The Emergency (India) - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:00, 22 July 2023
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	{{quote box		{{quote box
	\| width = 25em		\| width = 25em
	\| quote = <b> Indira is India, India is Indira </b>.		\| quote = <b> Indira is India, India is Indira. </b>
	\| source = — Congress president [[D. K. Barooah]], c. 1974<ref>Guha, p. 467</ref>		\| source = — Congress president [[D. K. Barooah]], c. 1974<ref>Guha, p. 467</ref>
	}}		}}
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	==== Demolitions in Delhi ====		==== Demolitions in Delhi ====
	Delhi served as the epicenter of [[Sanjay Gandhi\|Sanjay Gandhi's]] "urban renewal" program, aided in large part by [[Delhi Development Authority\|DDA]] vice president [[Jagmohan\|Jagmohan Malhotra]] who himself had a desire to "beautify" the city. During the emergency Jagmohan emerged as the single most powerful person in the DDA, and went to extraordinary lengths to do the bidding of Sanjay Gandhi, as the [[Shah Commission\|Shah commission]] notes- <blockquote>"Shri Jagmohan during the emergency, became a law unto himself and went about doing the biddings of Shri Sanjay Gandhi without care or concern for the miseries of the people affected thereby"<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII\|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry Interim Report II\|pages=118}}</ref></blockquote>In total, 700,000 people in Delhi were displaced due to the demolitions carried out in Delhi.		Delhi served as the epicenter of [[Sanjay Gandhi\|Sanjay Gandhi's]] "urban renewal" program, aided in large part by [[Delhi Development Authority\|DDA]] vice president [[Jagmohan\|Jagmohan Malhotra]] who himself had a desire to "beautify" the city. During the emergency Jagmohan emerged as the single most powerful person in the DDA, and went to extraordinary lengths to do the bidding of Sanjay Gandhi, as the [[Shah Commission\|Shah commission]] notes

			<blockquote>Shri Jagmohan during the emergency, became a law unto himself and went about doing the biddings of Shri Sanjay Gandhi without care or concern for the miseries of the people affected thereby<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII\|title=Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II\|pages=118}}</ref></blockquote>

			In total, 700,000 people in Delhi were displaced due to the demolitions carried out in Delhi.

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
	\|+Demolitions carried out in Delhi<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII\|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry Interim Report II\|pages=78}}</ref>		\|+Demolitions carried out in Delhi<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII\|title=Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II\|pages=78}}</ref>
	\|- style="text-align:left;"		\|- style="text-align:left;"
	! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" \| Period		! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" \| Period
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	\| 7,545		\| 7,545
	\| 96		\| 96
	\| -		\| —
	\| 7,641		\| 7,641
	\|-		\|-
	\| Year unspecified but<br />during the emergency		\| Year unspecified but<br />during the emergency
	\| -		\| —
	\| 1,962		\| 1,962
	\| 177		\| 177
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	# Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families		# Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families
	# Abuse and torture of detainees and [[political prisoner]]s		# Abuse and torture of detainees and [[political prisoner]]s
	# Use of public and private media institutions, like the national television network [[Doordarshan]], for government propaganda		# Use of public and private media institutions, like the national television network [[Doordarshan]], for government propaganda and hate to indira
	# During the Emergency, [[Sanjay Gandhi]] asked the popular singer [[Kishore Kumar]] to sing for a Congress party rally in Bombay, but he refused.<ref>{{cite news		# During the Emergency, [[Sanjay Gandhi]] asked the popular singer [[Kishore Kumar]] to sing for a Congress party rally in Bombay, but he refused.<ref>{{cite news
	\|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081902110400.htm		\|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081902110400.htm
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	The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains intensely controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of ''[[The Times of India]]'' carried an obituary that read		The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains intensely controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of ''[[The Times of India]]'' carried an obituary that read

	{{quote\|Democracy, beloved husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26.<ref>Joseph, Manu (20 May 2007). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/How-Indians-Protest/articleshow/2061978.cms "How Indians Protest"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</ref><ref name=austing>{{cite book\|last=Austin\|first=Granville\|title=Working a ~~democratic constitution~~: ~~the~~ Indian ~~experience~~\|year=1999\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-564888-9\|page=295\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>}}		{{quote\|Democracy, beloved husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26.<ref>Joseph, Manu (20 May 2007). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/How-Indians-Protest/articleshow/2061978.cms "How Indians Protest"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</ref><ref name=austing>{{cite book\|last=Austin\|first=Granville\|title=Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience \|year=1999\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-564888-9\|page=295\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>}}

	A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' on 28 June, [http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/jun/25/this-is-how-express-stood-up-to-the-emergency-declared-by-indira-gandhi-in-1975-101601.html ~~carried a blank editorial~~], while the ''[[The Financial Express (India)\|Financial Express]]'' reproduced in large type [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s poem "[[Where the mind is without fear]]".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/\|title=Emergency: The Darkest Period in Indian Democracy\|last=Arputham\|first=Avneesh\|date=27 June 2009\|website=The Viewspaper\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913164555/http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/\|archive-date=13 September 2013\|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>		A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' on 28 June, carried a blank editorial,<ref>{{Cite news \|title=This Is How Express Stood up to 'The Emergency' Declared by Indira Gandhi in 1975 \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/jun/25/this-is-how-express-stood-up-to-the-emergency-declared-by-indira-gandhi-in-1975-101601.html \|work=[[Indian Express]] \|date=25 June 2021 \|orig-year=25 June 2018 \|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref> while the ''[[The Financial Express (India)\|Financial Express]]'' reproduced in large type [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s poem "[[Where the mind is without fear]]".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/\|title=Emergency: The Darkest Period in Indian Democracy\|last=Arputham\|first=Avneesh\|date=27 June 2009\|website=The Viewspaper\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913164555/http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/\|archive-date=13 September 2013\|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

	However, the Emergency also received support from several sections.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2021}} It was endorsed by social reformer [[Vinoba Bhave]] (who called it ''Anushasan Parva'', a time for discipline), industrialist [[J. R. D. Tata]], writer [[Khushwant Singh]], and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Odisha Chief Minister [[Nandini Satpathy]]. However, Tata and Satpathy later regretted that they spoke in favour of the Emergency.<ref>[[R. M. Lala]]. ''Beyond the Last Blue Mountain - A Life of J. R. D. Tata''.</ref><ref>Ashish Ranjan Mohapatra. ''Nandini Satpathy'' (in Oriya).</ref>{{fcn\|date=March 2023}}<!--both citations-->		However, the Emergency also received support from several sections.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2021}} It was endorsed by social reformer [[Vinoba Bhave]] (who called it ''Anushasan Parva'', a time for discipline), industrialist [[J. R. D. Tata]], writer [[Khushwant Singh]], and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Odisha Chief Minister [[Nandini Satpathy]]. However, Tata and Satpathy later regretted that they spoke in favour of the Emergency.<ref>[[R. M. Lala]]. ''Beyond the Last Blue Mountain: A Life of J. R. D. Tata''.</ref><ref>Ashish Ranjan Mohapatra. ''Nandini Satpathy'' (in Oriya).</ref>{{fcn\|date=March 2023}}<!--both citations-->

	In the book ''JP Movement and the Emergency'', historian, [[Bipan Chandra]] wrote, "[[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his cronies like [[Bansi Lal]], [[Minister of Defence (India)\|Minister of Defence]] at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years. In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic [[Civil liberties\|civil libertarian]] structure of the [[Indian Constitution]] through the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India\|42nd amendment]] to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional [[Checks and balances\|checks and balance]] between the three organs of the government."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=23 November 2013 \|title=New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency \|publisher=[[IBN Live News]] \|date=30 May 2011 \|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref>		In the book ''JP Movement and the Emergency'', historian, [[Bipan Chandra]] wrote, "[[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his cronies like [[Bansi Lal]], [[Minister of Defence (India)\|Minister of Defence]] at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years. In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic [[Civil liberties\|civil libertarian]] structure of the [[Indian Constitution]] through the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India\|42nd amendment]] to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional [[Checks and balances\|checks and balance]] between the three organs of the government."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=23 November 2013 \|title=New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency \|publisher=[[IBN Live News]] \|date=30 May 2011 \|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref>
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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Wikiquote}}~~
	* [http://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76ve08/pdf/d204.pdf Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975] (PDF)		* [http://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76ve08/pdf/d204.pdf Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975] (PDF)
	* A. Z. Huq, [http://www.idea.int/publications/dchs/upload/dchs_vol2_sec4_1.pdf Democratic Norms, Human Rights and the States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries] (PDF)		* A. Z. Huq, [http://www.idea.int/publications/dchs/upload/dchs_vol2_sec4_1.pdf Democratic Norms, Human Rights and the States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries] (PDF)

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	===Political unrest===		===Political unrest===
	This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a [[presidential system]] emergency declaration with a more powerful directly elected executive. The most significant of the initial such movement was the [[Nav Nirman]] movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974. Student unrest against the state's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister, [[Chimanbhai Patel]], and the imposition of [[President's rule]]. Meanwhile, there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the railway minister [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] by a bomb. All of these indicated a growing law and order problem in the entire country, which Mrs. Gandhi's advisors warned her ~~off~~ for months.		This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a [[presidential system]] emergency declaration with a more powerful directly elected executive. The most significant of the initial such movement was the [[Nav Nirman]] movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974. Student unrest against the state's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister, [[Chimanbhai Patel]], and the imposition of [[President's rule]]. Meanwhile, there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the railway minister [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] by a bomb. All of these indicated a growing law and order problem in the entire country, which Mrs. Gandhi's advisors warned her of for months.

	In March–April 1974, a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of [[Gandhian]] socialist [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], referred to as ''JP'', against the Bihar government. In April 1974, in Patna, JP called for "total revolution," asking students, peasants, and [[labor union]]s to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by the center. A month later, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide [[Indian Railways\|railways]] strike. This strike was led by the firebrand trade union leader George Fernandes who was the President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation. He was also the President of the Socialist Party. The strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees and drove their families out of their quarters.<ref name=" Doshi">{{cite news\|last1=Doshi\|first1=Vidhi\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/mar/09/indira-jaising-india-is-in-crisis-this-fight-is-going-to-go-on\|access-date=7 May 2017\|title=Indira Jaising: "In India, you can't even dream of equal justice. Not at all" \| newspaper=The Guardian \|date=9 March 2017}}</ref>		In March–April 1974, a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of [[Gandhian]] socialist [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], referred to as ''JP'', against the Bihar government. In April 1974, in Patna, JP called for "total revolution," asking students, peasants, and [[labor union]]s to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by the center. A month later, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide [[Indian Railways\|railways]] strike. This strike was led by the firebrand trade union leader George Fernandes who was the President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation. He was also the President of the Socialist Party. The strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees and drove their families out of their quarters.<ref name=" Doshi">{{cite news\|last1=Doshi\|first1=Vidhi\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/mar/09/indira-jaising-india-is-in-crisis-this-fight-is-going-to-go-on\|access-date=7 May 2017\|title=Indira Jaising: "In India, you can't even dream of equal justice. Not at all" \| newspaper=The Guardian \|date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
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	[[Raj Narain]], who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the [[Allahabad High Court]]. [[Shanti Bhushan]] fought the case for Narain (Nani Palkhivala fought the case for Indira). Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi had to present herself for 5 hours in front of judge).<ref name="KS">{{cite web\|title=Justice Sinha, who set aside Indira Gandhi's election, dies at 87\|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/aaJustice-Sinha-who-set-aside-Indira-Gandhis-election-dies-at-87/287227/\|work=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=2008-03-22\|access-date=2009-07-05\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309151210/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/aaJustice-Sinha-who-set-aside-Indira-Gandhis-election-dies-at-87/287227/\|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>		[[Raj Narain]], who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the [[Allahabad High Court]]. [[Shanti Bhushan]] fought the case for Narain (Nani Palkhivala fought the case for Indira). Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi had to present herself for 5 hours in front of judge).<ref name="KS">{{cite web\|title=Justice Sinha, who set aside Indira Gandhi's election, dies at 87\|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/aaJustice-Sinha-who-set-aside-Indira-Gandhis-election-dies-at-87/287227/\|work=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=2008-03-22\|access-date=2009-07-05\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309151210/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/aaJustice-Sinha-who-set-aside-Indira-Gandhis-election-dies-at-87/287227/\|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>

	On 12 June 1975, Justice [[Jagmohanlal Sinha]] of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election [[null and void]] and unseated her from her seat in the [[Lok Sabha]]. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing herself of the services of a government officer, [[Yashpal Kapoor]], during the elections before he had resigned from his position, and use of electricity from the state electricity department.<ref name="UK">{{cite news\|title=OBITUARY: Morarji Desai\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html\|work=[[The Independent]]\|author=Kuldip Singh\|date=1995-04-11\|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref>		On 12 June 1975, Justice [[Jagmohanlal Sinha]] of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election [[null and void]] and unseated her from her seat in the [[Lok Sabha]]. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing herself of the services of a government officer, [[Yashpal Kapoor]], during the elections before he had resigned from his position, and use of electricity from the state electricity department.<ref name="UK">{{cite news\|title=OBITUARY: Morarji Desai\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html \|archive-date=18 June 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live\|work=[[The Independent]]\|author=Kuldip Singh\|date=1995-04-11\|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref>

	Because the court unseated her on comparatively frivolous charges, while she was acquitted on more serious charges, ''[[The Times]]'' described it as "firing the Prime Minister for a traffic ticket".{{Citation needed\|date=October 2017}}<!-- As quoted in Frank, what The Times wrote was "it was like dismissing a prime minister for a traffic offence". --> Her supporters organised mass pro-Indira demonstrations in the streets of Delhi close to the Prime Minister's residence.<ref>{{cite book \|author=Katherine Frank \|year=2001 \|title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi \|publisher=HarperCollins \|pages=372–373 \|isbn=0-00-255646-4}}</ref> The persistent efforts of Narain were praised worldwide as it took over four years for Justice Sinha to pass judgement against the prime minister.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2017}}		Because the court unseated her on comparatively frivolous charges, while she was acquitted on more serious charges, ''[[The Times]]'' described it as "firing the Prime Minister for a traffic ticket".{{Citation needed\|date=October 2017}}<!-- As quoted in Frank, what The Times wrote was "it was like dismissing a prime minister for a traffic offence". --> Her supporters organised mass pro-Indira demonstrations in the streets of Delhi close to the Prime Minister's residence.<ref>{{cite book \|author=Katherine Frank \|year=2001 \|title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi \|publisher=HarperCollins \|pages=372–373 \|isbn=0-00-255646-4}}</ref> The persistent efforts of Narain were praised worldwide as it took over four years for Justice Sinha to pass judgement against the prime minister.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2017}}
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	===Arrests===		===Arrests===
	Invoking articles 352 and 356 of the [[Indian Constitution]], Indira Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil rights and political opposition. The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention. [[Vijayaraje Scindia]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], [[Raj Narain]], [[Morarji Desai]], [[Charan Singh]], [[Jivatram Kripalani]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]], , [[Arun Jaitley]], [[Jai Kishan Gupta]] <ref>{{cite news\|last1=Today\|first1=India\|title=Arun Jaitley: From Prison to Parliament\|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arun-jaitley-from-prison-to-parliament/1/369679.html}}</ref> Satyendra Narayan Sinha, [[Gayatri Devi]], the dowager queen of Jaipur,<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography By Manohar Malgonkar\|date=1987\|pages=233, 242–244\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbNaTBhe5nUC&q=Gayatri+Devi&pg=PA233\|isbn=9780887066597\|last1=Malgonkar\|first1=Manohar}}</ref> and other protest leaders were immediately arrested. Organisations like the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind\|Jamaat-e-Islami]], along with some political parties, were banned. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)\|CPI(M)]] leaders [[V. S. Achuthanandan\|V.S. Achuthanandan]] and [[Jyotirmoy Basu]] were arrested along with many others involved with their party. Congress leaders who dissented against the Emergency declaration and amendment to the constitution, such as [[Mohan Dharia]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]], resigned their government and party positions and were thereafter arrested and placed under detention.<ref name="Austin">{{cite book \| last = Austin \| first = Granville \| title = Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience \| publisher = Oxford University Press \| year = 1999 \| location = New Delhi \| page = [https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust/page/n172 320] \| url =https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust\| url-access = limited \| isbn = 019565610-5 }}</ref><ref>Narasimha Rao, the Best Prime Minister? by Janak Raj Jai - 1996 - Page 101</ref> Members of regional opposition parties such as [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam\|DMK]] also found themselves arrested.		Invoking articles 352 and 356 of the [[Indian Constitution]], Indira Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil rights and political opposition. The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention. [[Vijayaraje Scindia]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], [[Raj Narain]], [[Morarji Desai]], [[Charan Singh]], [[Jivatram Kripalani]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]], [[Arun Jaitley]], [[Jai Kishan Gupta]] <ref>{{cite news\|last1=Today\|first1=India\|title=Arun Jaitley: From Prison to Parliament\|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arun-jaitley-from-prison-to-parliament/1/369679.html}}</ref> Satyendra Narayan Sinha, [[Gayatri Devi]], the dowager queen of Jaipur,<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography By Manohar Malgonkar\|date=1987\|pages=233, 242–244\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbNaTBhe5nUC&q=Gayatri+Devi&pg=PA233\|isbn=9780887066597\|last1=Malgonkar\|first1=Manohar}}</ref> and other protest leaders were immediately arrested. Organisations like the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind\|Jamaat-e-Islami]], along with some political parties, were banned. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)\|CPI(M)]] leaders [[V. S. Achuthanandan\|V.S. Achuthanandan]] and [[Jyotirmoy Basu]] were arrested along with many others involved with their party. Congress leaders who dissented against the Emergency declaration and amendment to the constitution, such as [[Mohan Dharia]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]], resigned their government and party positions and were thereafter arrested and placed under detention.<ref name="Austin">{{cite book \| last = Austin \| first = Granville \| title = Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience \| publisher = Oxford University Press \| year = 1999 \| location = New Delhi \| page = [https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust/page/n172 320] \| url =https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust\| url-access = limited \| isbn = 019565610-5 }}</ref><ref>Narasimha Rao, the Best Prime Minister? by Janak Raj Jai - 1996 - Page 101</ref> Members of regional opposition parties such as [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam\|DMK]] also found themselves arrested.

	Most of these arrests happened under laws such as [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act\|MISA]], [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962\|DISIR]], and [[Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974\|COFEPOSA]]. During the emergency 34,988 people were arrested under [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act\|MISA]], and 75,818 people were arrested under [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962\|DISIR]]. This included both political prisoners and ordinary criminals.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport\|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report\|pages=134}}</ref> Most states classified those arrested under MISA into multiple categories. For instance in [[Andhra Pradesh]] they were classified into three categories- Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A prisoners included prominent political leaders, members of parliament, and members of the legislative assembly. Class B prisoners included less prominent political prisoners. Class C included those detained for "economic offenses" and other offenses. Class A and B prisoners were treated better and received better amenities in prison than other categories of prisoners. Those arrested under [[Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974\|COFEPOSA]] and [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962\|DISR]], depending on the state, found themselves detained with ordinary criminals, as Class C prisoners, or their own separate category.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport\|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report\|pages=135–152}}</ref>		Most of these arrests happened under laws such as [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act\|MISA]], [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962\|DISIR]], and [[Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974\|COFEPOSA]]. During the emergency 34,988 people were arrested under [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act\|MISA]], and 75,818 people were arrested under [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962\|DISIR]]. This included both political prisoners and ordinary criminals.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport\|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report\|pages=134}}</ref> Most states classified those arrested under MISA into multiple categories. For instance in [[Andhra Pradesh]] they were classified into three categories- Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A prisoners included prominent political leaders, members of parliament, and members of the legislative assembly. Class B prisoners included less prominent political prisoners. Class C included those detained for "economic offenses" and other offenses. Class A and B prisoners were treated better and received better amenities in prison than other categories of prisoners. Those arrested under [[Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974\|COFEPOSA]] and [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962\|DISR]], depending on the state, found themselves detained with ordinary criminals, as Class C prisoners, or their own separate category.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport\|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report\|pages=135–152}}</ref>

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