Thirumal - Revision history

157.49.140.209 at 13:22, 2 January 2022

2022-01-02T13:22:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 2 January 2022
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	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2020}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2020}}

	[[File:Srinivasa Perumal idols with flowers.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|~~Srinivasa~~ Perumal idols with flowers, [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].]]		[[File:Srinivasa Perumal idols with flowers.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|Kesava Perumal idols with flowers, [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].]]
	'''Perumal''' ({{lang-ta\|பெருமாள் }}) or '''Thirumal''' ({{lang-ta\|திருமால்}}), also known as ''Mal'' or ''Mayon'' literally refers to a deity of "black complexion". [[Thirumal]] is worshipped mainly among [[Tamil Hindus]] in [[~~Tamil Nadu~~]] and the [[Tamil diaspora]], who consider ''Thirumal'' to be the true name of Śrī [[Vishnu]].		'''Perumal''' ({{lang-ta\|பெருமாள் }}) or '''Thirumal''' ({{lang-ta\|திருமால்}}), also known as ''Mal'' or ''Mayon'' literally refers to a deity of "black complexion". Thirumal is worshipped mainly among [[Tamil Hindus]] in [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Tamil diaspora]], who consider ''Thirumal'' to be the true name of Śrī [[Vishnu]].

	Some of the earliest known mention of Tirumal, and Tamil devotional poems to him, are found in ''[[Paripāṭal]]'' – the [[Sangam literature\|Sangam era]] poetic anthology.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Kamil Zvelebil\|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ\|year=1973\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=90-04-03591-5\|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author1=V.N. Muthukumar\|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran\|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC \|year=2012\|publisher=Penguin Books\|isbn=978-81-8475-694-4\|pages=1–7}}</ref> He is a popular [[Hinduism\|Hindu]] deity particularly among [[Tamils]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Tamil diaspora]], and in [[Vaishnavism\|Vaishnava]] temples.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=		Some of the earliest known mention of Tirumal, and Tamil devotional poems to him, are found in ''[[Paripāṭal]]'' – the [[Sangam literature\|Sangam era]] poetic anthology.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Kamil Zvelebil\|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ\|year=1973\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=90-04-03591-5\|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author1=V.N. Muthukumar\|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran\|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC \|year=2012\|publisher=Penguin Books\|isbn=978-81-8475-694-4\|pages=1–7}}</ref> He is a popular [[Hinduism\|Hindu]] deity particularly among [[Tamils]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Tamil diaspora]], and in [[Vaishnavism\|Vaishnava]] temples.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=
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	Of the 108 [[Divyadesam]]s according to the [[Alwar]] Saints, 106 of which are in the Earthly Realm.Prominent among these Divyadesams are:		Of the 108 [[Divyadesam]]s according to the [[Alwar]] Saints, 106 of which are in the Earthly Realm.Prominent among these Divyadesams are:

	* Sri Navamukundan Temple in Thirunavaya,Kerala,India		* Sri Navamukundan Temple in Thirunavaya, Kerala, India
	* Sri [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple\|Ananthapadmanabhaswamy Temple]] in Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala, India		* Sri [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, thiruvarangam kallakurichi india
	* Sri [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram\|Varadaraja Perumal temple]] in Kanchipuram, ~~Tamilnadu~~, India		* Sri [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple\|Ananthapadmanabhaswamy Temple]] in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
	* Sri [[Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple\|Thirupalkadal temple]] in [[Keezhperoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]],Kerala, India		* Sri [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram\|Varadaraja Perumal temple]] in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
	* Sri [[Uppiliappan temple\|Oppiliappan Perumal Temple]] near Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu India		* Sri [[Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple\|Thirupalkadal temple]] in [[Keezhperoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
			* Sri [[Uppiliappan temple\|Oppiliappan Perumal Temple]] near Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India
	* Sri Narashima Perumal Temple in Ahobilam, India		* Sri Narashima Perumal Temple in Ahobilam, India
	* Sri [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam\|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in Srirangam, India		* Sri [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam\|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in Srirangam, India
	* Sri [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam\|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in Nellore, Andhra ~~pradesh~~, India		* Sri [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam\|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
	* Thirumaliruncholai ([[Kallazhagar Temple]]) in Madurai, India		* Thirumaliruncholai ([[Kallazhagar Temple]]) in Madurai, India
	* Thiruvengadam ([[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala\|Sri Venkateswara Temple]]), in Tirupathi, India		* Thiruvengadam ([[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala\|Sri Venkateswara Temple]]), in Tirupathi, India
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	* Sri Vinavaraya Perumal Temple, in Ambattur, Chennai, India		* Sri Vinavaraya Perumal Temple, in Ambattur, Chennai, India
	*Sri Santhana Srinivasa Perumal Kovil, in Mogappair, Chennai, India		*Sri Santhana Srinivasa Perumal Kovil, in Mogappair, Chennai, India
	*Udumalai Tirupathi,Dhali ~~road~~,Udumalpet, India		*Udumalai Tirupathi, Dhali Road, Udumalpet, India

	===Sri Lanka===		===Sri Lanka===

imported>Scyrme at 01:39, 29 June 2021

2021-06-29T01:39:02Z

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{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

[[File:Srinivasa Perumal idols with flowers.jpg|thumbnail|right|Srinivasa Perumal idols with flowers, [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].]]
'''Perumal''' ({{lang-ta|பெருமாள் }}) or '''Thirumal''' ({{lang-ta|திருமால்}}), also known as ''Mal'' or ''Mayon'' literally refers to a deity of "black complexion". [[Thirumal]] is worshipped mainly among [[Tamil Hindus]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Tamil diaspora]], who consider ''Thirumal'' to be the true name of Śrī [[Vishnu]].

Some of the earliest known mention of Tirumal, and Tamil devotional poems to him, are found in ''[[Paripāṭal]]'' – the [[Sangam literature|Sangam era]] poetic anthology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03591-5|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=V.N. Muthukumar|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC |year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-81-8475-694-4|pages=1–7}}</ref> He is a popular [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity particularly among [[Tamils]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Tamil diaspora]], and in [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] temples.<ref>{{Cite book|url=
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872991268|title=Who's who in non-classical mythology|last=Sykes, Egerton |others=Kendall, Alan, 1939-|isbn=9781136414442|edition=2nd|location=London|oclc=872991268}}</ref> One of the richest and largest Hindu temples and monasteries complex dedicated to Tirumala is the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara temple]] in [[Tirupati]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael D. Coogan|title=The Illustrated Guide to World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide00coog|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-521997-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide00coog/page/148 148]–149}}</ref>

{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hinduism}}

==Popularity in Tamil Nadu==
Perumal/Thirumal was the only [[deity]] who enjoyed the status of ''Paramporul'' (achieving a oneness with [[Paramatman|Paramatma]]) during the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]]. A reference to ''"Mukkol Pakavars"'' in Sangam literature indicates that only [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] saints were holding ''Tridanda'' and were prominent during the Sangam age. Thirumal was as glorified as "the supreme deity" whose divine lotus feet could burn all evils and grant [[Moksha]] (''Maru Piraparukkum Maasil Chevadi''). During the post-Sangam period, his worship was further glorified by the [[Alvars|Alwars]].

==Perumal Temples==
[[File:Varadharaja Perumal Temple 8.jpg|thumb|[[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]]]
Of the 108 [[Divyadesam]]s according to the [[Alwar]] Saints, 106 of which are in the Earthly Realm.Prominent among these Divyadesams are:

* Sri Navamukundan Temple in Thirunavaya,Kerala,India
* Sri [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Ananthapadmanabhaswamy Temple]] in Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala, India
* Sri [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja Perumal temple]] in Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu, India
* Sri [[Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple|Thirupalkadal temple]] in [[Keezhperoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]],Kerala, India
* Sri [[Uppiliappan temple|Oppiliappan Perumal Temple]] near Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu India
* Sri Narashima Perumal Temple in Ahobilam, India
* Sri [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in Srirangam, India
* Sri [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in Nellore, Andhra pradesh, India
* Thirumaliruncholai ([[Kallazhagar Temple]]) in Madurai, India
* Thiruvengadam ([[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Temple]]), in Tirupathi, India
* Thiru Narayanapuram ([[Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple|SelvaPillai Perumal Temple]]) in Melkote, India
* Aadhi Thiruvellarai (Pundarikatchan) in Thiruvellarai, India.

===Prominent Thirumal Temples in India===
* Sri Sathya-Narayana Perumal Temple in T-Nagar, Chennai, India
* Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple (TTD), in T-Nagar, Chennai, India
* Sri Vinavaraya Perumal Temple, in Ambattur, Chennai, India
*Sri Santhana Srinivasa Perumal Kovil, in Mogappair, Chennai, India
*Udumalai Tirupathi,Dhali road,Udumalpet, India

===Sri Lanka===
* Perumal temple in [[Jaffna]], Sri Lanka

===Malaysia===
* [[Sri Sunderaraja Perumal Temple]] Klang, Malaysia
* Sri Alarmelamanga Samedha Shri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Batu caves, Malaysia

===United States===
* Sri Venkateswara Perumal temple in the USA
* Sri Ranganatha temple in the USA

===Singapore===
*[[Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple]], Singapore

==See also==
*[[Vishnu]]
*[[Sangam landscape]]
*[[Venkateswara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ramanuja.org/ Sri Vaishnava Home page]

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]