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{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Colonial Indian wrestler (1878–1960)}}
{{For|Stampede Wrestling professional wrestler of the 1970s to 2000s|Gama Singh}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Gama Pehlwan
| image = Gama1916.jpg
| birth_name = Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/710515-the-great-gama-pahelwan</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|5|22|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1960|5|23|1878|5|22|df=yes}}<ref>Nidaay-e-Millat, Urdu Weekly Magazine 21–27 July 2016. Lahore</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jabbowal]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]<ref name="Lentz">{{cite book|author=Harris M. Lentz III|title=Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling, 2d ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyiSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|date=21 October 2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1754-4|page=118|quote=Gama the Great (Ghulum Mohammed; b. 1888, d. 1953; Amritsar, Punjab, India; 5'8", 250 lbs.) was from a prominent wrestling family in India.}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Here's The Story Of Gama 'The Undefeated' Pehalwan And How He Saved Hindus During 1947 Riots |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-the-story-of-gama-the-undefeated-pehalwan-and-how-he-saved-hindus-during-1947-riots-321745.html |work=[[India Times]] |date=16 May 2017|quote=Gama Pehalwan was born as Ghulam Mohammed in 1878 in Amritsar.}}</ref><ref name="pakistantoday">{{cite news |title=The Great Gama and Lahore |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/01/05/the-great-gama-and-lahore/ |work=[[Pakistan Today]] |date=5 January 2018|quote=Ghulam Muhammad later known as the Gama Pehalwan was born in a Kashmiri family in Amritsar on May 22 1878.}}</ref> <br /> {{small|(now in [[Kapurthala District|Kapurthala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| family = [[Imam Baksh Pahalwan]] (brother)<br/>[[Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif]] (granddaughter)
| names = Gama Pahalwan
| height = {{convert|5|ft|8|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name="bio1"/>
| weight = {{convert|250|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="bio1"/>
| billed =
| debut =
| retired =
}}

'''Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/710515-the-great-gama-pahelwan</ref>''' (22 May 1878 – 23 May 1960), commonly known as '''''Rustam-e-Hind''''' ([[Hindi-Urdu]] for ''[[Rostam]] of India'') and by the [[ring name]] '''The Great Gama''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garg |first1=Chitra |title=Indian Champions: Profiles of Famous Indian Sportspersons |date=2010 |publisher=Rajpal & Sons |isbn=978-81-7028-852-7 |page=352 |quote=He managed to get the Indian wrestling style introduced in the international games. He is solely responsible for earning international fame for this form of wrestling and was given the title of 'Rustam-e-Hind.'}}</ref> was a [[colonial India|Indian (Colonial)]] [[pehlwani]] wrestler and [[Strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]]. In the early 20th century, he was an undefeated wrestling champion of the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Thomas A. |title=Martial Arts of the World: A-Q |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-150-2 |page=721 |quote=An early-twentieth century studio photo of the famous Indian wrestler The Great Gama (Ghulam Mohammed, 1878-1960).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tadié |first1=Alexis |last2=Mangan |first2=J. A. |last3=Chaudhuri |first3=Supriya |title=Sport, Literature, Society: Cultural Historical Studies |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92024-2 |page=41 |quote=In recent years, the history of modern Indian wrestling - or ''kushti'' - has begun to receive scholarly attention. Most accounts agree that the last decades of the nineteenth century saw the coming of the modern form of this ancient Indian sport, with Indian wrestlers emerging from the confines of their ''akhadas'' and fighting with their Western counterparts. Between 1910 and 1913, a wave of Indian wrestlers visited England and took the wrestling world by storm. The most iconic of them was the great Gama - the 'lion of Punjab' - arguably the greatest wrestler India has ever produced.}}</ref>

Born in village [[Jabbowal]], [[Amritsar District]] in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[colonial India]] in 1878,<ref name="Lentz"/> Baksh was awarded a version of the [[World Heavyweight Championship (professional wrestling)|World Heavyweight Championship]] on 15 October 1910. Undefeated in a career spanning more than 52 years, he is considered one of the greatest wrestlers of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=The culture and crisis of kushti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/the-culture-and-crisis-of-kushti/article5297790.ece?homepage=true|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 October 2013|access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> During the [[partition of India]], the Great Gama saved the lives of many Hindus and then spent the rest of his days until his death on May 23, 1960, in [[Lahore]], which became a part of the newly created [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]].<ref name="indiatimes"/><ref name="toi1">{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Sarnath|author-link1=Sarnath Banerjee|title=Gamanamah: The story of a strongman|url=http://www.timescrest.com/society/gamanamah-the-story-of-a-strongman-7471|access-date=11 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131014144633/http://www.timescrest.com/society/gamanamah-the-story-of-a-strongman-7471|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hornbaker|first1=Tim|title=Legends of Pro Wrestling: 150 Years of Headlocks, Body Slams, and Piledrivers|date=2017|publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]]|isbn=9781613218754|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuGLDAAAQBAJ|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ghulam Mohammad Baksh was born on May 22nd, 1878 in [[Jabbowal|Jabbowal Village]], [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (now [[Jabbowal]], [[Kapurthala District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]) into a [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family of wrestlers.<ref name="bio1">{{cite book|last1=Lentz III|first1=Harris M.|title=Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling|date=2003|publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|isbn=9780786417544|page=118|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyiSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|access-date=11 July 2017|quote=Gama the Great (Ghulum Mohammed; b. 1888, d. 1953; Amritsar, Punjab, India; 5'8", 250 lbs.) was from a prominent wrestling family in India.}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Here's The Story Of Gama 'The Undefeated' Pehalwan And How He Saved Hindus During 1947 Riots |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-the-story-of-gama-the-undefeated-pehalwan-and-how-he-saved-hindus-during-1947-riots-321745.html |work=[[India Times]] |date=16 May 2017|quote=Gama Pehalwan was born as Ghulam Mohammed in 1878 in Amritsar.}}</ref><ref name="pakistantoday" /> The Baksh family is believed by historians to originally have been [[Kashmiri Hindu]]s ([[Bhat]]) who converted to Islam during Muslim rule in the Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society|author1=Kaw, K.|author2=Kashmir Education, Culture, and Science Society|date=2004|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788176485371|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

He was first noticed at the age of ten, in 1888, when he entered a [[Strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] competition held in [[Jodhpur]], which included many gruelling exercises such as squats. The contest was attended by more than four hundred wrestlers and Gama was among the last fifteen and was named the winner by the Maharaja of Jodhpur due to his young age.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Ronojoy|title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India|date=2015|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=9780231539937|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5mACgAAQBAJ|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref> Gama was subsequently taken into training by the Maharaja of [[Datia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/26954-the-great-gama-story-of-the-greatest-pehelwan-to-ever-walk-on-indian-soil.html|title=The Great Gama: Story Of The Greatest 'Buffer' To Ever Walk On Indian Soil|last=Prasher|first=Shantanu|newspaper=www.mensxp.com|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>

==Training==
[[File:Squat, baithak, Hindu squat, possibly 'The Great Gamma'.png|thumb|Gama performing a [[Squat (exercise)#Bodyweight|baithak]]]]
[[File:Dand, Dund, Hindu push-up.png|thumb|Gama performing a [[Push-up#Hindu push-up|dand]]]]
Gama's daily training consisted of grappling with forty of his fellow wrestlers in the ''[[akhada]]'' (court). He did a minimum of five thousand ''baithak''s (squats) and three thousand ''dand''s (Indian word for pushups) in a day and even sometimes more within 30 to 45 minutes each by wearing a doughnut-shaped wrestling apparatus called a ''Hasli'' of 1 [[Quintal]] (approx. 100 kilos).<ref name="The Great Gama">{{Cite web|url=http://legendarystrength.com/great-gama/|title=The Great Gama -|website=Legendary Strength|date=8 December 2013|language=en-US|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
===First encounter with Raheem Bakhsh Sultaniwala===
Fame came to Gama in 1895, at the age of 17 when he challenged then-Indian Wrestling Champion, middle-aged Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala, another ethnic Kashmiri wrestler from [[Gujranwala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Colonial India]] (now in Pakistan).{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}} At about 7 feet tall, with a very impressive win–loss record, Raheem was expected to easily defeat the 5'7" Gama. Raheem's only drawback was his age as he was much older than Gama, and near the end of his career. The bout continued for hours and eventually ended in a draw.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}} The contest with Raheem was the turning point in Gama's career. After that, he was looked upon as the next contender for the title of Rustam-e-Hind or the ''Indian Wrestling Championship''. In the first bout Gama remained defensive, but in the second bout, Gama went on the offensive. Despite severe bleeding from his nose and ears, he managed to deal out a great deal of damage to Raheem Bakhsh.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

By 1910, Gama had defeated all the prominent Indian wrestlers who faced him except the champion, Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala (the Rustam-e-Hind or the lineal champion of India). At this time, he focused his attention on the rest of the world. Accompanied by his younger brother [[Imam Baksh Pahalwan|Imam Bakhsh]], Gama sailed to England to compete with the Western wrestlers but could not gain instant entry, because of his lower height.<ref name=alter>{{cite book|last=Alter|first=Joseph S.|title=The wrestler's body identity and ideology in North India|year=1992|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520912175|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu1xKEWBt4C}}</ref>

===Tournament in London===
In London, Gama issued a challenge that he could throw any three wrestlers in thirty minutes of any weight class. This announcement however was seen as a bluff by the wrestlers and their wrestling promoter R. B. Benjamin.<ref name="toi1"/> For a long time no one came forward to accept the challenge. To break the ice, Gama presented another challenge to specific heavy weight wrestlers. He challenged [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]] and [[Frank Gotch]], either he would beat them or pay them the prize money and go home. The first professional wrestler to take his challenge was the American [[Ben Roller|Benjamin Roller]]. In the bout, Gama pinned Roller in 1 minute 40 seconds the first time, and in 9 minutes 10 seconds the other. On the second day, he defeated 12 wrestlers and thus gained entry to official tournament.<ref name=alter/>

===Match with [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]]===
He was pitted against world champion [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]]<ref name=alter/> and the date of bout was set as 10 September 1910. Zbyszko was then regarded among the premier wrestlers in the world; and he would then take on the mammoth challenge of India's feared Great Gama, an undefeated champion who had been unsuccessful in his attempts to lure Frank Gotch into a match. And so, on September 10, 1910, Zbyszko faced the Great Gama in the finals of the [[John Bull]] World Championships in London.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}} The match was £250 in prize money and the John Bull Belt. Within a minute, Zbyszko was taken down and remained in that position for the remaining 2 hours and 35 minutes of the match. There were a few brief moments when Zbyszko would get up, but he just ended back down in his previous position. Crafting a defensive strategy of hugging the mat in order to nullify Great Gama's greatest strengths, Zbyszko wrestled the Indian legend to a draw after nearly three hours of grappling, though Zbyszko's lack of tenacity angered many of the fans in attendance. {{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

Nevertheless, Zbyszko still became one of the few wrestlers to ever meet the Great Gama without going down in defeat; The two men were set to face each other again on September 17, 1910. On that date, Zbyszko failed to show up and Gama was announced the winner by default.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The "John Bull" Wrestling belt won by an Indian|date=17 September 1910|work=The Derby Daily Telegraph}}</ref> He was awarded the prize and the John Bull Belt. Receiving this belt entitled Gama to be called [[Rustam-e-Zamana]] or [[World Champion]] but not the lineal champion of the world as he hadn't defeated Zbyszko in the ring.

===Bouts against American and European champions===
During this tour Gama defeated some of the most respected grapplers in the world, "Doc" [[Benjamin Roller]] of the United States, Maurice Deriaz of Switzerland, Johann Lemm (the European Champion) of Switzerland, and Jesse Peterson (World Champion) from Sweden. In the match against Roller, Gama threw "Doc" 13 times in the 15-minute match.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}} Gama now issued a challenge to the rest of those who laid claim to the World Champion's Title, including Japanese [[Judo]] champion [[Taro Miyake]], [[George Hackenschmidt]] of Russia and [[Frank Gotch]] of the United States – each declined his invitation to enter the ring to face him. At one point, to face some type of competition, Gama offered to fight twenty English wrestlers, one after another. He announced that he would defeat all of them or pay out prize money, but still no one would take up his challenge.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

===Final encounter with Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala===

Shortly after his return from England, Gama faced Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala in [[Allahabad]]. This bout eventually ended the long struggle between the two pillars of Indian wrestling of that time in favour of Gama and he won the title of ''Rustam-e-Hind'' or the lineal Champion of India. Later in his life when asked about who was his strongest opponent, Gama replied, "Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala".{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

===Rematch with Zbyszko===

After beating Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala, Gama faced Pandit Biddu{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}, who was one of the best wrestlers in [[India]] of that time (1916), and beat him.

In 1922, during a visit to India, the [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]] presented Gama with a silver [[Ceremonial mace|mace]].

Gama did not have any opponents until 1927, when it was announced that Gama and Zbyszko would face each other again. They met in [[Patiala]] in January 1928.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Wrestling Championship: Indian's Victory Over Pole|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19280214-1.2.15|publisher=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertise|access-date=9 May 2017|page=4|date=14 February 1928}}</ref> Entering the bout, Zbyszko "showed a strong build of body and muscle" and Gama, it was reported "looked much thinner than usual".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wrestling/great-gama-pehelwan-who-refused-lose|title=The Great Gama – The pehelwan who refused to lose|last=Kundu|first=Sagnik|date=23 December 2016|website=Sportskeeda|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> However, he managed to overpower the former easily and won the bout inside a minute, winning the Indian version of the lineal [[World Wrestling Championship]]. Following the bout, Zbyszko praised him, calling him a "tiger".<ref>{{cite news|title=World Wrestling Championship: Gama Beats Zbyszko|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19280303-1.2.36|access-date=9 May 2017|work=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser|date=3 March 1928|page=6}}</ref>

At forty-eight years old he was now known as the "great wrestler" of India.<ref name="toi1"/>

After defeating Zbyszko, Gama beat Jesse Petersen in February 1929. The bout lasted only one and a half minutes. This was the last bout that Gama fought during his career.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

After the independence and [[partition of India]] in 1947, Gama moved to [[Pakistan]]. Although Gama did not retire until 1952, he failed to find any other opponents. Some other sources say he wrestled until 1955. After his retirement, he trained his nephew Bholu Pahalwan, who held the Pakistani wrestling championship for almost 20 years.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

Gama fought and<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nwhof.org/hall_of_fame/bio_by_name/ghulam-muhammad#:~:text=Born%20in%201882%20in%20Armistar,wrestling%20in%20over%205%2C000%20matches.|title = Ghulam Muhammad}}</ref> won over five thousand matches<ref name="thenews"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyiSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|title = Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling, 2d ed|date = 21 October 2003|isbn = 9780786417544}}</ref> His final days were difficult; he had five sons and four daughters and all the sons died young. When his youngest son Jalaluddin died in 1945 at the age of just thirteen, Gama was heartbroken and lost the power of speech for some days. He migrated to Pakistan at partition and tried his hand at different unsuccessful ventures including a bus service in Karachi called the "Gama Transport Service".<ref name="thenews">https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/710515-the-great-gama-pahelwan</ref> Gama was given land and monthly pension by the government and supported his medical expenses until his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-the-story-of-gama-the-undefeated-pehalwan-and-how-he-saved-hindus-during-1947-riots-321745.html|title = Here's the Story of Gama 'The Undefeated' Pehalwan and How He Saved Hindus During 1947 Riots|date = 16 May 2017}}</ref> He died in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] on 23 May 1960 after a period of illness.

[[Kulsoom Nawaz]], Pakistan’s first lady and wife of [[Nawaz Sharif]] who remained the Prime Minister of Pakistan, was the granddaughter of The Great Gama.

==Legacy==
[[Bruce Lee]] was an avid follower of Gama's training routine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/happy-birthday-the-great-gama-mc23-nu901-ta901-ta321-1161342-1.html|title = The Great Gama victory journey, even Bruce Lee was a fan of him|date = 22 May 2021}}</ref> Lee read articles about Gama and how he employed his exercises to build his legendary strength for wrestling, and Lee quickly incorporated them into his own routine. The training routines Lee used included "[[Push-up#Hindu push-up|the cat stretch]]", and "the squat" (known as "baithak", and also known as the "deep-knee bend.").<ref>Little, John, ''Bruce Lee – The Art of Expressing The Human Body'' (Tuttle Publishing, 1998), p. 58</ref>

Today, a doughnut-shaped exercise disc called Hasli weighing 100 kg, used by him for squats and pushups, is housed at the [[National Institute of Sports]] (NIS) Museum at [[Patiala, India]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011124/windows/main5.htm A rare museum] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', Published 24 November 2001, Retrieved 2 July 2016</ref>

On 22 May 2022, search engine [[Google Search|Google]] commemorated Gama with a [[Google Doodle|Doodle]] on his 144th birth anniversary.<ref name="Gama Pehlwan on Google Doodle">{{cite web |title=Gama Pehlwan, undefeated wrestler 'The Great Gama,' honored in Google Doodle |website=9to5Google.com |date=21 May 2022 |url=https://www.google.com/9to5google.com/2022/05/21/gama-pehlwan-google-doodle/amp/ |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> Google commented: "Gama’s legacy continues to inspire modern day fighters. Even Bruce Lee is a known admirer and incorporates aspects of Gama's conditioning into his own training routine!"<ref name="Gama Pehlwan's Google Doodle">{{cite web |title=Gama Pehlwan's 144th birthday |date=22 May 2022 |url=https://www.google.com/doodles/gama-pehlwans-144th-birthday |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame]]'''
**Class of 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prowrestlinghall.org/induction|title=Induction Weekend 2021 | Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame}}</ref>
*'''[[George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame]]'''
** Class of 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2007/07/14/4339684.html|title=Emotions run high at Tragos/Thesz induction|last=Johnson|first=Steve|website=Slam! Wrestling|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|date=July 14, 2007|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref>
*'''[[Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum]]'''
** Class of 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2014/11/26/22096551.html|title=Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2015 announced|last=Oliver|first=Greg|date=26 November 2014|access-date=2 July 2016|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_noble_0502.htm The Lion of the Punjab – Gama in England, 1910] by Graham Noble
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061017210037/http://bod.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/2/45 Subaltern Bodies and Nationalist Physiques: Gama the Great and the Heroics of Indian Wrestling] by [[Joseph Alter]], Department of Anthropology at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

{{Physical culture}}
{{Pride of Performance for Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Gama, The}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]
[[Category:People from Datia]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Indian bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Pakistani professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Pakistani bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Lahore]]

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