Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:57, 20 June 2022
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	\| map_label =		\| map_label =
	\| territory = Ladakh reduced to its present day borders		\| territory = Ladakh reduced to its present day borders
	\| result =		\| result = Mughal victory<br>[[Treaty of Tingmosgang]]
	[[Mughal ~~Empire\|Mughal Victory]]~~
	[[Treaty of Tingmosgang]]~~<br/>~~
	\| status =		\| status =
	\| combatant1 = [[Ganden Phodrang\|Central Tibet]]<br/>[[Khoshut Khanate]]<br/>[[Dzungar Khanate]]		\| combatant1 = [[Ganden Phodrang\|Central Tibet]]<br/>[[Khoshut Khanate]]<br/>[[Dzungar Khanate]]
	\| combatant2 = [[~~Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh\|Ladakh~~]]<br/>[[~~File:Flag~~ of ~~the Mughal Empire.png\|35px]] [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal Empire~~]]		\| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]<br/>[[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh]]
	\| commander1 = [[Galdan Chhewang]]<br/>[[Tenzin Dalai Khan]]<br/>[[Galdan Boshugtu Khan]]		\| commander1 = [[Galdan Chhewang]]<br/>[[Tenzin Dalai Khan]]<br/>[[Galdan Boshugtu Khan]]
	\| commander2 = [[Deldan Namgyal]]<br/>Shakya Gyatso ~~of Ayu kalon<br/>Fidai Khan~~		\| commander2 = Fidai Khan<br/>[[Deldan Namgyal]]<br/>Shakya Gyatso
	\| units1 =		\| units1 =
	\| units2 =		\| units2 =
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	Galdan Chhewang's first campaign resulted in the defeat of the Ladakhi army, led by Shakya Gyatso ({{bo\|w=Sakya rGya-mTsho}}, at Khan-dMar.{{sfnp\|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War\|1968\|p=349}} The next year he defeated the Ladakhis again at [[Chang La]] (''Byan-la'') and occupied the country with the exception of the fortresses of [[Basgo]], and [[Tingmosgang\|Tinggmosgang]], which would hold out against the Tibetan attacks for the next three years.{{sfnp\|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War\|1968\|p=349}}		Galdan Chhewang's first campaign resulted in the defeat of the Ladakhi army, led by Shakya Gyatso ({{bo\|w=Sakya rGya-mTsho}}, at Khan-dMar.{{sfnp\|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War\|1968\|p=349}} The next year he defeated the Ladakhis again at [[Chang La]] (''Byan-la'') and occupied the country with the exception of the fortresses of [[Basgo]], and [[Tingmosgang\|Tinggmosgang]], which would hold out against the Tibetan attacks for the next three years.{{sfnp\|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War\|1968\|p=349}}

	The stalemate was broken with the [[Mughal Empire]]'s intervention in the war. Kashmir was a Mughal province at this time and included Ladakh in its [[sphere of influence]].{{sfnp\|Rahul, March of Central Asia\|2000\|p=51}} In 1683 an army led by Fidai Khan, son of governor Ibrahim Khan of Kashmir, defeated the Tibeto-Mongol army and lifted the siege of Basgo, continuing the pursuit until Lake Pangong. The Kashmiris helped restore Ladakhi rule on the condition that a mosque be built in Leh and that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Mughals retreated after signing a treaty with the Ladakhis. Kashmiri historians assert that, after this, the Ladakhi king converted to Islam in return. However, Ladakhi chronicles do not mention such a thing and Ladakhi people refute it. The king agreed to give tribute to the Mughals in return for their help.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC&pg=PA34\|title=India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector\|first=M. L.\|last=Sali\|date=20 April 1998\|publisher=APH Publishing\|isbn=9788170249641\|access-date=20 April 2018\|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA63\|title=Rediscovery of Ladakh\|first=H. N.\|last=Kaul\|date=20 April 1998\|publisher=Indus Publishing\|isbn=9788173870866\|access-date=20 April 2018\|via=Google Books}}</ref>		The stalemate was broken with the [[Mughal Empire]]'s intervention in the war. [[Kashmir]] was a Mughal province at this time and included Ladakh in its [[sphere of influence]].{{sfnp\|Rahul, March of Central Asia\|2000\|p=51}} In 1683 an army led by Fidai Khan, son of governor Ibrahim Khan of Kashmir, defeated the Tibeto-Mongol army and lifted the siege of Basgo, continuing the pursuit until [[Pangong Tso\|Lake Pangong]]. The [[Mughal Army]] continued their pursuit against the Tibeto-Mongol army and they conquered [[Lake Manasarovar]] on the foothills of [[Mount Kailash]] which was annexed and served as the northeast boundary of the [[Mughals]] in [[Tibet]]. The [[Kashmiris]] helped restore Ladakhi rule on the condition that a mosque be built in Leh and that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Mughals retreated after signing a treaty with the Ladakhis. Kashmiri historians assert that, after this, the Ladakhi king converted to Islam in return. However, Ladakhi chronicles do not mention such a thing and Ladakhi people refute it. The king agreed to give tribute to the Mughals in return for their help.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC&pg=PA34\|title=India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector\|first=M. L.\|last=Sali\|date=20 April 1998\|publisher=APH Publishing\|isbn=9788170249641\|access-date=20 April 2018\|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA63\|title=Rediscovery of Ladakh\|first=H. N.\|last=Kaul\|date=20 April 1998\|publisher=Indus Publishing\|isbn=9788173870866\|access-date=20 April 2018\|via=Google Books}}</ref>

	Scholar Johan Eleverskog states that, in his struggle for power over Tibet, the Fifth Dalai Lama employed fear and violence over the Tibetan territories.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Johan Elverskog\|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA222\|date=6 June 2011\|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press\|isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2\|pages=222–}}</ref>		Scholar Johan Eleverskog states that, in his struggle for power over Tibet, the Fifth Dalai Lama employed fear and violence over the Tibetan territories.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Johan Elverskog\|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA222\|date=6 June 2011\|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press\|isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2\|pages=222–}}</ref>

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1679–84
| place = [[Guge]], [[Ladakh]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Ladakh reduced to its present day borders
| result =
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal Victory]]
[[Treaty of Tingmosgang]] 
| status =
| combatant1 = [[Ganden Phodrang|Central Tibet]] [[Khoshut Khanate]] [[Dzungar Khanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Ladakh]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|35px]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Galdan Chhewang]] [[Tenzin Dalai Khan]] [[Galdan Boshugtu Khan]]
| commander2 = [[Deldan Namgyal]] Shakya Gyatso of Ayu kalon Fidai Khan
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War''' of 1679–1684 was fought between the Central Tibetan [[Ganden Phodrang]] government, with the assistance of Mongol khanates, and the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh]] with assistance from the [[Mughal Empire]] in Kashmir.

== Background ==
In the late 17th century, Ladakh sided with [[Bhutan]] in its dispute with Tibet. The Tibetans decided to punish Ladakh for interfering in their relations with [[Bhutan]] and the oppression of Gelug monasteries in Ladakh.{{sfnp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}}

== War ==
In 1679 the [[5th Dalai Lama]] appointed the lama of the [[Tashilhunpo Monastery]], the [[Upper Mongols|Koshut]] '''Galdan Chhewang''' ({{bo|w=Dga' ldan Tshe dbang}}{{sfn|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007|p=81}}), as the commander of the Tibeto-Mongol expedition to Ladakh.{{sfnp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}}
He is said to have overruled the advice of his Prime Minister in deciding for the expedition.<ref>
{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=349}}: "Firstly, from the passage dated 5 July 1679, it seems that the decision to send the expedition to Ladakh was taken by the 5th Dalai Lama himself who, concurring with the advice given by dGa'-lDan Tshe-dBan dPal bZan (that an expedition be sent), over-ruled the advice given by the sDe-pa Blo-bZan sByin-pa (that the expedition be postponed). It should be remembered that the sDe-pa Blo bZan sByin-pa was, at this time, in the very last days of his tenure of office as sDe-pa. Already on 27 June 1679, a notice has been issued, naming Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho as sDe-pa."
</ref>
Galdan Chhewang first secured his flanks when he made a treaty with Raja Kehri Singh of [[Bashahr]], granting him trade rights with Tibet.{{sfnp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}}

Galdan Chhewang's first campaign resulted in the defeat of the Ladakhi army, led by Shakya Gyatso ({{bo|w=Sakya rGya-mTsho}}, at Khan-dMar.{{sfnp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=349}} The next year he defeated the Ladakhis again at [[Chang La]] (''Byan-la'') and occupied the country with the exception of the fortresses of [[Basgo]], and [[Tingmosgang|Tinggmosgang]], which would hold out against the Tibetan attacks for the next three years.{{sfnp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=349}}

The stalemate was broken with the [[Mughal Empire]]'s intervention in the war. Kashmir was a Mughal province at this time and included Ladakh in its [[sphere of influence]].{{sfnp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}} In 1683 an army led by Fidai Khan, son of governor Ibrahim Khan of Kashmir, defeated the Tibeto-Mongol army and lifted the siege of Basgo, continuing the pursuit until Lake Pangong. The Kashmiris helped restore Ladakhi rule on the condition that a mosque be built in Leh and that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Mughals retreated after signing a treaty with the Ladakhis. Kashmiri historians assert that, after this, the Ladakhi king converted to Islam in return. However, Ladakhi chronicles do not mention such a thing and Ladakhi people refute it. The king agreed to give tribute to the Mughals in return for their help.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC&pg=PA34|title=India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector|first=M. L.|last=Sali|date=20 April 1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788170249641|access-date=20 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA63|title=Rediscovery of Ladakh|first=H. N.|last=Kaul|date=20 April 1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870866|access-date=20 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Scholar Johan Eleverskog states that, in his struggle for power over Tibet, the Fifth Dalai Lama employed fear and violence over the Tibetan territories.<ref>{{cite book|author=Johan Elverskog|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA222|date=6 June 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2|pages=222–}}</ref>

With the help of reinforcements from [[Galdan Boshugtu Khan]], Khan of the [[Zunghar Khanate|Zungar Empire]], the Tibetans attacked again in 1684. The Tibetans were victorious and concluded a treaty with Ladakh then they retreated back to [[Lhasa]] on December 1684.{{fact|date=February 2020}}

== Treaty of Tingmosgang ==
{{Further|Ladakh Chronicles#Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)}}
In 1684, the Ganden Phodrang Prime Minister [[Desi Sangye Gyatso]]<ref>
{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968}} p. 342: "Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho (1653-1705), sDe-pa or Prime Minister of Tibet 1679-1705". p. 351: "Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the sDe-pa Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho, annexed Gu-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the lHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."
</ref> and the King [[Delek Namgyal]] of Ladakh agreed on the 1684 [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]] to end the war.<ref>
{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|pp=351–353}}: "We produce now a new translation of the Ladakh Chronicles [...] bDe-legs rNam-rGyal, came to the kingship [of Ladakh] [...] Thereupon, the Government of Tibet, being afraid that the King of Ladakh and his troops might, once again, make war (on Tibet), ordered the 'Brug-pa Mi-'pham dBaii-po that he ought to go (to Ladakh) in order to establish peace. [...] With this exception, the frontier (of Ladakh) was fixed as from the IHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."</ref><ref>
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oduAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh: C. 950-1842 A.D. |first=Luciano |last=Petech |author-link=Luciano Petech |publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |pages=171–172}}: "bDe-legs-n.g. co-regent (1680-1691)"}} The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang no longer survives, but its contents are summarized in the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]''.
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965}}: p. 37: "No text of this agreement between Tibet and Ladakh survives, but there are references to it in chronicles." p. 38: "There can be no doubt that the 1684 (or 1683) agreement between Ladakh and the authorities then controlling Tibet did in fact take place. Unfortunately, no original text of it has survived and its terms can only be deduced. In its surviving form there seems to be a reference to a boundary point at "the Lhari stream at Demchok", a stream which would appear to flow into the Indus at Demchok and divide that village into two halves." p. 40: "The treaty that could have given this information, that of 1684, has not survived in the form of its full text, and we have no means of determining exactly what line of frontier was contemplated in 1684. The chronicles which refer to this treaty are singularly deficient in precise geographical details."
</ref>
According to the ''Ladakh Chronicles'', the treaty fixed the Tibet-Ladakh border at the [[Lhari stream]] near [[Demchok (historical village)|Demchok]], and regulated trade and tribute missions between Ladakh to Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000|p=51}}; {{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968|p=356}}; {{cite book |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II |first=August Hermann |last=Francke |author-link=August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |editor-first=F. W. |editor-last=Thomas |year=1926 |pages=115–118}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Zahiruddin |title=New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679-84 |journal=East and West |volume= 18 |issue= 3/4 |date=September–December 1968 |pages=340–361 |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente |jstor=29755343 |ref={{sfnref|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|1968}}}}
* {{citation |first=Gerhard |last=Emmer |chapter=Dga' Ldan Tshe Dbang Dpal Bzang Po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mugha1 War of 1679-84 |title=Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPKvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2171-9 |pages=81–108 |ref={{sfnref|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |journal=The Australian Year Book of International Law |year=1965 |pages=37–52 |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965}}}}
* {{cite book| last=Rahul |first=Ram |title=March of Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI77bC989PoC&pg=PA51 |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2000 | isbn=8173871094 |ref={{sfnref|Rahul, March of Central Asia|2000}}}}

{{Tibet topics}}
{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-84}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1679]]
[[Category:1680s conflicts]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Wars involving Tibet]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1679 in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1680s in the Mughal Empire]]