Ashok Hathrasi: typo fix

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{{short description|Family of birds}}
{{about|birds in family Turdidae|other birds known as thrushes|Thrush (disambiguation)#Birds|the mouth disease|candidiasis}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Thrushes
| image = Psophocichla litsitsirupa (Etosha).jpg
| image_caption = [[Groundscraper thrush]] ''(Turdus litsitsirupa)''
| image_alt = Medium sized songbird stands upright with greyish upperbody, blackened wings, white underparts streaked with black, a white face with a prominent black crescent behind the eye and black line running from the eye down, and grey bill with yellow below
| taxon = Turdidae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
*[[Myadestinae]]
*[[Turdinae]]
}}

The '''thrushes''' are a [[passerine]] [[bird]] [[family (biology)|family]], '''Turdidae''', with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as [[Old World flycatcher]]s. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.

==Characteristics==
Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds, inhabiting wooded areas, and often feeding on the ground. The smallest thrush may be the [[Shortwing (bird)|shortwing]]s, which have ambiguous alliances with both thrushes and [[Old World flycatcher]]s. The [[lesser shortwing]] averages {{convert|12|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}. The largest thrush is the [[great thrush]] at {{convert|128|to|175|g|oz|frac=8|abbr=on}} and {{convert|28|to|33|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}; the larger, commonly recognized [[blue whistling thrush]] is an [[Old World flycatcher|Old world flycatcher]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Escobar Riomalo|first1=Maria Paula|last2=Gongora|first2=Esteban|last3=Arsitizabal Leost|first3=Sophie|editor1-first=Thomas S|editor1-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Great Thrush (''Turdus fuscater'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grethr1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.grethr1.01|s2cid=216306066|language=en}}</ref> The [[Amami thrush]] might, however, grow larger than the [[great thrush]]. Most species are grey or brown in colour, often with speckled underparts.

They are [[insectivore|insectivorous]], but most species also eat worms, [[land snail]]s, and fruit (usually [[Berry|berries]]). Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during summer, often over considerable distances.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Perrins, C.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 186–187|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref>

Thrushes build cup-shaped [[bird nest|nests]], sometimes lining them with mud. They lay two to five speckled eggs, sometimes laying two or more [[clutch (eggs)|clutch]]es per year. Both parents help in raising the young.<ref name=EoB/> In almost all cases, the nest is placed on a branch; the only exceptions are the three species of [[bluebird]], which nest in holes.

==Ecology==
Turdidae species spread the seeds of plants, contributing to the dispersal of many species and the recovery of ecosystems.

Plants have limited [[seed dispersal]] mobility away from the parent plant and consequently rely upon a variety of [[dispersal vector]]s to transport their propagules, including both [[abiotic]] and [[Biotic component|biotic]] vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant individually or collectively, as well as dispersed in both space and time.

Many bats and birds rely heavily on fruits for their diet, including birds in the families [[Cotingidae]], [[Columbidae]], [[Trogonidae]], Turdidae, and [[Ramphastidae]]. While eating fruit, these animals swallow seeds and then later regurgitate them or pass them in their faeces. Such [[Seed dispersal|ornithochory]] has been a major mechanism of seed dispersal across ocean barriers.

Other seeds may stick to the feet or feathers of birds, and in this way may travel long distances. Seeds of grasses, spores of algae, and the eggs of molluscs and other invertebrates commonly establish in remote areas after long journeys of this sort. The Turdidae have a great ecological importance because some populations migrate long distances and disperse the seeds of endangered plant species at new sites, helping to eliminate inbreeding and increasing the genetic diversity of local flora.

[[File:Tsugumi - chiba area - 2016 2 21.webm|thumb|300px|A [[Dusky thrush]] in [[Tokyo]].]]
==Taxonomy==
The family Turdidae was introduced (as Turdinia) by the French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=67 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310145 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=151, 252 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}</ref>
The taxonomic treatment of this large family has varied significantly in recent years. Traditionally, the Turdidae included the small Old World species, like the [[nightingale]] and [[European robin]] in the subfamily Saxicolinae, but most authorities now place this group in the [[Old World flycatcher]] family [[Muscicapidae]]. [[Molecular phylogenetic]] analysis has shown that the family Turdidae is a member of the [[superfamily (taxonomy)|superfamily]] [[Muscicapoidea]] and is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the family [[Muscicapidae]]. The two families diverged in the [[Miocene]] around 17 million years ago.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C.H. | display-authors=etal | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–7925 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | pmid=30936315 | pmc=6475423 | bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O | doi-access=free }}</ref>

The family formerly included more species. At the time of the publication of the third edition of [[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]] in 2003, the genera ''[[Myophonus]]'', ''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'', ''[[Brachypteryx]]'' and ''[[Heinrichia]]'' were included in Turdidae.<ref name=h&m3>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | year=2003 | title=The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | edition=3rd | place=London | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=978-0-7136-6536-9 }}</ref> Subsequent [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that the species in these four genera are more closely related to species in the family [[Muscicapidae]].<ref name=voelker2004>{{ cite journal | last1=Voelker | first1=G. | last2=Spellman | first2=G.M. | date=February 2004 | title=Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=30 | issue= 2| pages=386–394 | doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X | pmid=14715230 }}</ref><ref name=sangster2010>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | date=October 2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044}}</ref> As a consequence, these four genera are now placed in Muscicapidae.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=h&m4>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | editor2-last=Christidis | editor2-first=L. | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, Passerines | edition=4th | publisher=Aves Press | place=Eastbourne, U.K. | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 }}</ref> In contrast, the genus ''[[Cochoa]]'' which had previously been placed in Muscicapidae was shown to belong in Turdidae.<ref name=voelker2004/><ref name=sangster2010/>
[[File:Vogels door Jan van Oort (02).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Redwing]], [[Fieldfare]], [[Ring ouzel]]]]

==Genera==
The family contains 175 species which are divided into 17 genera:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Thrushes | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/thrushes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=6 April 2023 }}</ref>
* ''[[Grandala]]'' – grandala
* ''[[Sialia]]'' – bluebirds (3 species)
* ''[[Stizorhina]]'' – rufous thrushes (2 species)
* ''[[Neocossyphus]]'' – ant thrushes (2 species)
* ''[[Pinarornis]]'' – boulder chat
* ''[[Myadestes]]'' – solitaires (12 species, including one recently extinct)
* ''[[Chlamydochaera]]'' – fruithunter
* ''[[Cochoa]]'' – cochoas (4 species)
* ''[[Varied thrush|Ixoreus]]'' – varied thrush
* ''[[Aztec thrush|Ridgwayia]]'' – Aztec thrush
* ''[[Cichlopsis]]'' – rufous-brown solitaire
* ''[[Entomodestes]]'' – solitaires (2 species)
* ''[[Wood thrush|Hylocichla]]'' – wood thrush
* ''[[Catharus]]'' – typical American thrushes and nightingale-thrushes (13 species)
* ''[[Zoothera]]'' – Asian thrushes (21 species, including one recently extinct)
* ''[[Geokichla]]'' – (21 species)
* ''[[True thrush|Turdus]]'' – true thrushes (88 species, including one recently extinct)

See [[list of thrush species]] for more detail.

==Cooking==
The thrush is one of the many kinds of small bird that have in the past been trapped and eaten in much of Europe; the practice is now rare.<ref name=ad/> Among traditional ways of cooking thrush were with [[polenta]] or grilled on a skewer, in Italy; with [[juniper]] berries in Belgium; and made into a [[pâté]] or [[terrine (food)|terrine]].<ref name=ad>{{cite book | first=Alan|last= Davidson | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=1999 | isbn=0-19-211579-0 | url-access=registration | page=793| url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0 }}</ref> The French cook and cookery writer [[Marie-Antoine Carême]] recommended cooking thrushes in [[crépinette]]s and serving with [[sauce Périgueux]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Carême | first = Marie-Antoine | title = L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siêcle | date = 1847 | location = Paris | publisher = Comptoir des Imprimeurs-Unis | url = https://archive.org/details/b21526047_0004/page/n427/mode/2up| oclc = 969509254|pages= 277–278}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/thrushes-turdidae Thrush videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
*[http://www.birdphotos.com/photos/index.php?q=gallery&g2_itemId=5594 High-resolution photo gallery of around 100 species.]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q26050}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Turdidae|*]]
[[Category:Thrushes| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]

Thrush (bird) - Revision history

Ashok Hathrasi: typo fix

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article