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{{Short description|1679–1684 conflict}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1679–1684
| place = [[Guge]], [[Ladakh]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
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| territory = Ladakh reduced to its present day borders
| result = [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]]
* Tibetan recognition of the independence of Ladakh
| combatant1 = [[Ganden Phodrang]]<br/>{{flag|Khoshut Khanate}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}}[[Mughal Empire]] <br> [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal dynasty]]
| commander1 = {{flag icon|Khoshut Khanate}} [[Galdan Tsewang]]
| commander2 = Fidai Khan <br> [[Delek Namgyal]]
}}

The '''Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war''' of 1679–1684 was fought between the Central Tibetan [[Ganden Phodrang]] government, with the assistance of [[Oirats|Oirat Mongolian]] [[Khoshut Khanate]] and the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh]] with assistance from the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[Kashmir]]. Which in the late 17th century, Ladakh sided with [[Bhutan]] in its dispute with Tibet. The Tibetans decided to punish Ladakh for interfering in their relations with [[Bhutan]] and the oppression of [[Gelug]] monasteries in Ladakh.{{sfnp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}}

== War ==
In 1679, the [[5th Dalai Lama]] appointed the lama of the [[Tashilhunpo Monastery]], the [[Upper Mongols|Koshut]] Galdan Tsewang ({{bo|w=Dga' ldan Tshe dbang}}{{sfn|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007|p=81}}), as the commander of the Tibeto-Khoshut expedition to Ladakh.{{sfnp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}}
He is said to have done so against the advice of his prime minister not to send the expedition.<ref>
{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=349}}: "Firstly, from the passage dated 5 July 1679, it seems that the decision to send the expedition to Ladakh was taken by the 5th Dalai Lama himself who, concurring with the advice given by dGa'-lDan Tshe-dBan dPal bZan (that an expedition be sent), over-ruled the advice given by the sDe-pa Blo-bZan sByin-pa (that the expedition be postponed). It should be remembered that the sDe-pa Blo bZan sByin-pa was, at this time, in the very last days of his tenure of office as sDe-pa. Already on 27 June 1679, a notice had been issued, naming Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho as sDe-pa."
</ref> Galdan Tsewang first secured his flanks when he made a treaty with Raja Kehri Singh of [[Bashahr]], granting him trade rights with Tibet.{{sfnp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}}

Galdan Tsewang's first campaign resulted in the defeat of the Ladakhi army led by Shakya Gyatso ({{bo|w=Sakya rGya-mTsho}}, at Khan-dMar.{{sfnp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=349}} The following year, he defeated the Ladakhis again at [[Chang La]] (''Byan-la'') and occupied the country with the exception of the fortresses of [[Basgo]], and [[Tingmosgang|Tinggmosgang]], which held out against the Tibetan attacks for the next three years.{{sfnp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=349}}

The stalemate was broken with the [[Mughal Empire]]'s intervention in the war. Kashmir was a Mughal province at this time and included Ladakh in its [[sphere of influence]].{{sfnp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}} In 1683, an army led by Fidai Khan, son of governor Ibrahim Khan of Kashmir, defeated the Tibeto-Khoshut army and lifted the siege of [[Basgo]], continuing the pursuit until [[Lake Pangong]].<ref name=Kaul /><ref name=Kali /> The Mughal-Ladakh alliance manage to force the Tibetan to withdraw into [[Tashigang, Ngari Prefecture|Tashigang]].<ref name="Petech">{{cite book |last=Petech |first=Luciano |author-link=Luciano Petech |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3498 |via=archive.org |pages=71-74}}</ref>

The Kashmiris helped restore Ladakhi rule on the condition that a mosque be built in [[Leh]] and that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Mughals retreated after signing a treaty with the Ladakhis. Kashmiri historians assert that, after this, the Ladakhi king converted to Islam in return. However, the Ladakhi chronicles do not mention such a thing and the Ladakhi people refute it. The king agreed to give tribute to the Mughals in return for their help.<ref name=Kali>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC&pg=PA34|title=India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector|first=M. L.|last=Sali|date=20 April 1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788170249641|access-date=20 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Kaul>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA63|title=Rediscovery of Ladakh|first=H. N.|last=Kaul|date=20 April 1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870866|access-date=20 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Johan Eleverskog writes that in his struggle for power over Tibet, the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]] employed fear and violence over the Tibetan territories.<ref>{{cite book|author=Johan Elverskog|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA222|date=6 June 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2|pages=222–}}</ref>

== Treaty of Tingmosgang ==
{{Further|Ladakh Chronicles#Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)}}

In 1684, the [[Ganden Phodrang]] Prime Minister [[Desi Sangye Gyatso]]<ref>
{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968}} p. 342: "Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho (1653–1705), sDe-pa or Prime Minister of Tibet 1679-1705". p. 351: "Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the sDe-pa Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho, annexed Gu-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the lHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."
</ref> and the King [[Delek Namgyal]] of Ladakh signed the 1684 [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]] to end the war.<ref>
{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|pp=351–353}}: "We produce now a new translation of the Ladakh Chronicles [...] bDe-legs rNam-rGyal, came to the kingship [of Ladakh] [...] Thereupon, the Government of Tibet, being afraid that the King of Ladakh and his troops might, once again, make war (on Tibet), ordered the 'Brug-pa Mi-'pham dBaii-po that he ought to go (to Ladakh) in order to establish peace. [...] With this exception, the frontier (of Ladakh) was fixed as from the IHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."</ref><ref>
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oduAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh: C. 950-1842 A.D. |first=Luciano |last=Petech |author-link=Luciano Petech |publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |pages=171–172|isbn=9788863230581 }}: "bDe-legs-n.g. co-regent (1680–1691)" The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang no longer survives, but its contents are summarized in the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]''.
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965}}: p. 37: "No text of this agreement between Tibet and Ladakh survives, but there are references to it in chronicles." p. 38: "There can be no doubt that the 1684 (or 1683) agreement between Ladakh and the authorities then controlling Tibet did in fact take place. Unfortunately, no original text of it has survived and its terms can only be deduced. In its surviving form there seems to be a reference to a boundary point at "the Lhari stream at Demchok", a stream which would appear to flow into the Indus at Demchok and divide that village into two halves." p. 40: "The treaty that could have given this information, that of 1684, has not survived in ...its full text, and we have no means of determining exactly what line of frontier was contemplated in 1684. The chronicles which refer to this treaty are singularly deficient in precise geographical details."
</ref>
According to the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]'', the treaty fixed the Tibet-Ladakh border at the [[Lhari stream]] near [[Demchok (historical village)|Demchok]], and regulated trade and tribute missions between Ladakh to Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}}; {{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=356}}; {{cite book |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II |first=August Hermann |last=Francke |author-link=August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |editor-first=F. W. |editor-last=Thomas |year=1926 |pages=115–118}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Zahiruddin |title=New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679–84 |journal=East and West |volume= 18 |issue= 3/4 |date=September–December 1968 |pages=340–361 |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente |jstor=29755343 |ref={{sfnref|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968}}}}
* {{citation |first=Gerhard |last=Emmer |chapter=Dga' Ldan Tshe Dbang Dpal Bzang Po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679–84 |title=Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPKvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2171-9 |pages=81–108 |ref={{sfnref|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |journal=The Australian Year Book of International Law |year=1965 |pages=37–52 |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965}}}}
* Petech, Luciano (1947). "The Tibetan-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1681-83." ''Indian History Quaterly'' XXIII(3), 169-99.
* {{cite book| last=Rahul |first=Ram |title=March of Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI77bC989PoC&pg=PA51 |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2000 | isbn=8173871094 |ref={{sfnref|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000}}}}

{{Tibet topics}}
{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-84}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1679]]
[[Category:1680s conflicts]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Wars involving Tibet]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1670s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1679 in India]]
[[Category:1680s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:History of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Khoshut Khanate]]

Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war - Revision history

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