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{{refimprove|date=September 2018}}
{{short description|Leader and first bishop of the Malankara Church}}
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{{Infobox Bishop
| honorific_prefix = Mar
| name = Thoma I
| honorific-suffix =
| bishop_of = [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
| image = Erzdiakon Thomas.jpg
| caption = Arkkadiyakon Thoma later Marthoma I;
The Last Arkkadiyakon of Nasrani Church and the first [[Malankara Metropolitan]] of Puthenkoor.
| diocese = Puthenkoor [[Malankara Church]]
| ordination = 1637
| consecration = regularized in 1665<ref name=ThomasJoseph/>
| enthroned = 22 May 1653<ref name=ThomasJoseph/>
| ended = 1670
| predecessor = Arkkadiyakon Geverghese
| successor = [[Mar Thoma II]]
| birth_name = Thoma
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kuravilangad]], [[Pala]]
| death_date = 25 April 1670
| death_place = [[Angamaly]]
| buried = [[St. Mary's Jacobite Soonoro Cathedral, Angamaly|St. Mary's Syrian Orthodox Church, Angamaly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/Ankamaly/AnkamalyHVMary.html/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405125033/http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/Ankamaly/AnkamalyHVMary.html |archive-date=5 April 2016 }}</ref>
| nationality =
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Archdeacon
|name = Parambil Thoma
|title= Archdeacon of All India
|appointed= by [[Etienne de Brito|Stephen Britto]]<ref name=Thekedath/>}}
}}
'''Mar Thoma I''', also known ''Valiya Mar Thoma'' (Mar Thoma the Great) or ''Thomas de Campo'',<ref name=Thekedath>{{cite book|title= The troubled days of Francis Garcia S. J. Archbishop of Cranganore (1641-1659)|page= 7, 21 |last= Thekedath |first=Joseph|year=1972|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=chkD52PhJZUC&pg=PA21}}</ref> is the first native democratically elected/selected Metropolitan bishop of the Puthenkoor faction of the Saint Thomas Christians or [[Malankara Church]]. He was the last Archdeacon of the undivided St. Thomas Christians of Malankara(Maliyankara). After the death of [[Archdeacon George of the Cross]] on 25 July 1640, Parambil Thoma Kathanar was elected and enthroned as new Archdeacon, when he was less than 30 years old. He led the Church to the Coonan Cross Oath on 3 January 1653 and to the subsequent schism in [[Saint Thomas Christians]] Church. After the [[Coonen Cross Oath]], he was elected as a Bishop by Malankara (Yogam) Association and consecrated as a Bishop at St. Mary's Church Alangad, by laying hands of 12 priests on 22 May 1653.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Only two Southist churches of Kaduthuruthy and Udayamperoor and a very few people elsewhere refused to recognise him as Bishop{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}. Any how, the archdeacon began to exercise powers of episcopal order, though he openly tried to regularize his episcopal consecration as a Bishop from the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Church of Antioch]]. His episcopal consecration as a Bishop was regularized in the year 1665 by Mar [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]] the Patriarchal delegate of the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref name=ThomasJoseph>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Thomas|last=Joseph|title=Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church|encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay
|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> (The exact date and place of this event is anonymous). [[Palliveettil Mar Chandy]], Kadavil Chandy Kathanar, Vengoor Geevargese Kathanar and Anjilimoottil Ittithomman Kathanar were the advisors of the bishop Thoma{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}.

==Early Church history==
[[Thomas the Apostle]] arrived to Kerala to preach the [[gospel]] to the Jewish community. Some of the Jews and locals became followers of Jesus of [[Nazareth]]. They were known as [[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Malabar Nasrani]] people and their church as [[Malankara Church]]. They followed a unique [[Hebrew]]-[[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christian]] tradition which included several Jewish elements and Indian customs. This was the tradition till 1599, when the Malankara Church of St. Thomas Christians in India, formally became part of the Catholic Church by the [[Synod of Diamper]] (Udayamperoor). After the Synod of Diamper three Jesuit archbishops ruled their church until 1652. The archdeacons continued to function under these Archbishops.

==Early life==
[[Kuravilangad]] is a town located in the [[Kottayam]] district of [[Kerala]], [[South India]]. The town is situated in the [[Meenachil]] Taluk, about 22 km north of [[Kottayam]]. [[Pakalomattom family]] was one of the oldest families at [[Kuravilangad]]. Thomas who later became the first Mar Thoma, was born in this family.

==Archdeacon==
[[Givargis of the Cross|Pakalomattom Geevarghese Kathanar]], the Arkkadiyakkon (Archdeacon) died in 1637. His relative Thomas Kathanar was then appointed by Archbishop [[Etienne de Brito|Stephen Britto]] as the next Archdeacon. Thoma Kathanar and his followers swore the [[Coonen Cross Oath]], that "they would no longer obey Archbishop Garcia or any prelate from the society of Jesus, nor would ever again admit the Jesuits into Malabar or into their churches".<ref name=Thekedath/>

After the Coonen Cross Oath, on 5 January 1653, the elders of the church met at St. George church Edapally and proclaimed Archdeacon Thoma as the Governor of the Church. Four very efficient trustworthy and responsible priests, Kalliseril [[Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar|Anjilimoottil Itty Thomman Kathanar]], [[Kaduthuruthy]] [[Kadavil Chandy]] Kathanar, [[Angamaly]] Vengoor Geevarghese Kathanar and [[Palliveettil Chandy]] Kathanar<ref>[http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/parambil.html Mar Chandy Palliveettil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411230832/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/parambil.html |date=11 April 2011 }}</ref> were selected as his advisors.<ref>Mathew N. M. ''History of the Marthoma Church'', Vol. I. Page 183.</ref> All the three, except Kalliseril Anjilimoottil Itty Thomman Kathanar, later returned to the [[Catholic]] faction of the [[St Thomas Christians]].

{{Partisan sources|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Alangad Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, Alangad]]
Four months after [[Coonen Cross Oath]], on 22 May 1653, twelve kathanars (priests) ordained Thoma Kathanar as the first Bishop of Malankara See by the act of laying hands on him together. The Catholic faction argued that his consecration by 12 priests was irregular, from the fact that his consecration as a Bishop is said to have been regularized by [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]] ( a delegate of the [[Patriarch of Antioch]]), in the year AD 1665, but the place and date yet anonymous. They chose the name Mar Thoma as they considered him the successor of St. Thomas the disciple of Jesus Christ. This action was not accepted by two Southist churches-one at Kaduthuruthy and another at Udayamperoor. Later on Bishop Sebastiani (He was ordained as a Bishop on 15 Dec. 1659) could convince many of the Kathanars, including three trustworthy and responsible priests, [[Kaduthuruthy]] Kadavil Chandy Kathanar, [[Angamaly]] Vengoor Geevarghese Kathanar and [[Kuravilangad]] [[Palliveettil Mar Chandy]] Kathanar and also many other churches and important laymen that the consecration was irregular. Realizing this and also due to the political and monetary pressure exerted by the Carmelite fathers through the Portuguese and the native kings, many of the churches, Kathanars and laymen now withdrew their allegiance to Mar Thoma. They asked him to give up his dignity of Bishop, which was irregular, but he continued to wear the habit of Bishop and even started giving minor orders and blessing of Holy Oil etc., which acts, only a Bishop is entitled to do. Thus two parties were formed in the Malankara Church-one party under the Bishop Mar Thoma I and the other party under Bishop [[Palliveettil Mar Chandy]] referred to by the Europeans as [[Alexander de Campo]] (Chandy Parambil). Both of them claimed to have Apostolic briefs of appointment as Bishop. To resolve the issue and as suggested by the Archdeacons party, the case was referred to the King of Cochin. On 20 September 1661, the King of Cochin asked both parties, to present the Apostolic Briefs in his court. The Apostolic Commissary could produce Apostolic briefs from the Pope of Rome, while the Archdeacon's party failed to produce any briefs. On 9 October 1661, Bishop Sebastiani, tried to capture the Bishop Mar Thoma, with the help of the Portuguese General Captain Ignatius Sarmento, one Kurupp of Purakkad and the Cochin prince Godavarma II, from Mulunthuruthy Church, but he and his party escaped, during the previous night, wearing munds (loin cloths), swords, rollers in hands and special hats on their heads, just like gentile soldiers, so that they could not be recognized by the Nair soldiers.<ref>The Grave Tragedy of the Church of St. Thomas Christians and the Apostolic Mission of Sebastiani by Paul Pallath Page 159</ref>

==Rise of Dutch power==
The [[Dutch East India Company]] (''Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie'' or VOC in [[History of Dutch orthography|old-spelling]] [[Dutch language|Dutch]], literally "United [[Indies|East Indian]] Company") was established in 1602. By 1652, VOC trading posts were established in [[Malabar Coast]] in India. On 7 January 1663, Cochin was attacked and the king of Cochin surrendered to the Dutch on 20 March 1663.

==Regularization of consecration==
By 1665, Cochin was under Dutch control. That year [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]], a delegate of the [[Patriarch of Antioch]] came to Malankara as per the request of Mar Thoma and regularized his Metropolitan consecration.<ref name=ThomasJoseph/>

==Last days==
The last days of Mar Thoma I was comparatively peaceful period for the Puthencoor faction of the Malankara Church.

Valiya Mar Thoma, Mar Thoma I, died on 25 April 1670 and was laid to rest in [[St. Mary's Jacobite Soonoro Cathedral, Angamaly|St. Mary's Syrian Orthodox Church, Angamaly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stmarysangamaly.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324234344/http://stmarysangamaly.org/ |archive-date=24 March 2010 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Malankara Metropolitan]]
*[[List of Malankara Metropolitans]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*#Mathew N. M. (2003). ''St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages'', C.S.S. Tiruvalla. {{ISBN|81-782-1008-8}} and CN 80303.
*#Mathew, N. M. ''Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram'' (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1 (2006), Volume II (2007), Volume III (2008). Pub. E.J.Institute, Thiruvalla.
*#The Grave Tragedy of the Church of St. Thomas Christians and the Apostolic Mission of Sebastiani, Paul Pallath, HIRS Publications.
*#The troubled Days Francis Garcia SJ, Archbp. of Cranganore, Joseph Thekkedathu SDB, Universita Gregoriana Editrice.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=Archdeacon Geevarghese}}
{{s-ttl|title= The last Archdeacon of the Malankara Church|years=1640–1653}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Title Ended]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before= [[No Predecessor]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= The first Metropolitan of the St Thomas Christians |years=1653 to 1670}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mar Thoma II]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thoma 01, Mar}}
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Indian bishops]]
[[Category:Pakalomattam family]]
[[Category:1670 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Syriac Orthodox Church bishops]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodoxy in India]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Christians]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church saints]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]

Thoma I - Revision history

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->Anjuvannam at 15:39, 8 January 2022

imported>Br Ibrahim john at 16:29, 31 August 2021