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{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Scarlet ibis arp.jpg
| image_caption = [[Scarlet ibis]]
| taxon = Threskiornithidae
| authority = [[Charles Wallace Richmond|Richmond]], 1917
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
*[[Ibis|Threskiornithinae]]
*[[Spoonbill|Plataleinae]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Threskiornithidae.html |first=P. R. |last=Myers |author2=C. S. Parr |author3=T. Jones |author4=G. S. Hammond |author5= T. A. Dewey |title=Family Threskiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills) |work=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=2009-09-09}}</ref>
}}

The [[family (biology)|family]] '''Threskiornithidae''' includes 36 species of large wading birds. The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies, the '''[[ibis]]es''' and the '''[[spoonbill]]s'''; however recent genetic studies have cast doubt on this arrangement, and have found the spoonbills to be nested within the Old World ibises, and the New World ibises as an early offshoot.

==Taxonomy==
The family Threskiornithidae was formerly known as Plataleidae. The spoonbills and ibises were once thought to be related to other groups of long-legged wading birds in the order [[Ciconiiformes]]. A recent study found that they are members of the order [[Pelecaniformes]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History |first1=Shannon J. |last1=Hackett |first2=Rebecca T. |last2=Kimball |first3=Sushma |last3=Reddy |first4=Rauri C. K. |last4=Bowie |first5=Edward L. |last5=Braun |first6=Michael J. |last6=Braun |first7=Jena L. |last7=Chojnowski |first8=W. Andrew |last8=Cox |first9=Kin-Lan |last9=Han |first10=John |last10=Harshman |first11=Christopher J. |last11=Huddleston |first12=Ben D. |last12=Marks |first13=Kathleen J. |last13=Miglia |first14=William S. |last14=Moore |first15=Frederick H. |last15=Sheldon |first16=David W. |last16=Steadman |first17=Christopher C. |last17=Witt |first18=Tamaki |last18=Yuri |author-link15=Fred Sheldon (ornithologist) |journal=Science |volume=320 |issue=5884 |pages=1763–1768 |doi=10.1126/science.1157704 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18583609|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H |s2cid=6472805 }}</ref> In response to these findings, the [[International Ornithological Congress]] (IOC) recently{{when|date=October 2018}} reclassified Threskiornithidae and their sister taxa [[Ardeidae]] under the order [[Pelecaniformes]] instead of the previous order of Ciconiiformes.<ref>"Gill, F. & D. Donsker (Eds). 2010. IOC World Bird Names (version 2.4). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ [Accessed 29 May 2010].</ref> Whether the two subfamilies are reciprocally [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] is an open question. The South American Checklist Committee's entry for the Threskiornithidae includes the following comment "Two subfamilies are traditionally (e.g., Matheu & del Hoyo 1992) recognized: Threskiornithinae for ibises and Plataleinae for spoonbills; because the main distinction has to do with bill shape, additional information, especially genetic, is required to recognize a major, deep split in the family."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm |title=A classification of the bird species of South America |work=South American Classification Committee |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

A study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] of the spoonbills plus the [[Sacred ibis|sacred]] and [[scarlet ibis]]es found that the spoonbills formed a clade with old world genus ''[[Threskiornis]]'', with ''[[Nipponia nippon]]'' and ''[[Eudocimus]]'' as progressively earlier offshoots and more distant relatives, and hence casts doubt on the arrangement of the family into ibis and spoonbill subfamilies.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Chesser, R.Terry |author2=Yeung, Carol K.L. |author3=Yao, Cheng-Te |author4=Tians, Xiu-Hua |author5=Li Shou-Hsien |year=2010|title=Molecular phylogeny of the spoonbills (Aves: Threskiornithidae) based on mitochondrial DNA|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2603 |issue= 2603|pages=53–60|issn=1175-5326|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2603.1.2 }}</ref> Subsequent studies have supported these findings, the spoonbills forming a monophyletic clade within the "widespread" clade of ibises, including ''Plegadis'' and ''Threskiornis'', while the "new World Endemic" clade is formed by the genera restricted to the Americas such as ''Eudocimus'' and ''Theristicus''.<ref name = Ramirez>{{cite journal | author = J.L. Ramirez | author2 = C.Y. Miyaki | author3 = S.N. Del Lama | name-list-style = amp | year = 2013 | title = Molecular phylogeny of Threskiornithidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA | journal = Genetics and Molecular Research | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 2740–2750| doi = 10.4238/2013.July.30.11 | pmid = 23979898 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Description==
Members of the family have long, broad wings with 11 primary [[feather]]s and about 20 secondaries. They are strong fliers and, rather surprisingly, given their size and weight, very capable soarers. The body tends to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the [[ibis]]es, straight and distinctively flattened in the [[spoonbill]]s. They are large birds, but mid-sized by the standards of their order, ranging from the [[dwarf olive ibis]] (''Bostrychia bocagei''), at {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|450|g|lb|abbr=on}}, to the [[giant ibis]] (''Thaumatibis gigantea''), at {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|4.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.

==Distribution and ecology==
They are distributed almost worldwide, being found near almost any area of standing or slow-flowing fresh or [[brackish water]]. Ibises are also found in drier areas, including [[landfill]]s.

The [[Llanos]] are notable in that these wetland plains support seven species of ibis in the one region.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Foraging Ecology of Seven Species of Neotropical Ibises (Threskiornithidae) during the Dry Season in the Llanos of Venezuela |author1=Frederick, Peter C. |author2=Bildstein, Keith L. | journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume= 104|issue= 1 |pages=1–21}}</ref>

All ibises are diurnal; spending the day feeding on a wide range of [[invertebrate]]s and small [[vertebrate]]s: ibises by probing in soft earth or mud, spoonbills by swinging the bill from side to side in shallow water. At night, they roost in trees near water. They are gregarious, feeding, roosting, and flying together, often in formation.

Nesting is colonial in ibises, more often in small groups or singly in spoonbills, nearly always in trees overhanging water, but sometimes on islands or small islands in swamps. Generally, the female builds a large structure out of [[Reed bed|reeds]] and sticks brought by the male. Typical clutch size is two to five; hatching is asynchronic. Both sexes incubate in shifts, and after hatching feed the young by partial regurgitation. Two or three weeks after hatching, the young no longer need to be brooded continuously and may leave the nest, often forming creches but returning to be fed by the parents.

==Species==
[[File:Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus).jpg|thumb|Black-headed ibis (''[[Threskiornis melanocephalus]]'') in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]]]
[[File:Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) at Bharatpur I IMG 5670.jpg|thumb|Eurasian spoonbill (''[[Platalea leucorodia]]'') in India]]
'''FAMILY: THRESKIORNITHIDAE'''
* '''Subfamily: [[Ibis|Threskiornithinae]]''' – Ibises
** Genus ''[[Threskiornis]]''
*** [[African sacred ibis]], ''Threskiornis aethiopicus''
*** [[Malagasy sacred ibis]], ''Threskiornis bernieri''
*** †[[Reunion ibis]], ''Threskiornis solitarius'' ([[List of extinct birds|extinct]])
*** [[Black-headed ibis]], ''Threskiornis melanocephalus''
*** [[Australian white ibis]], ''Threskiornis molucca''
**** [[Solomons white ibis]], ''Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus''
*** [[Straw-necked ibis]], ''Threskiornis spinicollis''
** Genus ''[[Pseudibis]]''
*** [[Red-naped ibis]], ''Pseudibis papillosa''
*** [[White-shouldered ibis]], ''Pseudibis davisoni''
** Genus ''Thaumatibis''
*** [[Giant ibis]], ''Thaumatibis gigantea''
** Genus ''[[Geronticus]]''
*** [[Northern bald ibis]], ''Geronticus eremita''
*** [[Southern bald ibis]], ''Geronticus calvus''
** Genus ''Nipponia''
*** [[Crested ibis]], ''Nipponia nippon ''
** Genus ''[[Bostrychia]]''
*** [[Olive ibis]], ''Bostrychia olivacea''
*** [[São Tomé ibis]], ''Bostrychia bocagei''
*** [[Spot-breasted ibis]], ''Bostrychia rara''
*** [[Hadada ibis]], ''Bostrychia hagedash''
*** [[Wattled ibis]], ''Bostrychia carunculata''
** Genus ''[[Theristicus]]''
*** [[Plumbeous ibis]], ''Theristicus caerulescens''
*** [[Buff-necked ibis]], ''Theristicus caudatus''
*** [[Black-faced ibis]], ''Theristicus melanopis''
** Genus ''Cercibis''
*** [[Sharp-tailed ibis]], ''Cercibis oxycerca''
** Genus ''Mesembrinibis''
*** [[Green ibis]], ''Mesembrinibis cayennensis''
** Genus ''Phimosus''
*** [[Bare-faced ibis]], ''Phimosus infuscatus''
** Genus ''[[Eudocimus]]''
*** [[American white ibis]], ''Eudocimus albus''
*** [[Scarlet ibis]], ''Eudocimus ruber''
** Genus ''[[Plegadis]]''
*** [[Glossy ibis]], ''Plegadis falcinellus''
*** [[White-faced ibis]], ''Plegadis chihi''
*** [[Puna ibis]], ''Plegadis ridgwayi''
** Genus ''Lophotibis''
*** [[Madagascar ibis]], ''Lophotibis cristata''
* '''Subfamily: [[Spoonbill|Plataleinae]]''' – Spoonbills
** Genus ''Platalea''
*** [[Eurasian spoonbill]], ''Platalea leucorodia''
*** [[Black-faced spoonbill]], ''Platalea minor''
*** [[African spoonbill]], ''Platalea alba''
*** [[Royal spoonbill]], ''Platalea regia''
*** [[Yellow-billed spoonbill]], ''Platalea flavipes''
*** [[Roseate spoonbill]], ''Platalea ajaja''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Threskiornithidae}}
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/ibises-spoonbills-threskiornithidae Threskiornithidae videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Threskiornithidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q162085}}

[[Category:Threskiornithidae| ]]
[[Category:Bird families]]
[[Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Wallace Richmond]]

Threskiornithidae - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article