The Sign of the Four - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|1890 detective novel by Arthur Conan Doyle}}
	{{Redirect\|The Sign of Four}}		{{Redirect\|The Sign of Four}}
	{{about\|\|the Mystical Sign of Four\|Merchant's ~~Mark~~}}		{{about\|\|the Mystical Sign of Four\|Merchant's mark}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2015}}
	{{Use British English\|date=April 2015}}		{{Use British English\|date=April 2015}}
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	According to Mary, in December 1878, her father had [[telegraph]]ed her upon his safe return from India and requested her to meet him at the [[Langham Hotel]] in London. When Mary arrived at the hotel, she was told her father had gone out the previous night and not returned. Despite all efforts, no trace was ever found of him. Mary contacted her father's only friend who was in the same regiment and had since retired to England, one Major John Sholto, but he denied knowing her father had returned. The second puzzle is that she has received six pearls in the mail from an anonymous benefactor, one per year since 1882, after answering an anonymous newspaper query inquiring for her. With the last pearl she received a letter remarking that she has been wronged and asking for a meeting. Holmes takes the case and soon discovers that Major Sholto had died in 1882 and that within a short span of time Mary began to receive the pearls, implying a connection. The only clue Mary can give Holmes is a map of a fortress found in her father's desk with the names of Jonathan Small, Mahomet Singh, Abdullah Khan and Dost Akbar.		According to Mary, in December 1878, her father had [[telegraph]]ed her upon his safe return from India and requested her to meet him at the [[Langham Hotel]] in London. When Mary arrived at the hotel, she was told her father had gone out the previous night and not returned. Despite all efforts, no trace was ever found of him. Mary contacted her father's only friend who was in the same regiment and had since retired to England, one Major John Sholto, but he denied knowing her father had returned. The second puzzle is that she has received six pearls in the mail from an anonymous benefactor, one per year since 1882, after answering an anonymous newspaper query inquiring for her. With the last pearl she received a letter remarking that she has been wronged and asking for a meeting. Holmes takes the case and soon discovers that Major Sholto had died in 1882 and that within a short span of time Mary began to receive the pearls, implying a connection. The only clue Mary can give Holmes is a map of a fortress found in her father's desk with the names of Jonathan Small, Mahomet Singh, Abdullah Khan and Dost Akbar.

	Holmes, Watson, and Mary meet Thaddeus Sholto, the son of the late Major Sholto and the anonymous sender of the pearls. Thaddeus confirms the Major ''had'' seen Mary's father the night he died; they had arranged a meeting to divide a priceless treasure Sholto had brought home from India. While quarrelling over the treasure, Captain Morstan—long in weak health—suffered a [[heart attack]]. Not wanting to bring attention to the object of the quarrel—and also worried that circumstances would suggest that he had killed Morstan in an argument, particularly since Morstan's head struck the corner of the chest as he fell—Sholto disposed of the body and hid the treasure. However, Sholto himself suffered from poor health and an enlarged spleen (possibly due to [[malaria]], as a [[quinine]] bottle stands by his bed). His health deteriorated when he received a letter from India in early 1882. Dying, he called his two sons and confessed to Morstan's death; he was about to divulge the location of the treasure when he suddenly cried, "Keep him out!" before falling back and dying. The puzzled sons glimpsed a face in the window, but the only trace was a single footstep in the dirt. On their father's body is a note reading "The Sign of the Four". Both brothers ~~quarreled~~ over whether a legacy should be left to Mary, and Thaddeus left his brother Bartholomew, taking a [[wikt:chaplet\|chaplet]] and sending its pearls to her. The reason he sent the letter is that Bartholomew has found the treasure and possibly Thaddeus and Mary might confront him for a division of it.		Holmes, Watson, and Mary meet Thaddeus Sholto, the son of the late Major Sholto and the anonymous sender of the pearls. Thaddeus confirms the Major ''had'' seen Mary's father the night he died; they had arranged a meeting to divide a priceless treasure Sholto had brought home from India. While quarrelling over the treasure, Captain Morstan—long in weak health—suffered a [[heart attack]]. Not wanting to bring attention to the object of the quarrel—and also worried that circumstances would suggest that he had killed Morstan in an argument, particularly since Morstan's head struck the corner of the chest as he fell—Sholto disposed of the body and hid the treasure. However, Sholto himself suffered from poor health and an enlarged spleen (possibly due to [[malaria]], as a [[quinine]] bottle stands by his bed). His health deteriorated when he received a letter from India in early 1882. Dying, he called his two sons and confessed to Morstan's death; he was about to divulge the location of the treasure when he suddenly cried, "Keep him out!" before falling back and dying. The puzzled sons glimpsed a face in the window, but the only trace was a single footstep in the dirt. On their father's body is a note reading "The Sign of the Four". Both brothers quarrelled over whether a legacy should be left to Mary, and Thaddeus left his brother Bartholomew, taking a [[wikt:chaplet\|chaplet]] and sending its pearls to her. The reason he sent the letter is that Bartholomew has found the treasure and possibly Thaddeus and Mary might confront him for a division of it. All of the party travel to the Sholto family home, Pondicherry Lodge in [[Upper Norwood]], to confront brother Bartholomew.

	Bartholomew is found dead in his home from a [[poisoned dart]] and the treasure is missing. While the police wrongly take Thaddeus in as a suspect, Holmes deduces that there are two persons involved in the murder: a one-legged man, Jonathan Small, ~~as well as~~ a small accomplice. He traces them to a boat landing where Small has hired a steam [[Launch (boat)\|launch]] named the ''Aurora''. With the help of dog [[Minor Sherlock Holmes characters#Toby\|Toby]] that he sends Watson to collect from Mr. Sherman, the [[Baker Street Irregulars]] and his own disguise, Holmes traces the steam launch. In a police steam launch Holmes and Watson chase the ''Aurora'' and capture it, but in the process end up killing the small companion after he attempts to kill Holmes with a poisoned dart shot from a [[Blowgun\|blow-pipe]]. Small tries to escape but is captured. However, the iron treasure box is empty; Small claims to have dumped the treasure over the side during the chase.		Bartholomew is found dead in his home from a [[poisoned dart]] and the treasure is missing. While the police wrongly take Thaddeus in as a suspect, Holmes deduces that there are two persons involved in the murder: a one-legged man, Jonathan Small, and a small accomplice. He traces them to a boat landing where Small has hired a steam [[Launch (boat)\|launch]] named the ''Aurora''. With the help of dog [[Minor Sherlock Holmes characters#Toby\|Toby]] that he sends Watson to collect from Mr. Sherman, the [[Baker Street Irregulars]] and his own disguise, Holmes traces the steam launch. In a police steam launch Holmes and Watson chase the ''Aurora'' and capture it, but in the process end up killing the small companion after he attempts to kill Holmes with a poisoned dart shot from a [[Blowgun\|blow-pipe]]. Small tries to escape but is captured. However, the iron treasure box is empty; Small claims to have dumped the treasure over the side during the chase.

	Small confesses that years before he was a soldier of the Third [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)\|Buffs]] in India and lost his right leg to a [[crocodile]] while bathing in the [[Ganges]]. After some time, when he was an overseer on a [[tea plantation]], the 1857 rebellion occurred and he was forced to flee for his life to the [[Agra Fort\|Agra fortress]]. While standing guard one night he was overpowered by two [[Sikh]] troopers, who gave him a choice of being killed or being an accomplice to [[waylaying]] a disguised servant of a [[rajah]] who had sent said servant with a valuable fortune in pearls and jewels to the British for safekeeping. The robbery and murder took place and the crime was discovered, although the jewels were not. Small got penal servitude on the [[Andaman Islands]].		Small confesses that years before he was a soldier of the Third [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)\|Buffs]] in India and lost his right leg to a [[crocodile]] while bathing in the [[Ganges]]. After some time, when he was an overseer on a [[tea plantation]], the 1857 rebellion occurred and he was forced to flee for his life to the [[Agra Fort\|Agra fortress]]. While standing guard one night he was overpowered by two [[Sikh]] troopers, who gave him a choice of being killed or being an accomplice to [[waylaying]] a disguised servant of a [[rajah]] who had sent said servant with a valuable fortune in pearls and jewels to the British for safekeeping. The robbery and murder took place and the crime was discovered, although the jewels were not. Small got penal servitude on the [[Andaman Islands]].
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	==Publication history ==		==Publication history ==
	[[File:The Sign of Four cover 1892.jpg\|thumb\|The 1892 cloth-bound cover of ''The Sign of Four'' after it was compiled as a single book]]		[[File:The Sign of Four cover 1892.jpg\|thumb\|The 1892 cloth-bound cover of ''The Sign of Four'' after it was compiled as a single book]]
	[[Arthur Conan Doyle\|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] described how he was commissioned to write the story over a dinner with [[Joseph Marshall Stoddart]], managing editor of the American publication ''[[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]'', at the [[Langham Hotel, London\|Langham Hotel]] in London on 30 August 1889. Stoddart wanted to produce an English version of ''Lippincott’s'' with a British editor and British contributors. The dinner was also attended by [[Oscar Wilde]], who eventually contributed ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'' to the July 1890 issue.<ref name="redmond14">{{cite book\|last=Redmond\|first=Christopher\|title=Sherlock Holmes Handbook: Second Edition\|publisher=[[Dundurn Press]]\|year=2009\|pages=14–15\|isbn=9781459718982}}</ref> Doyle discussed what he called this "golden evening" in his 1924 autobiography ''Memories and Adventures''.		[[Arthur Conan Doyle\|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] described how he was commissioned to write the story over a dinner with [[Joseph Marshall Stoddart]], managing editor of the American publication ''[[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]'', at the [[Langham Hotel, London\|Langham Hotel]] in London on 30 August 1889. Stoddart wanted to produce an English version of ''Lippincott’s'' with a British editor and British contributors. The dinner was also attended by [[Oscar Wilde]], who eventually contributed ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'' to the July 1890 issue.<ref name="redmond14">{{cite book\|last=Redmond\|first=Christopher\|title=Sherlock Holmes Handbook: Second Edition\|publisher=[[Dundurn Press]]\|year=2009\|pages=14–15\|isbn=9781459718982}}</ref> Doyle discussed what he called this "golden evening" in his 1924 [[autobiography]] ''Memories and Adventures''.

	The novel first appeared in the February 1890 edition of ''Lippincott's Monthly Magazine''<ref>{{cite book\| last=Smith\|first=Daniel\|title=The Sherlock Holmes Companion\|publisher=Castle Books\|year=2011\|page=30\|isbn=978-0-7858-2784-9}}</ref> as ''The Sign of the Four; or The Problem of the Sholtos'' ~~(five-word title)~~, appearing in both London and [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Citation		The novel first appeared in the February 1890 edition of ''Lippincott's Monthly Magazine''<ref>{{cite book\| last=Smith\|first=Daniel\|title=The Sherlock Holmes Companion\|publisher=Castle Books\|year=2011\|page=30\|isbn=978-0-7858-2784-9}}</ref> as ''The Sign of the Four; or The Problem of the Sholtos'', appearing in both London and [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Citation
	\| last =Honce		\| last =Honce
	\| first =Charles		\| first =Charles
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	Over the following few months in the same year, the novel was then republished in several regional British journals. These re-serialisations gave the title as ''The Sign of Four''. The novel was published in book form in October 1890 by [[Spencer Blackett]], again using the title ''The Sign of Four''.<ref name="redmond14"/> This edition included a frontispiece illustrated by [[Charles H. M. Kerr]].<ref>Green, Richard Lancelyn (ed.). ''The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes'' (Oxford University Press, 1998). p. 11. {{ISBN\|978-0191605598}}</ref> The title of both the British and American editions of this first book edition omitted the second "the" of the original title.		Over the following few months in the same year, the novel was then republished in several regional British journals. These re-serialisations gave the title as ''The Sign of Four''. The novel was published in book form in October 1890 by [[Spencer Blackett]], again using the title ''The Sign of Four''.<ref name="redmond14"/> This edition included a frontispiece illustrated by [[Charles H. M. Kerr]].<ref>Green, Richard Lancelyn (ed.). ''The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes'' (Oxford University Press, 1998). p. 11. {{ISBN\|978-0191605598}}</ref> The title of both the British and American editions of this first book edition omitted the second "the" of the original title.

	A German edition of the book published in 1902 was illustrated by Richard Gutschmidt. An edition published by [[George Newnes Ltd]] in 1903 was illustrated by [[F. H. Townsend]].<ref>Klinger, Leslie (ed.). ''The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, Volume III'' (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006). p. 214, 269. {{ISBN\|978-0393058000}}</ref>		A [[German language\|German]] edition of the book published in 1902 was illustrated by Richard Gutschmidt. An edition published by [[George Newnes Ltd]] in 1903 was illustrated by [[F. H. Townsend]].<ref>Klinger, Leslie (ed.). ''The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, Volume III'' (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006). p. 214, 269. {{ISBN\|978-0393058000}}</ref>

	Different editions over the years have varied between the two forms of the title, with most editions favouring the four-word form.<ref name="redmond14"/> The actual text in the novel nearly always uses "the Sign of the Four" (the five-word form) to describe the symbol in the story, although the four-word form is used twice by Jonathan Small in his narrative at the end of the story.		Different editions over the years have varied between the two forms of the title, with most editions favouring the four-word form.<ref name="redmond14"/> The actual text in the novel nearly always uses "the Sign of the Four" (the five-word form) to describe the symbol in the story, although the four-word form is used twice by Jonathan Small in his narrative at the end of the story.
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	[[Category:Novels about the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]		[[Category:Novels about the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
	[[Category:Fiction set in 1888]]		[[Category:Fiction set in 1888]]
			[[Category:Novels set in the 1880s]]
	[[Category:Victorian novels]]		[[Category:Victorian novels]]
	[[Category:Works originally published in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]		[[Category:Works originally published in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]

imported>Fieryninja: Undid revision 1038567610 by 49.37.47.124 (talk)

2021-08-13T10:23:49Z

Undid revision 1038567610 by 49.37.47.124 (talk)

New page

{{Redirect|The Sign of Four}}
{{about||the Mystical Sign of Four|Merchant's Mark}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = The Sign of the Four
| image = File:"The Sign of the Four" in Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine (1890).jpg
| caption = One of the coversheets to the original serial publication of the novel in ''[[Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine]]''
| author = [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = [[Sherlock Holmes]]
| genre = [[Mystery novel]]
| publisher = ''[[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]''<br>Spencer Blackett (book)
| release_date = February 1890
| media_type = Print ([[Magazine]], [[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages =
| isbn = 
| preceded_by = [[A Study in Scarlet]]
| followed_by = [[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]
| wikisource = The Sign of the Four
}}

{{Quote box
|quote = How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, ''however improbable'', must be the truth?
|source = Sherlock Holmes, Chap. 6, p. 111
|align = Right
|width = 200px
}}

'''''The Sign of the Four''''' (1890), also called '''''The Sign of Four''''', is the second [[novel]] featuring [[Sherlock Holmes]] written by [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]. Doyle wrote four novels and 56 short stories featuring the fictional detective.

==Plot==
Set in 1888,<ref>Conan Doyle, A. ''The Sign of the Four'', "Chapter 2: The Statement of the Case", in which characters state: "He disappeared upon the 3d of December, 1878,—nearly ten years ago." & "About six years ago—to be exact, upon the 4th of May, 1882"</ref> ''The Sign of the Four'' has a complex plot involving service in [[British Raj|India]], the [[Indian Mutiny of 1857]], a stolen [[treasure]], and a secret pact among four [[convict]]s ("the Four" of the title) and two corrupt prison guards. It presents Holmes's [[Substance dependence|drug habit]] and humanizes him in a way that had not been done in the preceding novel, ''[[A Study in Scarlet]]'' (1887). It also introduces [[Dr. Watson]]'s future wife, [[Minor Sherlock Holmes characters#Mary Morstan (later Watson)|Mary Morstan]].

According to Mary, in December 1878, her father had [[telegraph]]ed her upon his safe return from India and requested her to meet him at the [[Langham Hotel]] in London. When Mary arrived at the hotel, she was told her father had gone out the previous night and not returned. Despite all efforts, no trace was ever found of him. Mary contacted her father's only friend who was in the same regiment and had since retired to England, one Major John Sholto, but he denied knowing her father had returned. The second puzzle is that she has received six pearls in the mail from an anonymous benefactor, one per year since 1882, after answering an anonymous newspaper query inquiring for her. With the last pearl she received a letter remarking that she has been wronged and asking for a meeting. Holmes takes the case and soon discovers that Major Sholto had died in 1882 and that within a short span of time Mary began to receive the pearls, implying a connection. The only clue Mary can give Holmes is a map of a fortress found in her father's desk with the names of Jonathan Small, Mahomet Singh, Abdullah Khan and Dost Akbar.

Holmes, Watson, and Mary meet Thaddeus Sholto, the son of the late Major Sholto and the anonymous sender of the pearls. Thaddeus confirms the Major ''had'' seen Mary's father the night he died; they had arranged a meeting to divide a priceless treasure Sholto had brought home from India. While quarrelling over the treasure, Captain Morstan—long in weak health—suffered a [[heart attack]]. Not wanting to bring attention to the object of the quarrel—and also worried that circumstances would suggest that he had killed Morstan in an argument, particularly since Morstan's head struck the corner of the chest as he fell—Sholto disposed of the body and hid the treasure. However, Sholto himself suffered from poor health and an enlarged spleen (possibly due to [[malaria]], as a [[quinine]] bottle stands by his bed). His health deteriorated when he received a letter from India in early 1882. Dying, he called his two sons and confessed to Morstan's death; he was about to divulge the location of the treasure when he suddenly cried, "Keep him out!" before falling back and dying. The puzzled sons glimpsed a face in the window, but the only trace was a single footstep in the dirt. On their father's body is a note reading "The Sign of the Four". Both brothers quarreled over whether a legacy should be left to Mary, and Thaddeus left his brother Bartholomew, taking a [[wikt:chaplet|chaplet]] and sending its pearls to her. The reason he sent the letter is that Bartholomew has found the treasure and possibly Thaddeus and Mary might confront him for a division of it.

Bartholomew is found dead in his home from a [[poisoned dart]] and the treasure is missing. While the police wrongly take Thaddeus in as a suspect, Holmes deduces that there are two persons involved in the murder: a one-legged man, Jonathan Small, as well as a small accomplice. He traces them to a boat landing where Small has hired a steam [[Launch (boat)|launch]] named the ''Aurora''. With the help of dog [[Minor Sherlock Holmes characters#Toby|Toby]] that he sends Watson to collect from Mr. Sherman, the [[Baker Street Irregulars]] and his own disguise, Holmes traces the steam launch. In a police steam launch Holmes and Watson chase the ''Aurora'' and capture it, but in the process end up killing the small companion after he attempts to kill Holmes with a poisoned dart shot from a [[Blowgun|blow-pipe]]. Small tries to escape but is captured. However, the iron treasure box is empty; Small claims to have dumped the treasure over the side during the chase.

Small confesses that years before he was a soldier of the Third [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|Buffs]] in India and lost his right leg to a [[crocodile]] while bathing in the [[Ganges]]. After some time, when he was an overseer on a [[tea plantation]], the 1857 rebellion occurred and he was forced to flee for his life to the [[Agra Fort|Agra fortress]]. While standing guard one night he was overpowered by two [[Sikh]] troopers, who gave him a choice of being killed or being an accomplice to [[waylaying]] a disguised servant of a [[rajah]] who had sent said servant with a valuable fortune in pearls and jewels to the British for safekeeping. The robbery and murder took place and the crime was discovered, although the jewels were not. Small got penal servitude on the [[Andaman Islands]].

After twenty years, Small overheard that Major Sholto had lost much money gambling and couldn't even [[Purchase of commissions in the British Army|sell his commission]], necessitating his resignation. Small saw his chance and made a deal with Sholto and Captain Morstan: Sholto would recover the treasure and in return send a boat to pick up Small and the Sikhs. Sholto [[wikt:double-cross|double-cross]]ed both Morstan and Small and stole the treasure for himself after inheriting a fortune from his uncle. Small vowed vengeance and four years later escaped the Andaman Islands with an [[Andamanese people|islander]] named Tonga after they both killed a prison guard. It was the news of his escape that shocked Sholto into his fatal illness. Small arrived too late to hear of the treasure's location, but left the note which referred to the name of the pact between himself and his three Sikh accomplices. When Bartholomew found the treasure, Small planned to only steal it, but claims a miscommunication led Tonga to kill Bartholomew as well. Small claims the treasure brought nothing but bad luck to anyone who came in touch with it—the servant who was murdered; Sholto living with fear and guilt; and now he himself is trapped in slavery for life—half his life building a breakwater in the Andaman Islands and the rest of his life digging drains in [[Dartmoor Prison]].

Mary is left without the bulk of the Agra treasure, although she will apparently receive the rest of the chaplet. Watson falls in love with Mary and it is revealed at the end that he proposed to her and she has accepted.

==Publication history ==
[[File:The Sign of Four cover 1892.jpg|thumb|The 1892 cloth-bound cover of ''The Sign of Four'' after it was compiled as a single book]]
[[Arthur Conan Doyle|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] described how he was commissioned to write the story over a dinner with [[Joseph Marshall Stoddart]], managing editor of the American publication ''[[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]'', at the [[Langham Hotel, London|Langham Hotel]] in London on 30 August 1889. Stoddart wanted to produce an English version of ''Lippincott’s'' with a British editor and British contributors. The dinner was also attended by [[Oscar Wilde]], who eventually contributed ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'' to the July 1890 issue.<ref name="redmond14">{{cite book|last=Redmond|first=Christopher|title=Sherlock Holmes Handbook: Second Edition|publisher=[[Dundurn Press]]|year=2009|pages=14–15|isbn=9781459718982}}</ref> Doyle discussed what he called this "golden evening" in his 1924 autobiography ''Memories and Adventures''.

The novel first appeared in the February 1890 edition of ''Lippincott's Monthly Magazine''<ref>{{cite book| last=Smith|first=Daniel|title=The Sherlock Holmes Companion|publisher=Castle Books|year=2011|page=30|isbn=978-0-7858-2784-9}}</ref> as ''The Sign of the Four; or The Problem of the Sholtos'' (five-word title), appearing in both London and [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Citation
| last =Honce
| first =Charles
| contribution =Sherlock Holmes in the News
| year = 1944
| title =Profile by Gaslight
| editor-last =Smith
| editor-first =Edgar W.
| pages =74–75
| publisher =[[Simon and Schuster]]
}}</ref> The British edition of the magazine originally sold for a [[shilling]], and the American for 25 cents. Surviving copies are now worth several thousand dollars.

Over the following few months in the same year, the novel was then republished in several regional British journals. These re-serialisations gave the title as ''The Sign of Four''. The novel was published in book form in October 1890 by [[Spencer Blackett]], again using the title ''The Sign of Four''.<ref name="redmond14"/> This edition included a frontispiece illustrated by [[Charles H. M. Kerr]].<ref>Green, Richard Lancelyn (ed.). ''The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes'' (Oxford University Press, 1998). p. 11. {{ISBN|978-0191605598}}</ref> The title of both the British and American editions of this first book edition omitted the second "the" of the original title.

A German edition of the book published in 1902 was illustrated by Richard Gutschmidt. An edition published by [[George Newnes Ltd]] in 1903 was illustrated by [[F. H. Townsend]].<ref>Klinger, Leslie (ed.). ''The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, Volume III'' (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006). p. 214, 269. {{ISBN|978-0393058000}}</ref>

Different editions over the years have varied between the two forms of the title, with most editions favouring the four-word form.<ref name="redmond14"/> The actual text in the novel nearly always uses "the Sign of the Four" (the five-word form) to describe the symbol in the story, although the four-word form is used twice by Jonathan Small in his narrative at the end of the story.

As with the first story, ''A Study in Scarlet'', produced two years previously, ''The Sign of the Four'' was not particularly successful to start with. It was the short stories, published from 1891 onwards in ''[[Strand Magazine]]'', that made household names of Sherlock Holmes and his creator.

==Adaptations==
===Television and film===
There have been multiple film and television adaptations of the book:

{| class=wikitable
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
| '''Year''' || '''Media''' || '''Title''' || '''Country''' || '''Director''' || '''Holmes''' || '''Watson'''
|-
| 1905 || Film (silent) || ''[[Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom]]'' || US || [[J. Stuart Blackton]] || ? || ?
|-
| 1913 || Film (silent) || ''Sherlock Holmes Solves the Sign of the Four'' || US || [[Lloyd Lonergan]] || [[Harry Benham]] || [[Charles Gunn (actor)|Charles Gunn]]
|-
| 1923 || Film (silent) || ''[[The Sign of Four (1923 film)|The Sign of Four]]'' || UK || [[Maurice Elvey]] || [[Eille Norwood]] || [[Arthur Cullin]]
|-
| 1932 || Film || ''[[The Sign of Four (1932 film)|The Sign of Four]]'' || UK || [[Graham Cutts]] ||[[Arthur Wontner]] || [[Ian Hunter (actor)|Ian Hunter]]
|-
| 1968 || TV (series) || ''[[Sherlock Holmes (1965 TV series)|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes]]'' - "The Sign of Four"|| UK || [[William Sterling (director)|William Sterling]] || [[Peter Cushing]] || [[Nigel Stock (actor)|Nigel Stock]]
|-
| 1974 || TV || ''Das Zeichen der Vier'' (''Le signe des quatre'') || France/West Germany || [[Jean-Pierre Decourt]] || [[Rolf Becker]] || [[Roger Lumont]]
|-
| 1983 || TV (film) || ''[[The Sign of Four (1983 film)|The Sign of Four]]'' || UK || [[Desmond Davis]] || [[Ian Richardson]] || [[David Healy (actor)|David Healy]]
|-
| 1983 || TV (series) || ''Sherlock Holmes and the Sign of Four'' (animated) || Australia || Ian Mackenzie<br>Alex Nicholas || [[Peter O'Toole]] (voice) || Earle Cross (voice)
|-
| 1983 || TV (series) || ''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson]]'' - ''[[The Treasures of Agra]]'' ({{lang-ru|Сокровища Агры|translit=Sokrovishcha Agry|label=none}}) || USSR || [[Igor Maslennikov]] ||[[Vasily Livanov]]||[[Vitaly Solomin]]
|-
| 1987 || TV (film) || ''[[The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1987 film)|The Return of Sherlock Holmes]]'' || US || [[Kevin Connor (director)|Kevin Connor]] || [[Michael Pennington]] || (''n/a'')
|-
| 1987 || TV (series) || ''[[Sherlock Holmes (1984 TV series)|The Return of Sherlock Holmes]]'' - "The Sign of Four" || UK || [[Peter Hammond (actor)|Peter Hammond]] || [[Jeremy Brett]] || [[Edward Hardwicke]]
|-
| 1991 || Filmed play || ''[[The Crucifer of Blood]]'' || US || [[Fraser Clarke Heston]] || [[Charlton Heston]] || [[Richard Johnson (actor)|Richard Johnson]]
|-
| 1999 || TV (series) || ''[[Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century]]'' - "The Sign of Four" (animated) || US/UK || Paul Quinn || [[Jason Gray-Stanford]] (voice) || [[John Payne (voice actor)|John Payne]] (voice)
|-
| 2001 || TV (film) || ''[[The Sign of Four (2001 film)|The Sign of Four]]'' || Canada || Rodney Gibbons || [[Matt Frewer]] || [[Kenneth Welsh]]
|-
| 2014 || TV (series) || ''[[Sherlock (TV series)|Sherlock]]'' - "[[The Sign of Three]]" || UK || [[Colm McCarthy (director)|Colm McCarthy]] || [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] || [[Martin Freeman]]
|-
| 2014 || TV (series) || ''[[Sherlock Holmes (puppetry)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' - "[[The Adventure of the Cheerful Four]]" ({{lang-ja|愉快な四人組の冒険|translit=''Yukai na yoningumi no bōken''|label=none}}) || Japan || [[Kunio Yoshikawa]] || [[Kōichi Yamadera]] (voice) || [[Wataru Takagi]] (voice)
|}

===Radio===

A radio adaptation of the story was broadcast on New York radio station [[WGY (AM)|WGY]] on 9 November 1922. The cast included Edward H. Smith as Sherlock Holmes, F. H. Oliver as Dr. Watson, and Viola Karwowska as Mary Morstan. It was produced as part of a series of adaptations of plays, so it is likely that the script was based on an existing stage adaptation of the story (one was written by John Arthur Fraser in 1901 and another by Charles P. Rice in 1903).<ref>{{cite book |last=Dickerson |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Dickerson |title=Sherlock Holmes and His Adventures on American Radio |publisher=BearManor Media |year=2019 |page=6 |isbn=978-1629335087}}</ref>

A six-part adaptation of the novel aired in the radio series ''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (radio series)|The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]''. Adapted by [[Edith Meiser]], the episodes aired from 9 November 1932 to 14 December 1932, with [[Richard Gordon (actor)|Richard Gordon]] as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dickerson |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Dickerson |title=Sherlock Holmes and His Adventures on American Radio |publisher=BearManor Media |year=2019 |page=49 |isbn=978-1629335087}}</ref>

The book was adapted by [[Felix Felton]] for the [[BBC Light Programme]] in 1959. [[Richard Hurndall]] played Holmes and [[Bryan Coleman]] played Watson.<ref>{{cite book |last=De Waal |first=Ronald Burt |title=The World Bibliography of Sherlock Holmes |year=1974 |publisher=Bramhall House |page=384 |isbn=0-517-217597 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldbibliograph00dewa/page/384}}</ref>

In 1963, the story was dramatised by [[Michael Hardwick]] for the [[BBC Home Service]] as part of the [[Sherlock Holmes (1952 radio series)|1952–1969 radio series]], with [[Carleton Hobbs]] as Holmes and [[Norman Shelley]] as Watson.<ref>{{cite book |last=De Waal |first=Ronald Burt |title=The World Bibliography of Sherlock Holmes |year=1974 |publisher=Bramhall House |page=390 |isbn=0-517-217597 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldbibliograph00dewa/page/390}}</ref>

''[[CBS Radio Mystery Theater]]'' aired a radio version of the story in 1977, starring [[Kevin McCarthy (actor)|Kevin McCarthy]] as Holmes and Court Benson as Watson.<ref>{{cite book |title=The CBS Radio Mystery Theater: An Episode Guide and Handbook to Nine Years of Broadcasting, 1974-1982 |page=196 |last1=Payton |first1=Gordon |last2=Grams |first2=Martin Jr. |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |orig-year=1999 |isbn=9780786492282 |edition=Reprinted}}</ref>

''The Sign of the Four'' was adapted for radio by [[Bert Coules]] in 1989 as part of [[BBC Radio 4]]'s complete Sherlock Holmes [[List of BBC Radio Sherlock Holmes dramatisations|1989–1998 radio series]], with [[Clive Merrison]] as Holmes, [[Michael Williams (actor)|Michael Williams]] as Watson, and featuring [[Brian Blessed]] as Jonathan Small.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://merrisonholmes.com/sign.php
|title=The Sign of the Four
|access-date=12 December 2016
|website=The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes
|author=Bert Coules}}</ref>

In 2016, the story was adapted as an episode of the American radio series ''[[The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'', with [[John Patrick Lowrie]] as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.old-time.com/otrlogs2/classicsh_sw.log.pdf |website=Old-Time Radio |title=The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Broadcast Log |last=Wright |first=Stewart |date=30 April 2019 |access-date= 1 May 2020}}</ref>

===Stage===
[[Paul Giovanni]]'s 1978 play ''[[The Crucifer of Blood]]'' is based on the novel. The Broadway premiere featured [[Paxton Whitehead]] as Holmes and Timothy Landfield as Watson. The 1979 London production featured [[Keith Michell]] as Holmes and [[Denis Lill]] as Watson.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{wikisource-inline|The Sign of the Four|''The Sign of the Four''}}
*{{Commons category-inline|The Sign of the Four|''The Sign of the Four''}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/arthur-conan-doyle/the-sign-of-the-four}}
* {{gutenberg|no=2097|name=The Sign of the Four}}
* {{Internet Archive|id=signoffour00doyluoft|name=''The Sign of Four''}}
* {{librivox book | title=The Sign of the Four | author=Sir Arthur Conan Doyle}}

{{HolmesNovels|state=expanded}}
{{Arthur Conan Doyle}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sign of the Four, The}}
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