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	{{Short description\|Metropolis in Kerala, India}}		{{Short description\|Metropolis in Kerala, India}}
	{{About\|the city\|the district\|Thiruvananthapuram district\|the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram\|Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area}}		{{About\|the city\|the district\|Thiruvananthapuram district\|the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram\|Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area}}
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	\| name = Thiruvananthapuram		\| name = Thiruvananthapuram
	\| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->		\| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per BP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
	\| other_name = Trivandrum		\| other_name = Trivandrum
	\| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]		\| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]

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	'''Thiruvananthapuram''' ({{IPA-ml\|t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm\|IPA\|Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), commonly known by its [[List of renamed Indian cities and states\|former name]] '''Trivandrum''',<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thiruvananthapuram\|access-date=2020-09-07\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref> is the [[Capital city\|capital]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011.<ref name="citygi">{{cite web\|url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0\|title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230094333/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0\|archive-date=30 December 2020\|publisher=Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> The encompassing [[urban agglomeration]] population is around 1.68 million.<ref name="UApop">{{cite web \|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above \|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf \|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner \|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[information technology]] hub in [[Kerala]] and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref name="stone">{{cite news\| url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 \| work=Technopark \| title= Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow \| date=24 February 2016}}</ref> Referred to by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as the "Evergreen city of India",<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.destination360.com/asia/india/trivandrum\|title=Thiruvananthapuram India\|publisher=Destination 360\|access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref~~><ref name="distcourthistory"/~~> the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kapoor\|first1=Subodh\|title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific\|date=2002\|publisher=Cosmo Publications\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=8177552570\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC}}</ref>		'''Thiruvananthapuram''' ({{IPA-ml\|t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm\|IPA\|Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), commonly known by its [[List of renamed Indian cities and states\|former name]] '''Trivandrum''',<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thiruvananthapuram\|access-date=2020-09-07\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref> is the [[Capital city\|capital]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011.<ref name="citygi">{{cite web\|url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0\|title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230094333/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0\|archive-date=30 December 2020\|publisher=Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> The encompassing [[urban agglomeration]] population is around 1.68 million.<ref name="UApop">{{cite web \|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above \|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf \|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner \|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[information technology]] hub in [[Kerala]] and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref name="stone">{{cite news\| url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 \| work=Technopark \| title= Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow \| date=24 February 2016}}</ref> Referred to by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as the "Evergreen city of India",<ref name="distcourthistory"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.destination360.com/asia/india/trivandrum\|title=Thiruvananthapuram India\|publisher=Destination 360\|access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref> the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kapoor\|first1=Subodh\|title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific\|date=2002\|publisher=Cosmo Publications\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=8177552570\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC}}</ref>

	The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the [[Ay kingdom\|Ays]] until their fall in the 10th century. The city was then taken over by the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 12th century, it was conquered by the [[Venad\|Kingdom of Venad]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 17th century the king [[Marthanda varma\|Marthanda Varma]] expanded the territory and founded the princely state of [[Travancore]] and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.<ref name="history1">{{cite book \|last1=Boland-Crewe \|first1=Tara \|last2=Lea \|first2=David \|title=The Territories and States of India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781135356255 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ\|language=en}}</ref> Following [[Indian independence movement\|India's independence]] in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore-Cochin]] state and remained so till the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Abram \|first1=David \|last2=Edwards \|first2=Nick \|title=The Rough Guide to South India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Rough Guides \|isbn=9781843531036 \|page=306 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>		The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the [[Ay kingdom\|Ays]] until their fall in the 10th century. The city was then taken over by the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 12th century, it was conquered by the [[Venad\|Kingdom of Venad]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 17th century the king [[Marthanda varma\|Marthanda Varma]] expanded the territory and founded the princely state of [[Travancore]] and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.<ref name="history1">{{cite book \|last1=Boland-Crewe \|first1=Tara \|last2=Lea \|first2=David \|title=The Territories and States of India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781135356255 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ\|language=en}}</ref> Following [[Indian independence movement\|India's independence]] in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore-Cochin]] state and remained so till the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Abram \|first1=David \|last2=Edwards \|first2=Nick \|title=The Rough Guide to South India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Rough Guides \|isbn=9781843531036 \|page=306 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
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	[[File:TVM Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] is the richest temple in the world. The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha]]		[[File:TVM Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] is the richest temple in the world. The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha]]
	Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.<ref>De Beth Hillel, David (1832). ''Travels'' ([[Madras]] publication).</ref><ref>Lord, James Henry (1977). ''The Jews in India and the Far East''; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN\|0-8371-2615-0}}.</ref> It is believed that the ships of [[Solomon\|King Solomon]] landed in a port called [[Ophir]] (now [[Poovar]]) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Business Directory, Kerala\|date=1972\|publisher=National Publishers\|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9\|date=1963\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUD24pMsKvYC}}</ref> The city was the trading post of [[spices]], [[sandalwood]] and [[ivory]].<ref name="Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram">		Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.<ref>De Beth Hillel, David (1832). ''Travels'' ([[Madras]] publication).</ref><ref>Lord, James Henry (1977). ''The Jews in India and the Far East''; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN\|0-8371-2615-0}}.</ref> It is believed that the ships of [[Solomon\|King Solomon]] landed in a port called [[Ophir]] (now [[Poovar]]) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Business Directory, Kerala\|date=1972\|publisher=National Publishers\|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9\|date=1963\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUD24pMsKvYC}}</ref> The city was the trading post of [[spices]], [[sandalwood]] and [[ivory]].<ref name="Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram">
	{{cite web\|publisher=Technopark Kerala \|work=About Thiruvananthapuram \|url=http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm \|title=Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram \|access-date=17 October 2006 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003090427/http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm \|archive-date=3 October 2006 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The early rulers of the city were the [[Ay kingdom\|Ays]]. [[Vizhinjam]], which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Woodcock \|first1=George \|title=Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast \|date=1967 \|publisher=Faber & Faber \|page=[https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood/page/65 65] \|url=https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood \|url-access=registration \|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as 2nd century BC.<ref name="vizhis">{{cite book \|last1=Mathew \|first1=K S \|title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade \|date=2016 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1351997522 \|page=27 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Nayar \|first1=K Balachandran \|title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature \|date=1974 \|publisher=Accent Publications \|page=26 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the Ay dynasty rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the [[Chola dynasty\|Chola]] and [[Pandyan dynasty\|Pandyan]] dynasties attempted to capture the port town.<ref name="vizhis1">{{cite news \|last1=Babu George \|first1=Sarath \|title=Vizhinjam in historical perspective \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vizhinjam-in-historical-perspective/article7468781.ece \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="vizhis2">{{cite news \|last1=Mahadevan \|first1=G \|title=Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shedding-light-on-vizhinjams-golden-past/article5981994.ece \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=6 May 2014}}</ref> After the death of king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress \|date=1987 \|publisher=Indian History Congress \|page=187 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POltAAAAMAAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref~~><ref name="vizhis3"/~~> During the 10th century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.<ref name="vizhis3"/> The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.<ref name="kanthalloor">{{cite news \|last1=Haridas \|first1=Aathira \|title=Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/17/chronicles-of-kanthalloor-sala-which-got-lost-in-the-mists-of-time-1802832.html \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Times of India \|date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Roy \|first1=Kaushik \|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia \|date=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781317321279 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], merged with the [[Venad\|Kingdom of Venad]] in the 12th century.<ref name="vizhis3">{{cite book \|last1=Sreedhara Menon \|first1=A \|title=Kerala History and its Makers \|date=2011 \|publisher=D C Books \|isbn=9788126437825 \|page=35 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>		{{cite web\|publisher=Technopark Kerala \|work=About Thiruvananthapuram \|url=http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm \|title=Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram \|access-date=17 October 2006 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003090427/http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm \|archive-date=3 October 2006 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The early rulers of the city were the [[Ay kingdom\|Ays]]. [[Vizhinjam]], which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Woodcock \|first1=George \|title=Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast \|date=1967 \|publisher=Faber & Faber \|page=[https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood/page/65 65] \|url=https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood \|url-access=registration \|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as 2nd century BC.<ref name="vizhis">{{cite book \|last1=Mathew \|first1=K S \|title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade \|date=2016 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1351997522 \|page=27 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Nayar \|first1=K Balachandran \|title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature \|date=1974 \|publisher=Accent Publications \|page=26 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the Ay dynasty rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the [[Chola dynasty\|Chola]] and [[Pandyan dynasty\|Pandyan]] dynasties attempted to capture the port town.<ref name="vizhis1">{{cite news \|last1=Babu George \|first1=Sarath \|title=Vizhinjam in historical perspective \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vizhinjam-in-historical-perspective/article7468781.ece \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="vizhis2">{{cite news \|last1=Mahadevan \|first1=G \|title=Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shedding-light-on-vizhinjams-golden-past/article5981994.ece \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=6 May 2014}}</ref> After the death of king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/><ref>{{cite book \|title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress \|date=1987 \|publisher=Indian History Congress \|page=187 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POltAAAAMAAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the 10th century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.<ref name="vizhis3"/> The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.<ref name="kanthalloor">{{cite news \|last1=Haridas \|first1=Aathira \|title=Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/17/chronicles-of-kanthalloor-sala-which-got-lost-in-the-mists-of-time-1802832.html \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Times of India \|date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Roy \|first1=Kaushik \|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia \|date=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781317321279 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], merged with the [[Venad\|Kingdom of Venad]] in the 12th century.<ref name="vizhis3">{{cite book \|last1=Sreedhara Menon \|first1=A \|title=Kerala History and its Makers \|date=2011 \|publisher=D C Books \|isbn=9788126437825 \|page=35 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>

	In the late 17th century, [[Marthanda Varma]] who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, [[Marthanda Varma]] founded the princely state of [[Travancore\|Thiruvithamkoor]] and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1745 after shifting the capital from [[Padmanabhapuram]] in [[Kanyakumari]] district.<ref name="district history">{{cite web \|title=History \|url=https://trivandrum.gov.in/history/ \|website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram \|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India \|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> The kingdom of Travancore was dedicated by Marthanda Varma to the deity Sri. Padmanabha (Lord Vishnu). The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha.<ref name="district history"/>		In the late 17th century, [[Marthanda Varma]] who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, [[Marthanda Varma]] founded the princely state of [[Travancore\|Thiruvithamkoor]] and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1745 after shifting the capital from [[Padmanabhapuram]] in [[Kanyakumari]] district.<ref name="district history">{{cite web \|title=History \|url=https://trivandrum.gov.in/history/ \|website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram \|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India \|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> The kingdom of Travancore was dedicated by Marthanda Varma to the deity Sri. Padmanabha (Lord Vishnu). The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha.<ref name="district history"/>

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	{{Short description\|Metropolis in Kerala, India}}		{{Short description\|Metropolis in Kerala, India}}
	{{About\|the city\|the district\|Thiruvananthapuram district\|the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram\|Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area}}		{{About\|the city\|the district\|Thiruvananthapuram district\|the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram\|Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area}}
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	'''Thiruvananthapuram''' ({{IPA-ml\|t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm\|IPA\|Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), commonly known by its [[List of renamed Indian cities and states\|former name]] '''Trivandrum''',<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thiruvananthapuram\|access-date=2020-09-07\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref> is the [[Capital city\|capital]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011.<ref name="citygi">{{cite web\|url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0\|title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230094333/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0\|archive-date=30 December 2020\|publisher=Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> The encompassing [[urban agglomeration]] population is around 1.68 million.<ref name="UApop">{{cite web \|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above \|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf \|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner \|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[information technology]] hub in [[Kerala]] and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref name="stone">{{cite news\| url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 \| work=Technopark \| title= Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow \| date=24 February 2016}}</ref> Referred to by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as the "Evergreen city of India",<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.destination360.com/asia/india/trivandrum\|title=Thiruvananthapuram India\|publisher=Destination 360\|access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref~~><ref name="distcourthistory"/~~> the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kapoor\|first1=Subodh\|title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific\|date=2002\|publisher=Cosmo Publications\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=8177552570\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC}}</ref>		'''Thiruvananthapuram''' ({{IPA-ml\|t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm\|IPA\|Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), commonly known by its [[List of renamed Indian cities and states\|former name]] '''Trivandrum''',<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thiruvananthapuram\|access-date=2020-09-07\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref> is the [[Capital city\|capital]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011.<ref name="citygi">{{cite web\|url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0\|title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230094333/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0\|archive-date=30 December 2020\|publisher=Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> The encompassing [[urban agglomeration]] population is around 1.68 million.<ref name="UApop">{{cite web \|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above \|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf \|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner \|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[information technology]] hub in [[Kerala]] and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref name="stone">{{cite news\| url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 \| work=Technopark \| title= Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow \| date=24 February 2016}}</ref> Referred to by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as the "Evergreen city of India",<ref name="distcourthistory"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.destination360.com/asia/india/trivandrum\|title=Thiruvananthapuram India\|publisher=Destination 360\|access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref> the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kapoor\|first1=Subodh\|title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific\|date=2002\|publisher=Cosmo Publications\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=8177552570\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC}}</ref>

	The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the [[Ay kingdom\|Ays]] until their fall in the 10th century. The city was then taken over by the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 12th century, it was conquered by the [[Venad\|Kingdom of Venad]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 17th century the king [[Marthanda varma\|Marthanda Varma]] expanded the territory and founded the princely state of [[Travancore]] and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.<ref name="history1">{{cite book \|last1=Boland-Crewe \|first1=Tara \|last2=Lea \|first2=David \|title=The Territories and States of India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781135356255 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ\|language=en}}</ref> Following [[Indian independence movement\|India's independence]] in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore-Cochin]] state and remained so till the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Abram \|first1=David \|last2=Edwards \|first2=Nick \|title=The Rough Guide to South India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Rough Guides \|isbn=9781843531036 \|page=306 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>		The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the [[Ay kingdom\|Ays]] until their fall in the 10th century. The city was then taken over by the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 12th century, it was conquered by the [[Venad\|Kingdom of Venad]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 17th century the king [[Marthanda varma\|Marthanda Varma]] expanded the territory and founded the princely state of [[Travancore]] and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.<ref name="history1">{{cite book \|last1=Boland-Crewe \|first1=Tara \|last2=Lea \|first2=David \|title=The Territories and States of India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781135356255 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ\|language=en}}</ref> Following [[Indian independence movement\|India's independence]] in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore-Cochin]] state and remained so till the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Abram \|first1=David \|last2=Edwards \|first2=Nick \|title=The Rough Guide to South India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Rough Guides \|isbn=9781843531036 \|page=306 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
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	[[File:TVM Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] is the richest temple in the world. The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha]]		[[File:TVM Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] is the richest temple in the world. The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha]]
	Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.<ref>De Beth Hillel, David (1832). ''Travels'' ([[Madras]] publication).</ref><ref>Lord, James Henry (1977). ''The Jews in India and the Far East''; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN\|0-8371-2615-0}}.</ref> It is believed that the ships of [[Solomon\|King Solomon]] landed in a port called [[Ophir]] (now [[Poovar]]) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Business Directory, Kerala\|date=1972\|publisher=National Publishers\|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9\|date=1963\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUD24pMsKvYC}}</ref> The city was the trading post of [[spices]], [[sandalwood]] and [[ivory]].<ref name="Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram">		Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.<ref>De Beth Hillel, David (1832). ''Travels'' ([[Madras]] publication).</ref><ref>Lord, James Henry (1977). ''The Jews in India and the Far East''; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN\|0-8371-2615-0}}.</ref> It is believed that the ships of [[Solomon\|King Solomon]] landed in a port called [[Ophir]] (now [[Poovar]]) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Business Directory, Kerala\|date=1972\|publisher=National Publishers\|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9\|date=1963\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUD24pMsKvYC}}</ref> The city was the trading post of [[spices]], [[sandalwood]] and [[ivory]].<ref name="Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram">
	{{cite web\|publisher=Technopark Kerala \|work=About Thiruvananthapuram \|url=http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm \|title=Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram \|access-date=17 October 2006 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003090427/http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm \|archive-date=3 October 2006 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The early rulers of the city were the [[Ay kingdom\|Ays]]. [[Vizhinjam]], which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Woodcock \|first1=George \|title=Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast \|date=1967 \|publisher=Faber & Faber \|page=[https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood/page/65 65] \|url=https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood \|url-access=registration \|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as 2nd century BC.<ref name="vizhis">{{cite book \|last1=Mathew \|first1=K S \|title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade \|date=2016 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1351997522 \|page=27 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Nayar \|first1=K Balachandran \|title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature \|date=1974 \|publisher=Accent Publications \|page=26 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the Ay dynasty rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the [[Chola dynasty\|Chola]] and [[Pandyan dynasty\|Pandyan]] dynasties attempted to capture the port town.<ref name="vizhis1">{{cite news \|last1=Babu George \|first1=Sarath \|title=Vizhinjam in historical perspective \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vizhinjam-in-historical-perspective/article7468781.ece \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="vizhis2">{{cite news \|last1=Mahadevan \|first1=G \|title=Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shedding-light-on-vizhinjams-golden-past/article5981994.ece \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=6 May 2014}}</ref> After the death of king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress \|date=1987 \|publisher=Indian History Congress \|page=187 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POltAAAAMAAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref~~><ref name="vizhis3"/~~> During the 10th century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.<ref name="vizhis3"/> The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.<ref name="kanthalloor">{{cite news \|last1=Haridas \|first1=Aathira \|title=Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/17/chronicles-of-kanthalloor-sala-which-got-lost-in-the-mists-of-time-1802832.html \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Times of India \|date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Roy \|first1=Kaushik \|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia \|date=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781317321279 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], merged with the [[Venad\|Kingdom of Venad]] in the 12th century.<ref name="vizhis3">{{cite book \|last1=Sreedhara Menon \|first1=A \|title=Kerala History and its Makers \|date=2011 \|publisher=D C Books \|isbn=9788126437825 \|page=35 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>		{{cite web\|publisher=Technopark Kerala \|work=About Thiruvananthapuram \|url=http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm \|title=Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram \|access-date=17 October 2006 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003090427/http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm \|archive-date=3 October 2006 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The early rulers of the city were the [[Ay kingdom\|Ays]]. [[Vizhinjam]], which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Woodcock \|first1=George \|title=Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast \|date=1967 \|publisher=Faber & Faber \|page=[https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood/page/65 65] \|url=https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood \|url-access=registration \|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as 2nd century BC.<ref name="vizhis">{{cite book \|last1=Mathew \|first1=K S \|title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade \|date=2016 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1351997522 \|page=27 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Nayar \|first1=K Balachandran \|title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature \|date=1974 \|publisher=Accent Publications \|page=26 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the Ay dynasty rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the [[Chola dynasty\|Chola]] and [[Pandyan dynasty\|Pandyan]] dynasties attempted to capture the port town.<ref name="vizhis1">{{cite news \|last1=Babu George \|first1=Sarath \|title=Vizhinjam in historical perspective \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vizhinjam-in-historical-perspective/article7468781.ece \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="vizhis2">{{cite news \|last1=Mahadevan \|first1=G \|title=Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shedding-light-on-vizhinjams-golden-past/article5981994.ece \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|date=6 May 2014}}</ref> After the death of king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/><ref>{{cite book \|title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress \|date=1987 \|publisher=Indian History Congress \|page=187 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POltAAAAMAAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the 10th century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.<ref name="vizhis3"/> The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.<ref name="kanthalloor">{{cite news \|last1=Haridas \|first1=Aathira \|title=Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/17/chronicles-of-kanthalloor-sala-which-got-lost-in-the-mists-of-time-1802832.html \|access-date=9 July 2018 \|newspaper=The Times of India \|date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Roy \|first1=Kaushik \|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia \|date=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781317321279 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], merged with the [[Venad\|Kingdom of Venad]] in the 12th century.<ref name="vizhis3">{{cite book \|last1=Sreedhara Menon \|first1=A \|title=Kerala History and its Makers \|date=2011 \|publisher=D C Books \|isbn=9788126437825 \|page=35 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC \|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>

	In the late 17th century, [[Marthanda Varma]] who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, [[Marthanda Varma]] founded the princely state of [[Travancore\|Thiruvithamkoor]] and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1745 after shifting the capital from [[Padmanabhapuram]] in [[Kanyakumari]] district.<ref name="district history">{{cite web \|title=History \|url=https://trivandrum.gov.in/history/ \|website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram \|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India \|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> The kingdom of Travancore was dedicated by Marthanda Varma to the deity Sri. Padmanabha (Lord Vishnu). The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha.<ref name="district history"/>		In the late 17th century, [[Marthanda Varma]] who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, [[Marthanda Varma]] founded the princely state of [[Travancore\|Thiruvithamkoor]] and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1745 after shifting the capital from [[Padmanabhapuram]] in [[Kanyakumari]] district.<ref name="district history">{{cite web \|title=History \|url=https://trivandrum.gov.in/history/ \|website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram \|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India \|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> The kingdom of Travancore was dedicated by Marthanda Varma to the deity Sri. Padmanabha (Lord Vishnu). The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha.<ref name="district history"/>

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