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{{Short description|City in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thiruvalla
| native_name = 
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 320
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1/1
| image1 = KSRTC Terminal Complex, Thiruvalla.jpg
| image2 = Panoramic view of SCS Junction, Thiruvalla Town.jpg
| image3 = Sree Vallabha Temple Thiruvalla.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = From top to bottom: 1.[[KSRTC Terminal Complex Thiruvalla|KSRTC Terminal Complex]] is one of its four [[Build–operate–transfer|BOT]] depots<ref name="mathrubhumi.com">{{cite web |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/kerala/ksrtc-bot-experiment-1.2872446 |title=BOT experiment of KSRTC faces huge loss |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=12 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="m.timesofindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ksrtcs-parasitism-bleeding-ktdfc/amp_articleshow/80393111.cms |title=KSRTC’s parasitism bleeding KTDFC |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> 2.Panoramic view of SCS Junction.
3.[[Sreevallabha Temple]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|9|23|08|N|76|34|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 25.75
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 52,883
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=676380 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518133652/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=676380 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |title=Census of India: Search Details}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 2053
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689101
| area_code = 91-469
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KL-27
| website = {{URL|http://www.thiruvallamunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest Airport
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cochin International Airport Limited|Kochi]]
Trivandrum International Airport
| official_name =
| imagesize = 320px
}}

'''Thiruvalla''', also spelled '''Tiruvalla''', {{IPA-ml|'t̪iɾuʋal:a|}} is a municipality in the [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]], India. It is also the headquarters of the [[Thiruvalla taluk]]. The town is spread over an area of {{cvt|25.5|km2}} and has a population of 52,883. It lies on the northern banks of the [[Manimala River]], in a land-locked region surrounded by irrigating canals and rivers. It is the largest town in the district, and is one of the financial, educational, cultural, and commercial centres of central Travancore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/efforts-on-to-give-facelift-to-thiruvalla/article7998777.ece|title=Efforts on to give facelift to Thiruvalla|date=2015-12-17|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/where-kathakali-is-a-daily-affair/article3088714.ece|title=Where Kathakali is a daily affair|date=2006-08-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Thiruvalla is also known as the "Town of Non-Resident Indians", as a large portion of its inhabitants form a part of the [[Malayali diaspora]]. Though Thiruvalla struggles with an aging and declining population and experiences a high emigration rate, in recent years the town has experienced growth in its economy and urban revitalisation.

== Etymology ==
There are two theories as to the origin of the name "Thiruvalla".

According to tradition, the name Thiruvalla comes from the word "''Valla Vaay''", named after the river Manimala which used to beknown as ''Vallayār''. Before he development of proper roads, Thiruvalla developed at the mouth of the Vallayār, and connected various places through waterways, and hence was known as ''Valla vāy''(with the word ''vāy'' meaning 'mouth of a river' in old Malayalam).<ref name=":0" /> Later the Malayalam Prefix "''Thiru''" (used to signify something revered) was added, and thus became "Thiruvalla".

The second theory comes from the 10th-century Sanskrit work "śrīvallabha kṣētra māhātmyaṁ" (श्रीवल्लभ क्षेत्र माहात्म्यम्). It states that the name comes from one of the major temples in the town- the Sreevallabha Temple. The name Thiruvalla hence comes from the word "śrīvallabhapuraṁ", meaning "the town of Vallabha".<ref name=":0" />

==History==
=== Ancient period ===
There is plenty of evidence to suggest that the area had been inhabited since 500 BCE, although an organized settlement was only founded around 800 CE. The present-day areas of [[Niranam]], and Kadapra on the western part of Thiruvalla were submerged under the sea before then.<ref name=":0" /> It is one of the 64 ancient ''brahmana graamams''.

Stone axes have been reported from Thiruvalla, belonging to Neolithic Age.<ref>"Indus Civilisation and Tamil Language – Part 03", page 34.

http://210.212.62.26/pdf_files/books/Indus%20civilization%20and%20tamil%20language%20part%20003.pdf
</ref> Thiruvalla has many Neolithic remains and got civilized earlier. The Aryan culture presented Thiruvalla as one of the 64 Brahmin settlements of Kerala, and one of the important too. Ptolemy mentions the Baris river, the present "Pamba" river.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|title=A Survey of Kerala History|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|date=2007-01-01|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786|language=en}}</ref>

Thiruvalla was also an important commercial centre with the [[Niranam]] port in olden days, which is described by Pliny as "[[Nelcynda]]".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXMaAAAAMAAJ|title=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library|last=Library|first=John Rylands|date=1967-01-01|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=en}}</ref> At this light, the "Bacare" could have been modern "[[Purakkad]]". The fact that modern western Thiruvalla contains the coastal kind of sand, and several seashells in the soil despite being landlocked proves that prior to the reclamation of Kuttanad from sea, Niranam and the whole western Thiruvalla could have been a coastal area.<ref name=":0" />

=== The Growth to Feudalism ===
Up to the beginning of the 10th century CE, Ays were the dominant powers in Kerala. The Ay kings ruled from Thiruvalla in the North to Nagercoil in the South. Ptolemy mentions this as from Baris ([[Pamba River]]) to Cape Comorin "Aioi" ([[Kanyakumari]]).<ref name=":1" /> By 12th century, we get the picture from the Thiruvalla copper plates, which are voluminous records that centre around the social life around the temple.<ref name=":1"/> The society The Thiruvalla temple had a large Vedic learning school (actually comparable to modern university) ("Thiruvalla salai"), which was one of the foremost learning centres<ref name="Cultural Heritage of Kerala">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala|date=2008-01-01|publisher=D.C. Books|isbn=9788126419036|language=en}}</ref> in Kerala. The Thiruvalla salai was one of the richest among the Vedic schools of Kerala, and according to the copper plates, the pupils of the school were fed with 350 nazhis of paddy every day,<ref name="Cultural Heritage of Kerala"/> which shows the vastness of its student population. Thiruvalla held a very eminent position among the spiritual and educational centres in ancient times. The Sri Vallabha Temple was one of the wealthiest temples of ancient Kerala, as is evident from the inscriptions in the plates. The part of the temple land required to 'feed the Brahmins' required 2.1 million litres of rice seeds, and for the "maintenance of the eternal lamps" required more than 340,000 litres of paddy seed capacity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNKGAwAAQBAJ|title=A Passage to Infinity: Medieval Indian Mathematics from Kerala and Its Impact|last=Joseph|first=George Gheverghese|date=2009-12-10|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132104810|language=en}}</ref> Due to the length, the antiquity and the nature of the language, Thiruvalla copper plates form the "First book in Malayalam", according to Prof. [[Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai|Elamkulam]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_B7jAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|last=Congress|first=Indian History|date=1970-01-01|language=en}}</ref>

=== Early Modern period ===
[[File:Syrian copper plates - Kollam (c. 883 AD).jpg|thumb|Thiruvalla copper plates]]
The rulers of Thiruvalla now belonged to the Thekkumkoor Dynasty, which had one of its headquarters at Idathil near Kaavil Temple. Idathil (Vempolinadu Edathil Karthavu)<ref>P. Shungoonny Menon, ''A history of Travancore'' (first edition: 1878, new edition: 1983), page 130 and 131, {{ISBN|978-81-7020-040-6}}</ref> was the family name of the Thekkumkoor kings. Today's Paliakara Palace is a branch of Lakshmipuram Palace of [[Changanacherry]], which is a branch of Alikottu Kovilakam of Pazhancherry in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]]. Similarly, [[Nedumpuram Palace]] is a branch of Mavelikkara Palace is an heir to the Valluvanad tradition of [[South Malabar]].

The Thekkumkoor kings lost their control in the course of time and Vilakkili (വിലക്കിലി) Nampoothiris were rulers in 1752–53 when [[Marthanda Varma|Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma]], the king of [[Travancore]], seized it in a bloody battle in which the ruler was killed, though some dispute it, saying the surrender was peaceful as the Namboothiris were not naive to challenge the mighty army of [[Ramayyan Dalawa|Ramayyan]], the shrewd and sadistic Dalava (ദളവ)- head of administration and advisor – of Travancore.<ref name=":0">Shree Vallabha Mahakshethra Charitham, P. Unnikrishnan Nair</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
Thiruvalla lies at an altitude of 14 meters above sea level, along the north bank of the [[Manimala River|Manimala]] river. Thiruvalla is criss-crossed by many natural canals (known as "thodu" in Malayalam) like Chanthathodu and Manippuzha.

Thiruvalla and its adjacent areas has a great diversity in soil types due to its position between the low-lying [[Kuttanad]] region and the Midlands. The downtown area has riverine alluvial soil, the eastern parts (classified under the "Southern Midlands" agro-ecological zone) have a laterite loam, and the western parts near Niranam (classified under the Kuttanad agro-ecological zone) have sandy soil resembling that of beaches.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kissankerala.net/kissan/kissancontents/soil.jsp#admin|title=KISSAN – Kerala|website=kissankerala.net|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> The Niranam region has a sandy-type soil as before the reclamation of Kuttanad from the [[Vembanad|Vembanad Lagoon]] the area originally was situated on its shores. The [[Upper Kuttanad]] region also has the "Karappadam" type of soil. This soil resembles clay loam in texture, has high organic matter content, and is found in areas about 1–2 m above sea level.<ref name=":2" />

Thiruvalla has a [[tropical monsoon climate]]. There is significant rainfall in most months of the year. The short dry season has little effect on the overall climate. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Am. The temperature here averages 27.3 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 3298 mm.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/59916/|title=Climate: Thiruvalla - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref>

{{Weather box|location=Thiruvalla|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan high C=31.3|Feb high C=31.7|Mar high C=32.7|Apr high C=32.7|May high C=32|Jun high C=29.8|Jul high C=29.8|Aug high C=29.8|Sep high C=30|Oct high C=30|Nov high C=30|Dec high C=30.7|Jan low C=22.5|Feb low C=23.4|Mar low C=24.7|Apr low C=25.4|May low C=25|Jun low C=23.9|Jul low C=23.9|Aug low C=23.8|Sep low C=24|Oct low C=23.8|Nov low C=23.5|Dec low C=22.6|Jan precipitation mm=22|Feb precipitation mm=35|Mar precipitation mm=60|Apr precipitation mm=155|May precipitation mm=320|Jun precipitation mm=596|Jul precipitation mm=542|Aug precipitation mm=372|Sep precipitation mm=284|Oct precipitation mm=326|Nov precipitation mm=210|Dec precipitation mm=54|source=http://en.climate-data.org/location/59916}}

At an average temperature of 29.0 °C, April is the hottest month of the year. July has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 26.4 °C. Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 574 mm. Precipitation is the lowest in January, with an average of 22 mm. With an average of 596 mm, the most precipitation falls in June.<ref name=":3" />

Due to its proximity to the equator, Thiruvalla has very little variation in average temperature. During the year, the average temperatures vary by 2.6 °C.<ref name=":3" />

Thiruvalla is known for its pleasant and welcoming weather. South West Monsoon winds bring heavy showers to Thiruvalla in the months of August for a couple of months. The best time to visit this historical town is after the rains as the healthy showers of monsoon leave this place lush green and pristine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/thiruvalla/#overview|title=Thiruvalla|website=native planet|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Thiruvalla has a population of 52,883, a 6.9% decline from the 56,837 registered in 2001. Of this, 48% are males and 52% are female. 7.48% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] constitute 8.49% and 0.45% of the population respectively. The total literacy rate was 97.64% (98.05% for males and 97.28% for females), which is higher than the state average of 94% and the national average of 74.04%.

===Religion===
{{bar box
|thumb=center
|title=Religion in Thiruvalla (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.com/towns/thiruvalla-population-pathanamthitta-kerala-803303}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Christianity|blue|48.03}}
{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|46.92}}
{{bar percent|Islam|Green|4.8}}
{{bar percent|Irreligion|Grey|0.21}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.06}}
}}
[[File:St Johns Cathedral Thiruvalla 2.jpg|thumb|200px|St. John's Cathedral]]
According to the 2011 census, [[Christianity in Kerala|Christians]] are the plurality with 48% of the population adhering to the religion. [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hindus]] form a significant minority, constituting 46% of the population. [[Islam in Kerala|Muslims]] constitute 5% of the population.<ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803303-thiruvalla-kerala.html Census of India – Thiruvalla City population Religion data]</ref>
[[File:St. Antonys Church.jpg|thumb|St. Antonys Church, Muthoor]]

Thiruvalla is home to the [[Sree Vallabha Temple]] which is the only one of its kind in the State to have Kathakali performed as a ritual offering every night.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thiruvalla-pathanamthitta/49|title=Thiruvalla Town|website=keralatourism.org|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

==Politics==
The current Chairperson of the Municipality is Cherian Polachirackal and the vice-chairman is Sreerenjini S Pillai for 2018–2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council |url=http://www.thiruvallamunicipality.in/council |publisher=Thiruvalla Municipality |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref>

Thiruvalla's assembly constituency is part of the newly formed [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/KERALA/Final_Order_Kerala.pdf| title = ORDER NO. 9 – TABLE A & B – ASSEMBLY AND PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCIES AND THEIR EXTENT
| access-date = 2005-05-31
| work = Kerala
| publisher = DELIMITATION COMMISSION OF INDIA }}</ref>
The current MLA is [[Mathew T. Thomas|Adv. Mathew T Thomas]].
Current MP [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)]] is [[Anto Antony]].

== Sports ==
The popular sports in Thiruvalla are football and cricket. The football history of Thiruvalla can be traced back to the legendary footballer from Thiruvalla, Thomas Varghes, called "Tiruvalla Pappan". He represented India in the London Olympics of 1948, and is described as one of the best defenders of 40's – 50's from India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/This-Tiruvalla-Defender-Stood-Like-a-Wall-in-London-Olympics/2013/12/17/article1949601.ece|title=This Tiruvalla Defender Stood Like a Wall in London Olympics|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> Today, Thiruvalla hosts many district and state-level football and cricket tournaments. There is a stadium in Thiruvalla maintained by the Thiruvalla Municipal Council. This is the venue for most of the tournaments. It is also called "Prithi stadium".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Grounds/1245.html|title=Untitled Document|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=2016-03-20|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331214802/https://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Grounds/1245.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Indoor Cricket ===
The [[Kerala Cricket Association]] has set up the indoor cricket stadium complex in Thiruvalla, with 24-7 practising facilities. The facility is adjacent to the Thiruvalla Municipal stadium and is constructed on 8000 square feet, on 50 cents of land. The facility also houses a library, multi-gym, board room, KCA district office, and a conference hall. Specially made natural grass wicket is the specialty of the practicing nets in the courtyard. This indoor cricket facility is perhaps, the first of its kind in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/worldclass-indoor-cricket-facility-for-thiruvalla/article7631576.ece|title=World-class indoor cricket facility for Thiruvalla|date=2015-09-09|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref>

== Food and other cultural activities ==
Thiruvalla hosts cultural events including flower shows<ref>{{Citation |title=Flower show thiruvalla 2020, Pushpotsav Thiruvalla, Pushpamela, Pushpamela Thiruvalla, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQ7y_Q3iNX0 |language=en |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref> and food fests.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2012-01-10 |title=School children organises unique food fest in Thiruvalla |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/school-children-organises-unique-food-fest-in-thiruvalla/article2790646.ece |access-date=2022-04-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Notable persons==
* [[Anna Rajam Malhotra]], Indian Administrative Service officer
* [[Thenmadom Varghese]], Indian professional footballer
* [[Poykayil Yohannan]], social activist, poet
* [[Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup]], poet
* [[Abraham Kovoor]], hypnotherapist and rationalist
* [[Abu Abraham]], cartoonist
* [[Madathilparampil Mammen Thomas#Works on M.M. Thomas|Dr. M.M. Thomas]], former Governor of Nagaland
* [[Baselios MarThoma Didymos I]], [[Malankara Metropolitan]] and Catholicos of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
* [[Babu Thiruvalla]], movie director and producer
* [[Blessy]], movie director
* [[C. K. Ra]], artist
* [[C.P. Mathen]], banker and founder of the Quilon Bank
* [[C. J. Kuttappan|C J Kuttappan]], folklore artist
* [[Jojan Thomas|Col. Jojan Thomas]], military officer
* [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]], movie director
* [[K. G. George]], movie director
* [[Kakkanadan]], novelist and writer
* [[Mathew T. Thomas]], politician
* [[K. C. John]], former General President of [[India Pentecostal Church of God]]
* [[M. G. Soman]], movie actor
* [[Nayanthara]] (Diana Mariam Kurian), movie actress
* [[Shalini]], actress
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]], movie actress
* [[Meera Jasmine]] (Jasmine Mary Joseph), movie actress
* [[Nadhiya|Nadiya Moythu]], movie actress
* [[Parvathy Jayaram]] (Ashwathy Kurup), movie actress
* [[Urmila Unni|Oormila Unni (actress)]], movie actress
* [[Sreeja Chandran]], actress
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], actress
* [[Kaviyoor Sivaprasad]], film director
* [[Sidhartha Siva]], actor, director
* [[Kailash]], movie actor
* [[Rajeev Pillai]], movie actor
* [[Sajeev John]], physicist
* [[Vishnu Vinod]], cricketer

==See also==
* [[Adoor]]
* [[Changanassery]]
* [[Chengannur]]
* [[Edathua]]
* [[Kattode]]
* [[Kozhencherry]]
* [[Mavelikara]]
* [[Niranam]]
* [[Thakazhy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Thiruvalla
|North = [[Changanassery]]
|Northeast = [[Mallapally]]
|East = [[Pullad]]
|Southeast = [[Kozhencherry]]
|South = [[Chengannur]]
|Southwest = [[Mavelikkara]]
|West = [[Mannar, India|Mannar]],
|Northwest = [[Edathua]]
}}


{{kerala|show=show}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala|show=show}}
{{Central Travancore}}
{{Pathanamthitta district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Thiruvalla| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pathanamthitta district]]

Thiruvalla - Revision history

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