<ref name=botanical />

===Honey===
A monofloral [[honey]] is produced by [[bees]] using the trees and is widely used all over Europe. "Linden honey" is said to be nutritious and to have medicinal qualities.

=== Leaves ===
The young leaves can be eaten as a salad vegetable.<ref>Vernon, J. (2007). Fruits of the forest. ''The Garden'' November 2007: 738. Royal Horticultural Society.</ref> Often cattle graze upon them.<ref name="botanical" />

===Linden wood===
The white, finely-grained [[wood]] is not a structurally strong material but a classic choice for refined woodcarvings such as those by [[Grinling Gibbons]] for medieval [[altarpiece]]s, such as the [[Altar of Veit Stoss]]. Linden wood was the prime choice for the carvings in [[St. Paul's Cathedral]], [[Windsor Castle]], and [[Chatsworth House|Chatsworth]].<ref name= botanical>{{cite web|last=Grieve|first=M|title=Lime Tree|url=https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/l/limtre28.html|publisher=Botanical.com}}</ref> It is also commonly used for lightweight projects such as carved spoons, light furniture, bee hives and honeycomb frames.<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams SWCD|title=Little leaf linden is fragrant|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ocBOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3016%2C5094252|access-date=28 February 2014|newspaper=The Bryan Times|date=16 February 2005|page=11}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
[[File:COA LV Valmiera.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|''Tilia cordata'' pictured in the coat of arms of [[Valmiera]], the city of [[Latvia]]]]
''Tilia cordata'' is the [[national symbol|national tree]] of the [[Czech Republic]] and the [[Slovak Republic]],<ref name="tilia-cordata">{{Cite book
|title=Aberystwyth University campus walks tree directory
|url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/tree-walk-booklet.pdf
|access-date=2011-08-14
|publisher=[[Aberystwyth University]] sports centre
|page=9}}</ref> and one of two national trees in [[Latvia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.videsgidi.lv/faili/Latvijas_nacionalie_simboli_back.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.videsgidi.lv |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918204207/http://www.videsgidi.lv/faili/Latvijas_nacionalie_simboli_back.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The leaf of ''Tilia cordata'' is also considered a national symbol of [[Slovenia]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Tilia cordata}}
*[http://www.euforgen.org/species/tilia-cordata/ ''Tilia cordata''] – distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q158746}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tilia|cordata]]
[[Category:Flora of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Flora of Denmark]]
[[Category:Flora of Norway]]
[[Category:Flora of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Flora of Germany]]
[[Category:Flora of Estonia]]
[[Category:Flora of Romania]]
[[Category:Flora of Latvia]]
[[Category:Flora of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Flora of Italy]]
[[Category:Flora of Turkey]]
[[Category:Flora of Spain]]
[[Category:Flora of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Trees of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of France]]
[[Category:Herbal tea]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller]]

Tilia cordata - Revision history

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