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{{Short description|English missionary (1867–1912)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
[[File:TLPennell.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Theodore Leighton Pennell]]
'''Theodore Leighton Pennell''' (1867 – 21 March 1912),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pennell |first1=Alice Maude |title=Pennell of the Afghan Frontier: The Life of Theodore Leighton Pennell |date=1914 |publisher=Seeley, Service & Co |location=London |pages=3, 451 |url=https://archive.org/details/pennellofafghanf00pennuoft}}</ref> was an [[English people|English]] [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[missionary]] and [[Physician|doctor]] who lived among the tribes of [[Afghanistan]]. He founded [[Pennell High School]] and a missionary hospital in [[Bannu]] in the North-West Frontier of [[British Indian Empire|British India]], now [[Pakistan]]. For his work he received the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] for public service in India. He published a work on his life under the title ''Among the wild tribes of the Afghan frontier'' in 1908. Pennell House at [[Eastbourne College]] was named after him.

== Early years and 1890s ==
Born in England in 1867, Theodore Pennell was educated at [[Eastbourne College]] and qualified as a doctor (MB, MRCS, LRCP) in 1890, completing his MD and FRCS in 1891. He offered his services to the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) in 1890. His father had died during his childhood, so he developed a very close relationship with his mother. When CMS sent Pennell to India, his mother decided to go too, and they both began learning Urdu. They reached [[Karachi]] in 1892 and went to [[Dera Ismail Khan]], where Pennell began medical work. He often traveled round the villages, wearing [[Pathan]] dress and living with the people. He made his first visit to [[Tank, Pakistan|Tank]] in 1893 and established relationships with the Masud and [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Wazir]] tribes.

In October 1893, he moved to Bannu to present the gospel to travelers to and from Afghanistan. He was fluent in Urdu and Pushtu by then. He combined medical work with public preaching in Pushtu and selling Christian literature, in Bannu and the surrounding villages, accompanied by the first Christian in Bannu, Jahan Khan. The mullahs strongly opposed his work, warning people not to accept his medicine. The mullahs tried to drive people away by telling them that the medicines contained alcohol and pig's blood, and would turn them forcibly into Christians. They also said that if the people were fated to die, then it would be better to die as believers.

Pennell built a small hospital at Bannu with his mother's money. In 1895, he opened a mission boarding school. Several Muslim inquirers showed an interest in baptism, but faced great opposition from relatives and other Muslims. Among his converts were Tayib Khan and Sayyid Badshah. Sayyid Badshah was shot dead soon after making his profession of faith. In 1896, Pennell was invited to visit the bandit Chakki. Pennell shared the gospel with him to such an effect that soon afterwards Chakki left his banditry; he wrote to Pennell: "I constantly meditate on your words and I have given up killing and robbery."

In 1897, Pennell bought a printing press from Lahore and began publishing a newspaper. There was fighting between the British and the Wazirs but Pennell refused to have an armed guard. "Our best defence is our loving relationship with the tribes," he said. "Rifles and other weapons cannot protect us." In 1898 Pennell passed his Persian exams and began studying Arabic. He preached regularly in Bannu bazaar, despite opposition. Once an Afghan bit his finger, but in court Pennell still pleaded for the Afghan's release. Later three Afghans became Christians.

==Twentieth century==
[[File:TLPennell Sadhu.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Pennell travelling as a pilgrim]]
In 1901, Pennell began learning Punjabi. In 1903 his disciple, Jahan Khan, went as the first Afghan foreign missionary to the Gulf and East Africa ([[Mombasa]]). During 1904 Pennell traveled through the Punjab by bicycle, mixing with the local people, with one Afghan companion. He dressed as a sadhu, and was often penniless. He was amazed at the missionaries’ bungalows, more like forts than houses, separating them from the local people, where they sat waiting for inquirers to come to them rather than going out to sit with the people. He was disappointed at the low level of conduct of most [[Chuhra]] and [[Chamar]] ([[Untouchability|Untouchable]]) Christians who had been baptised without inadequate instruction.

{{blockquote|As I travelled, I sometimes rejoiced and sometimes was saddened. I rejoiced that in almost every village and bustee I would meet a Christian, and saddened that that so many of them did not smell like Christians. The missions have the custom of baptising Chuhras and Chamars, and changing their names without examining them, with the result that their misdoings are a blot on the Christian religion.}}

Pennell was also afraid that concentrating on the Chuhras would deter high-caste Hindus and Muslims from coming to Christ. He felt that pressure to produce results in terms of numbers of baptismal candidates was leading to superficial evangelism and slipshod practices, although he acknowledged that many of the Chuhra Christians were worthy spiritual leaders. He was afraid that many so-called Christian workers were "[[rice Christian]]s", working for the mission for money alone.

In 1908, Pennell became very ill and had to return to England, the first time in 16 years. While there, his mother died. On his return to India he got engaged and married to a Parsee doctor, [[Alice Maude Sorabji Pennell|Alice Sorabji]] in 1908.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pZNMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Alice+Maude+Sorabji+Pennell&pg=PA1495 "Marriages"], ''The Lancet'' (November 14, 1908): 1495.</ref> They had a son.<ref>[[C. L. Innes]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hSCZsYuQWYgC&dq=Alice+M.+Pennell&pg=PA283 ''A History of Black and Asian Writing in Britain, 1700–2000''] (Cambridge University Press, 2002): 283. {{ISBN|9780521643276}}.</ref>

== Illnesses and death ==
In 1909, Pennell was again seriously ill in Bannu and on his recovery, he was showered with flowers and congratulations by the local people.

On 15 March 1912, Pennell's colleague Dr. William Hal Barnett fell ill with [[septicemia]].<ref group="note">Pennell and Barnett had recently treated a local man with a compound skull fracture that had become septic.</ref> On 17 March, Pennell operated on Barnett, successfully—albeit temporarily—relieving Barnett's pain. By midday of the 19th, it was clear that Pennell had also contracted the infection. On 20 March, Barnett died. Pennell died in the early morning hours of 21 March, at the age of forty-four.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pennell |first1=Alice Maude |title=Pennell of the Afghan Frontier: The Life of Theodore Leighton Pennell |date=1914 |publisher=Seeley, Service & Co |location=London |pages=443-453|url=https://archive.org/details/pennellofafghanf00pennuoft}}</ref>

==Books and articles by or about Theodore Leighton Pennell==
*{{cite book | first= T. L. |last= Pennell | title=Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier : A Record of Sixteen Years Close Intercourse with the Natives of the Indian Marches| place=London | publisher=Seeley, Service & Co., Ltd. | date=1909 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028656084 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Pennell |first1=T. L. |title=Things Seen in Northern India |date=1914 |publisher=Seeley, Service & Co.|location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/thingsseeninnort00penn}}
*{{cite book | first= Alice | last= Pennell | title=Pennell of the Afghan Frontier; The Life of Theodore Leighton Pennell, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.C.S. | place= London | publisher= Seeley, Service & Co., Ltd. | date= 1914 }}
*{{cite book | first= Nigel | last=Harris | title=Footnotes to History: The Personal Realm of John Wilson Croker, Secretary to the Admiralty (1809–1830), a "Group Family"|chapter=6, Rio and the Afghan Frontier|isbn=978-1-84519-746-9 | place= Brighton & Eastbourne | publisher= Sussex Academic Press | date= 2015 }}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
Barkat Ullah. ''Saleeb kay Alambardar (Pioneer Missionaries of the Punjab)''. Punjab Religious Book Society, Lahore. 1957.

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=25344}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Theodore Leighton Pennell}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=32231|name=Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=22473|name=Onder de wilde stammen op de grenzen van Afghanistan, De Aarde en haar Volken, 1917}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pennell, Theodore Leighton}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:People from Bannu District]]
[[Category:English Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Pakistan]]

[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British medical missionaries]]

Theodore Leighton Pennell - Revision history

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