Tibeto-Kanauri languages - Revision history

Hindutashravi: quick update

2026-01-21T05:56:04Z

quick update

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:26, 21 January 2026
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	{{Short description\|Proposed language group}}		{{Short description\|Proposed language group}}
	{{Infobox language family		{{Infobox language family
	\|name=Tibeto-Kanauri		\| name = Tibeto-Kanauri
	\|altname=Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish<br>Western Tibeto-Burman		\| altname = Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish<br>Western Tibeto-Burman
	\|region=[[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], and neighboring areas		\| region = [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], [[Northeast India]] and other neighboring areas
	\|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan		\| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
	~~\|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan]]~~		\| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
	\|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]		\| child1 = [[Bodish languages\|Bodish]]
	\|child1=[[Bodish languages\|Bodish]]		\| child2 = [[West Himalayish languages\|West Himalayish]]
	\|child2=[[West Himalayish languages\|West Himalayish]]		\| child3 = [[Tamangic languages\|Tamangic]]
	\|child3=[[Tamangic languages\|Tamangic]]		\| child4 = [[Gongduk language\|Gongduk]]
	\|child4=~~?''~~[[Gongduk language\|Gongduk]]''		\| glotto = bodi1256
	\|glotto=bodi1256		\| glottorefname = Bodic
	\|glottorefname=Bodic		\| acceptance = proposed
	}}		}}

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	\|Description = Western Tibeto-Burman languages, largely following Thurgood and La Polla (2003).<ref name=Thurgood>{{cite book\|last1=Thurgood \|first1=Graham \|last2=LaPolla \|first2=Randy J. (ed.s) \|year=2003 \|title=Sino-Tibetan Languages \|location=[[London]] \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|ISBN=0-7007-1129-5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C}}</ref>		\|Description = Western Tibeto-Burman languages, largely following Thurgood and La Polla (2003).<ref name=Thurgood>{{cite book\|last1=Thurgood \|first1=Graham \|last2=LaPolla \|first2=Randy J. (ed.s) \|year=2003 \|title=Sino-Tibetan Languages \|location=[[London]] \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|ISBN=0-7007-1129-5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C}}</ref>
	}}		}}
	Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri {{sm\|aka}} Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including [[Qiangic languages\|Qiangic]], [[Magaric languages\|Magaric]], and [[Lepcha language\|Lepcha]]. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the [[Jingpho language]] (including perhaps the [[Kachin–Luic languages\|Kachin–Luic]] and [[Tamangic languages]]); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the [[Kiranti languages]] (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the [[Newar language]]); the [[Tani languages]]; the [[Bodo–Garo languages]] and perhaps the [[Konyak languages]]); the [[Kukish languages]] (Kuki–Naga plus perhaps the [[Karbi language]], the [[Meitei language]] and the [[Mru language]]); and the [[Burmish languages]] ([[Lolo-Burmese languages]], perhaps also the [[Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)\|Nung language]] and [[Taron people\|Trung]]).<ref name=Benedict72>{{cite book\|title=Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus \|volume=2 \|series=Princeton-Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics \|first=Paul K. \|last=Benedict \|publisher=CUP Archive \|year=1972 \|pages=4–11 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sww9AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>		Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri {{sm\|aka}} Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including [[Qiangic languages\|Qiangic]], [[Magaric languages\|Magaric]], and [[Lepcha language\|Lepcha]]. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the [[Jingpho language]] (including perhaps the [[Kachin–Luic languages\|Kachin–Luic]] and [[Tamangic languages]]); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the [[Kiranti languages]] (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the [[Newar language]]); the [[Tani languages]]; the [[Bodo–Garo languages]] and perhaps the [[Konyak languages]]); the [[Kukish languages]] (Kuki–Naga plus perhaps the [[Karbi language]], the [[Meitei language]] and the [[Mru language]]); and the [[Burmish languages]] ([[Lolo-Burmese languages]], perhaps also the [[Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)\|Nung language]] and [[Taron people\|Trung]]).<ref name=Benedict72>{{cite book\|title=Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus \|volume=2 \|series=Princeton-Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics \|first=Paul K. \|last=Benedict \|publisher=CUP Archive \|year=1972 \|pages=4–11 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sww9AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

	Matisoff (1978, 2003) largely follows Benedict's scheme, stressing the teleological value of identifying related characteristics over mapping detailed family trees in the study of [[Tibeto-Burman languages\|Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Matisoff includes Bodish and West Himalayish with the [[Lepcha language]] as a third branch. He unites these at a higher level with [[Mahakiranti languages\|Mahakiranti]] as ''Himalayish.''<ref name=Matisoff78>{{cite book\|title=Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The "Organic" Approach to Linguistic Comparison \|volume=6 \|series=Occasional papers, Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics \|first=James A. \|last=Matisoff \|publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues \|year=1978 \|isbn=0-915980-85-1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWuuAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Matisoff03>{{cite book\|title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction \|volume=135 \|series=University of California Publications in Linguistics \|first=James A. \|last=Matisoff \|publisher=University of California Press \|year=2003 \|isbn=0-520-09843-9 \|pages=1–9 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g8VZcAfETcC}}</ref>		Matisoff (1978, 2003) largely follows Benedict's scheme, stressing the teleological value of identifying related characteristics over mapping detailed family trees in the study of [[Tibeto-Burman languages\|Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Matisoff includes Bodish and West Himalayish with the [[Lepcha language]] as a third branch. He unites these at a higher level with [[Mahakiranti languages\|Mahakiranti]] as ''Himalayish.''<ref name=Matisoff78>{{cite book\|title=Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The "Organic" Approach to Linguistic Comparison \|volume=6 \|series=Occasional papers, Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics \|first=James A. \|last=Matisoff \|publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues \|year=1978 \|isbn=0-915980-85-1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWuuAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Matisoff03>{{cite book\|title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction \|volume=135 \|series=University of California Publications in Linguistics \|first=James A. \|last=Matisoff \|publisher=University of California Press \|year=2003 \|isbn=0-520-09843-9 \|pages=1–9 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g8VZcAfETcC}}</ref>

	Van Driem (2001) notes that the [[Bodish languages\|Bodish]], [[West Himalayish languages\|West Himalayish]], and [[Tamangic languages\|Tamangic]] languages (but not Benedict's other families) appear to have a common origin.<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{cite book\|title=Languages of the Himalayas: an Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language \|volume=10 \|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung, Indien \|first=George \|last=van Driem \|publisher=[[Brill Publishers\|BRILL]] \|year=2001 \|isbn=90-04-10390-2 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC}}</ref>		Van Driem (2001) notes that the [[Bodish languages\|Bodish]], [[West Himalayish languages\|West Himalayish]], and [[Tamangic languages\|Tamangic]] languages (but not Benedict's other families) appear to have a common origin.<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{cite book\|title=Languages of the Himalayas: an Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language \|volume=10 \|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung, Indien \|first=George \|last=van Driem \|publisher=[[Brill Publishers\|BRILL]] \|year=2001 \|isbn=90-04-10390-2 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC}}</ref>

	Bradley (1997) takes much the same approach but words things differently: he incorporates West ~~Himalayish and Tamangic~~ as ~~branches within his "Bodish"~~, which thus becomes close to Tibeto-Kanauri. This and his ''Himalayan'' ~~family{{fix~~\|~~text=same as Mahakiranti?}}~~ constitute his Bodic family.<ref name=Bradley1994>{{cite book\|title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas \|issue=14 \|series=Occasional Papers in South-East Asian linguistics \|first=David \|last=Bradley \|publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, [[Australian National University]] \|year=1997 \|isbn=0-85883-456-1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTESAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>		Bradley (1997) takes much the same approach but words things differently: he incorporates Bodish, [[Tshangla language\|Tshangla]], and ''West Himalayan'' as constituting a single branch, which thus becomes close to Tibeto-Kanauri. This and his other branch containing both ''Central Himalayan'' and [[Kiranti languages\|Kiranti]] constitute his Bodic family.<ref name=Bradley1994>{{cite book\|title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas \|issue=14 \|series=Occasional Papers in South-East Asian linguistics \|first=David \|last=Bradley \|publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, [[Australian National University]] \|year=1997 \|isbn=0-85883-456-1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTESAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
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	{{Bodic languages}}		{{Bodic languages}}
	{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}		{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
			{{Authority control}}

	[[Category:Bodish languages\|*]]		[[Category:Bodish languages\|*]]

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-27T13:53:11Z

Created a new article

New page

{{Short description|Proposed language group}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Tibeto-Kanauri
|altname=Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish<br>Western Tibeto-Burman
|region=[[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], and neighboring areas
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan]]
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]
|child1=[[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
|child2=[[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]]
|child3=[[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]]
|child4=?''[[Gongduk language|Gongduk]]''
|glotto=bodi1256
|glottorefname=Bodic
}}

The '''Tibeto-Kanauri languages''', also called '''Bodic''', '''Bodish–Himalayish''', and '''Western Tibeto-Burman''', are a proposed intermediate level of classification of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], centered on the [[Tibetic languages]] and the [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri dialect cluster]]. The conception of the relationship, or if it is even a valid group, varies between researchers.

==Conceptions of Tibeto-Kanauri==
{{Css Image Crop
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|bSize = 800
|cWidth = 300
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|Location = right
|Description = Western Tibeto-Burman languages, largely following Thurgood and La Polla (2003).<ref name=Thurgood>{{cite book|last1=Thurgood |first1=Graham |last2=LaPolla |first2=Randy J. (ed.s) |year=2003 |title=Sino-Tibetan Languages |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |ISBN=0-7007-1129-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C}}</ref>
}}
Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri {{sm|aka}} Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]], [[Magaric languages|Magaric]], and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the [[Jingpho language]] (including perhaps the [[Kachin–Luic languages|Kachin–Luic]] and [[Tamangic languages]]); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the [[Kiranti languages]] (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the [[Newar language]]); the [[Tani languages]]; the [[Bodo–Garo languages]] and perhaps the [[Konyak languages]]); the [[Kukish languages]] (Kuki–Naga plus perhaps the [[Karbi language]], the [[Meitei language]] and the [[Mru language]]); and the [[Burmish languages]] ([[Lolo-Burmese languages]], perhaps also the [[Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)|Nung language]] and [[Taron people|Trung]]).<ref name=Benedict72>{{cite book|title=Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus |volume=2 |series=Princeton-Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics |first=Paul K. |last=Benedict |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1972 |pages=4–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sww9AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

Matisoff (1978, 2003) largely follows Benedict's scheme, stressing the teleological value of identifying related characteristics over mapping detailed family trees in the study of [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Matisoff includes Bodish and West Himalayish with the [[Lepcha language]] as a third branch. He unites these at a higher level with [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] as ''Himalayish.''<ref name=Matisoff78>{{cite book|title=Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The "Organic" Approach to Linguistic Comparison |volume=6 |series=Occasional papers, Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics |first=James A. |last=Matisoff |publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues |year=1978 |isbn=0-915980-85-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWuuAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Matisoff03>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction |volume=135 |series=University of California Publications in Linguistics |first=James A. |last=Matisoff |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-09843-9 |pages=1–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g8VZcAfETcC}}</ref>

Van Driem (2001) notes that the [[Bodish languages|Bodish]], [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]], and [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]] languages (but not Benedict's other families) appear to have a common origin.<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{cite book|title=Languages of the Himalayas: an Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language |volume=10 |series=Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung, Indien |first=George |last=van Driem |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2001 |isbn=90-04-10390-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC}}</ref>

Bradley (1997) takes much the same approach but words things differently: he incorporates West Himalayish and Tamangic as branches within his "Bodish", which thus becomes close to Tibeto-Kanauri. This and his ''Himalayan'' family{{fix|text=same as Mahakiranti?}} constitute his Bodic family.<ref name=Bradley1994>{{cite book|title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas |issue=14 |series=Occasional Papers in South-East Asian linguistics |first=David |last=Bradley |publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, [[Australian National University]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-85883-456-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTESAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite conference |title=The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman |first=David |last=Bradley |book-title=Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: proceedings of a symposium held in Leiden, June 26, 2000, at the 9th Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies |series=Brill's Tibetan studies library |volume=1 |editor=Christopher I. Beckwith |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2002 |pages=73–112 |isbn=978-90-04-12424-0 }}
*{{cite book|title=Research on Tibeto-Burman languages |volume=14 |series=Trends in Linguistics |first=Austin |last=Hale |chapter=Review of Research |pages=30–49 ''passim'' |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=1982 |isbn=978-90-279-3379-9 }}
*{{cite book|title=Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics: 2009 |volume=222 |series=Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs |first=Rajendra |last=Singh |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-11-022559-4 |pages=154–161 }}

{{Bodic languages}}
{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
[[Category:Bodish languages|*]]