Thomas Elmhirst - Revision history

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Sir Thomas Elmhirst
|image=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1895|12|15|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Yorkshire]], England
|death_date= {{death date and age|1982|11|06|1895|12|15|df=yes}}
|death_place= [[Dummer, Hampshire]], England
|allegiance= {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
|branch= {{navy|United Kingdom}} (1908–1918) {{air force|United Kingdom}} (1918–1950) {{air force|British India}} (1947–1950) {{air force|India}} (1950)
|serviceyears= 1908–50
|rank= [[Air Marshal]]
|unit=
|commands= [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Air Force]] (1947–50) [[AHQ Egypt]] (1942–43) [[No. 202 Group RAF|No. 202 Group]] (1941–42) [[RAF Abingdon]] (1935–37, 1939–40) [[RAF Leconfield]] (1939) [[No. 14 Squadron RAF|No. 14 Squadron]] (1934–35)
|battles= [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]] [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Knight of the Order of St John]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (4) [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown]] (Belgium) ''[[Croix de Guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre]]'' (Belgium) [[Legion of Merit|Commander of the Legion of Merit]] (United States) [[Legion of Honour|Commander of the Legion of Honour]] (France) ''[[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de Guerre]]'' (France)
|spouse= Katherine Gordon Black (m. 1930–65; her death) [[Marian Montagu Douglas Scott|Marian Ferguson]] (m. 1968–82; his death)
|relations= [[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]] (brother)
|laterwork=
}}
[[Air Marshal]] '''Sir Thomas Walker Elmhirst''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KBE|CB|AFC|DL}} (15 December 1895 – 6 November 1982), was a senior commander in the [[Royal Air Force]] in the first half of the 20th century and the first commander-in-chief of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] upon Indian independence in August 1947, in which post he organised the funeral of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] following his assassination in 1948. He later became the Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of [[Guernsey]] from 1953 to 1958.

==Family==
Thomas Elmhirst was born on 15 December 1895 to Reverend William Heaton Elmhirst (b. 1856) and Mary Elmhirst ([[née]] Knight) (b. 1863),<ref name="Vic"/><ref name="Lundy">{{cite web|last1=Lundy|first1=Darryl|title=Major Leonard Knight Elmhirst|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p25179.htm|website=thepeerage.com|publisher=The Peerage|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> a landed gentry family in [[Yorkshire]], where the family seat is [[Houndhill]]. He was the fourth of eight boys and had one youngest sister. The children were:
*Captain William Elmhirst (1892-1916), killed on 13 November 1916 while serving with the 8th Bn. [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] during the [[Battle of the Somme]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/593481/elmhirst,-/|title = Captain W Elmhirst | War Casualty Details}}</ref>
*[[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]] (1893–1974), a noted philanthropist and educational reformer who married [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]<ref name="Lundy"/>
*Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher "Christie" Elmhirst (1895–1915), killed on 7 August 1915 while serving with the 8th Bn. [[Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]] during the [[Gallipoli campaign]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/695747/elmhirst,-ernest-christopher/|title = Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher Elmhirst | War Casualty Details}}</ref>
*Thomas Elmhirst (1895–1982)
*James Victor Elmhirst (1898–1958)<ref name="Vic">{{cite web|last1=Rhodes|first1=Michael Lawrence|title=James Victor Elmhirst|url=https://www.geni.com/people/James-Elmhirst/6000000013534524199|website=geni.com|publisher=MyHeritage|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
*Richard Elmhirst (b. 1900)<ref name="Lewis">{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Stephen|title=Extraordinary account of life in the First World War|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/history/10965727.Extraordinary_account_of_life_in_the_First_World_War/|access-date=29 March 2016|work=The Press|publisher=York Press Co.|date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
*Alfred O. Elmhirst (1901-1995)<ref name="Lewis"/> of [[Houndhill]]
*Irene Rachel Elmhirst (b. 1902)<ref name="Lewis"/>

==Military career==
Elmhirst studied at the [[Osborne Stable Block|Royal Naval Colleges]] at Osborne, [[Isle of Wight]] in 1908, and at [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Dartmouth]] in [[Devon]].<ref name="Janus">{{Cite web|title=The Papers of Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst|url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1550|url-status=live|work=ArchiveSearch|publisher=Churchill Archives Centre Cambridge University}}</ref>

===First World War===
In April 1912, Elmhirst joined his first ship, {{HMS|Cornwall|1902|6}}.<ref name="Papers"/> He was commissioned as a midshipman in the [[Royal Navy]] in 1913 and was posted to {{HMS|Indomitable|1907|6}} in the [[1st Battlecruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)|1st Battlecruiser Squadron]] under [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]].<ref name=air>[http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Elmhirst.htm Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst]</ref> When war came he served on HMS ''Indomitable'' as the ship took part in the initial bombardment of the Turkish [[Dardanelles]] forts and the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)|Battle of Dogger Bank]],<ref name=air/> where he commanded 'X Gun Turret', the last one to fire at the German ship {{SMS|Blücher}} before it sank. In 1915 he was selected to be in the first draft of the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] where he served until the end of the First World War. He celebrated the armistice by flying an airship (SSZ73) under the [[Menai Bridge]] with his friend [[Gordon Campbell (VC)|Gordon Campbell]] as his passenger. By 1917, he was promoted to flight lieutenant and by March 1918 to major, commanding the [[RNAS Anglesey|Naval Airship Patrol Station on Anglesey]] in [[Wales]].<ref name="Papers"/> He then became part of the newly formed [[Royal Air Force]] in 1919.<ref name=air/>

Between the wars he trialled the first [[gyroscopic compass]] for aircraft in the RAF and became [[Air Attaché]] to Turkey in the run up to the Second World War.<ref name=air/> In January 1940 returned to the [[Air Ministry]] as [[RAF Intelligence|Deputy Director of Intelligence]].<ref name=air/>

===Second World War===
During the Second World War he ran the [[operations room]] at [[RAF Uxbridge]] during the [[Battle of Britain]]. He then commanded the Egypt Command Group under Air Marshal Tedder before becoming Second-in-Command of the [[Desert Air Force]].<ref name=air/> He continued in this role through the battle of Alamein until after the Allied invasion of [[Sicily]]. He was then Second-in Command of British Air Forces in North West Europe until the end of the war,<ref name=air/> serving in [[D-Day]], [[Normandy]], the [[Ardennes]] and the advance across the France and Germany. Finally he became [[RAF Intelligence|Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Intelligence)]] in August 1945.<ref name=air/>

===Post war===
After the war he was appointed as the Commander of the RAF in India.<ref name=air/> As independence approached, [[Pandit Nehru]] asked him to be the first [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] in the new [[Dominion of India|Union of India]].<ref name=air/>

In 1953, he ran [[Operation Totem]], the first British [[nuclear bomb]] land tests in [[Emu Field]], Australia.<ref name=air/> Later in 1953 he became the [[Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey]], welcoming [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] on her inaugural tour of the island as the new monarch. He held the post for five years, retiring in 1958.

==Personal life==
He married firstly Katherine Gordon Black, daughter of William Black, on 16 December 1930,<ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 1, page 562.</ref> and had two children before Katherine's death in 1965:
*Roger Elmhirst (1935–1999)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite web|last1=Friedman|first1=Ofir|title=Roger Thomas Elmhirst|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Roger-Elmhirst/6000000008123318918|website=geni.com|publisher=Geni|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
*Caroline Jane Elmhirst (b. 1932),<ref name="Friedman"/> who married Michael Frazer Mackie<ref name="Papers">{{cite web|title=The Papers of Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst|url=https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FELMT%205%2F11|website=janus.lib.cam.ac.uk|publisher=Janus|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
On 30 October 1968, he married [[Marian Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott|Marian Ferguson]] (née Montagu Douglas Scott), widow of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] Andrew Henry Ferguson. Marian was the daughter of [[Lord Herbert Montagu Douglas Scott]] and [[Marie Josephine Edwards]], and the granddaughter of [[William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch|The 6th Duke of Buccleuch]] and [[Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch|Lady Louisa Hamilton]]. From Marian's first marriage, she was the paternal grandmother of [[Sarah, Duchess of York]], and maternal great-grandmother of [[Princess Beatrice of York]] and [[Princess Eugenie of York]]. Together they lived at Dummer Down House, at Dummer in [[Basingstoke]], [[Hampshire|Hants]], her [[dower]] estate from her first marriage.<ref name="Elmhirst">{{cite web|title=Elmhirst, Marian Louisa Montagu-Douglas-Scott, Lady – (1908–1996)|url=http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/e.htm|website=abitofhistory.net|publisher=A Bit of History|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

Thomas Elmhirst died at [[Dummer, Hampshire]], on 6 November 1982, in his 87th year. He was survived by his second wife, and his children and grandchildren from his first marriage.<ref name="Papers"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Frank Inglis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[RAF Intelligence|Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Intelligence)]]|years=1945–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lawrence Pendred]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Hugh Walmsley|Sir Hugh Walmsley]] As AOC in C, RAF India}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, Air Forces in India]]
|years=1947–1948}}
{{s-non|reason=Post upgraded}}
|-
{{s-new|reason=Indian Air Force became an independent service}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Commander in Chief, Royal Indian Air Force]]
|years=1948–1950}}
{{s-aft|after=Himself Redesignated as Commander-in-Chief, Indian Air Force in January 1950, after India became a republic}}
|-
{{s-new|reason=Redesignated from Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Air Force}}
{{s-ttl|title=Commander in Chief, [[Indian Air Force]]
|years=January – February 1950}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman|Sir Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman]]}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Philip Neame|Sir Philip Neame]]|
title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey]]|
years=1953–1958|
after=[[Geoffrey Robson|Sir Geoffrey Robson]]}}
{{end}}

{{Heads of RAF Intelligence}}
{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elmhirst, Thomas Walker}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Heads of RAF Intelligence]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People from Barnsley]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Air Service aviators]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers]]
[[Category:British air attachés]]
[[Category:Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal Naval College, Osborne]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Yorkshire]]
[[Category:People from Dummer, Hampshire]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:45, 29 July 2022
Line 24:		Line 24:

	==Family==		==Family==
	Thomas Elmhirst was born on 15 December 1895 to Reverend William Heaton Elmhirst (b. 1856) and Mary Elmhirst ([[née]] Knight) (b. 1863),<ref name="Vic"/><ref name="Lundy">{{cite web\|last1=Lundy\|first1=Darryl\|title=Major Leonard Knight Elmhirst\|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p25179.htm\|website=thepeerage.com\|publisher=The Peerage\|access-date=29 March ~~2022~~}}</ref> a landed gentry family in [[Yorkshire]], where the family seat is [[Houndhill]]. He was the fourth of eight boys and had one youngest sister. The children were:		Thomas Elmhirst was born on 15 December 1895 to Reverend William Heaton Elmhirst (b. 1856) and Mary Elmhirst ([[née]] Knight) (b. 1863),<ref name="Vic"/><ref name="Lundy">{{cite web\|last1=Lundy\|first1=Darryl\|title=Major Leonard Knight Elmhirst\|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p25179.htm\|website=thepeerage.com\|publisher=The Peerage\|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> a landed gentry family in [[Yorkshire]], where the family seat is [[Houndhill]]. He was the fourth of eight boys and had one youngest sister. The children were:
	*Captain William Elmhirst (1892-1916), killed on 13 November 1916 while serving with the 8th Bn. [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] during the [[Battle of the Somme]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/593481/elmhirst,-/\|title = Captain W Elmhirst \| War Casualty Details}}</ref>		*Captain William Elmhirst (1892-1916), killed on 13 November 1916 while serving with the 8th Bn. [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] during the [[Battle of the Somme]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/593481/elmhirst,-/\|title = Captain W Elmhirst \| War Casualty Details}}</ref>
	*[[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]] (1893–1974), a noted philanthropist and educational reformer who married [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]<ref name="Lundy"/>		*[[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]] (1893–1974), a noted philanthropist and educational reformer who married [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]<ref name="Lundy"/>
	*Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher "Christie" Elmhirst (1895–1915), killed on 7 August 1915 while serving with the 8th Bn. [[Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]] during the [[Gallipoli campaign]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/695747/elmhirst,-ernest-christopher/\|title = Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher Elmhirst \| War Casualty Details}}</ref>		*Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher "Christie" Elmhirst (1895–1915), killed on 7 August 1915 while serving with the 8th Bn. [[Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]] during the [[Gallipoli campaign]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/695747/elmhirst,-ernest-christopher/\|title = Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher Elmhirst \| War Casualty Details}}</ref>
	*Thomas Elmhirst (1895–1982)		*Thomas Elmhirst (1895–1982)
	*James Victor Elmhirst (1898–1958)<ref name="Vic">{{cite web\|last1=Rhodes\|first1=Michael Lawrence\|title=James Victor Elmhirst\|url=https://www.geni.com/people/James-Elmhirst/6000000013534524199\|website=geni.com\|publisher=MyHeritage\|access-date=29 March ~~2022~~}}</ref>		*James Victor Elmhirst (1898–1958)<ref name="Vic">{{cite web\|last1=Rhodes\|first1=Michael Lawrence\|title=James Victor Elmhirst\|url=https://www.geni.com/people/James-Elmhirst/6000000013534524199\|website=geni.com\|publisher=MyHeritage\|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>
	*Richard Elmhirst (b. 1900)<ref name="Lewis">{{cite news\|last1=Lewis\|first1=Stephen\|title=Extraordinary account of life in the First World War\|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/history/10965727.Extraordinary_account_of_life_in_the_First_World_War/\|access-date=29 March 2016\|work=The Press\|publisher=York Press Co.\|date=27 January ~~2022~~}}</ref>		*Richard Elmhirst (b. 1900)<ref name="Lewis">{{cite news\|last1=Lewis\|first1=Stephen\|title=Extraordinary account of life in the First World War\|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/history/10965727.Extraordinary_account_of_life_in_the_First_World_War/\|access-date=29 March 2016\|work=The Press\|publisher=York Press Co.\|date=27 January 2014}}</ref>
	*Alfred O. Elmhirst (1901-1995)<ref name="Lewis"/> of [[Houndhill]]		*Alfred O. Elmhirst (1901-1995)<ref name="Lewis"/> of [[Houndhill]]
	*Irene Rachel Elmhirst (b. 1902)<ref name="Lewis"/>		*Irene Rachel Elmhirst (b. 1902)<ref name="Lewis"/>
Line 52:		Line 52:
	==Personal life==		==Personal life==
	He married firstly Katherine Gordon Black, daughter of William Black, on 16 December 1930,<ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 1, page 562.</ref> and had two children before Katherine's death in 1965:		He married firstly Katherine Gordon Black, daughter of William Black, on 16 December 1930,<ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 1, page 562.</ref> and had two children before Katherine's death in 1965:
	*Roger Elmhirst (1935–1999)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite web\|last1=Friedman\|first1=Ofir\|title=Roger Thomas Elmhirst\|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Roger-Elmhirst/6000000008123318918\|website=geni.com\|publisher=Geni\|access-date=29 March ~~2022~~}}</ref>		*Roger Elmhirst (1935–1999)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite web\|last1=Friedman\|first1=Ofir\|title=Roger Thomas Elmhirst\|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Roger-Elmhirst/6000000008123318918\|website=geni.com\|publisher=Geni\|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>
	*Caroline Jane Elmhirst (b. 1932),<ref name="Friedman"/> who married Michael Frazer Mackie<ref name="Papers">{{cite web\|title=The Papers of Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst\|url=https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FELMT%205%2F11\|website=janus.lib.cam.ac.uk\|publisher=Janus\|access-date=29 March ~~2022~~}}</ref>		*Caroline Jane Elmhirst (b. 1932),<ref name="Friedman"/> who married Michael Frazer Mackie<ref name="Papers">{{cite web\|title=The Papers of Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst\|url=https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FELMT%205%2F11\|website=janus.lib.cam.ac.uk\|publisher=Janus\|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>
	On 30 October 1968, he married [[Marian Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott\|Marian Ferguson]] (née Montagu Douglas Scott), widow of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)\|Colonel]] Andrew Henry Ferguson. Marian was the daughter of [[Lord Herbert Montagu Douglas Scott]] and [[Marie Josephine Edwards]], and the granddaughter of [[William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch\|The 6th Duke of Buccleuch]] and [[Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch\|Lady Louisa Hamilton]]. From Marian's first marriage, she was the paternal grandmother of [[Sarah, Duchess of York]], and maternal great-grandmother of [[Princess Beatrice of York]] and [[Princess Eugenie of York]]. Together they lived at Dummer Down House, at Dummer in [[Basingstoke]], [[Hampshire\|Hants]], her [[dower]] estate from her first marriage.<ref name="Elmhirst">{{cite web\|title=Elmhirst, Marian Louisa Montagu-Douglas-Scott, Lady – (1908–1996)\|url=http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/e.htm\|website=abitofhistory.net\|publisher=A Bit of History\|access-date=29 March ~~2022~~}}</ref>		On 30 October 1968, he married [[Marian Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott\|Marian Ferguson]] (née Montagu Douglas Scott), widow of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)\|Colonel]] Andrew Henry Ferguson. Marian was the daughter of [[Lord Herbert Montagu Douglas Scott]] and [[Marie Josephine Edwards]], and the granddaughter of [[William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch\|The 6th Duke of Buccleuch]] and [[Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch\|Lady Louisa Hamilton]]. From Marian's first marriage, she was the paternal grandmother of [[Sarah, Duchess of York]], and maternal great-grandmother of [[Princess Beatrice of York]] and [[Princess Eugenie of York]]. Together they lived at Dummer Down House, at Dummer in [[Basingstoke]], [[Hampshire\|Hants]], her [[dower]] estate from her first marriage.<ref name="Elmhirst">{{cite web\|title=Elmhirst, Marian Louisa Montagu-Douglas-Scott, Lady – (1908–1996)\|url=http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/e.htm\|website=abitofhistory.net\|publisher=A Bit of History\|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>

	Thomas Elmhirst died at [[Dummer, Hampshire]], on 6 November 1982, in his 87th year. He was survived by his second wife, and his children and grandchildren from his first marriage.<ref name="Papers"/>		Thomas Elmhirst died at [[Dummer, Hampshire]], on 6 November 1982, in his 87th year. He was survived by his second wife, and his children and grandchildren from his first marriage.<ref name="Papers"/>