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{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tharangambadi
| other_name = Tranquebar
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Bungalow on the Beach, Neemrana Hotels, in Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Bungalow on the Beach]], [[Neemrana Hotels]]
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|1|45|N|79|50|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Tamilnadu
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 23,191
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=693549</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 609304
| registration_plate = TN 82-Z
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tharangambadi''', formerly '''Tranquebar'''<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tranquebar |volume=27 |page=169}}</ref> ({{lang-da|Trankebar}}, {{IPA-da|ˈtsʰʁɑŋkəˌpɑˀ|pron}}), is a [[town]] in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]]. It lies {{convert|15|km}} north of [[Karaikal]], near the mouth of a [[distributary]] named Uppanar of the [[Kaveri]] River. Tranquebar was established on 19 November 1620 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/grundlaeggelsen-af-kolonien-tranquebar-1620-1630/|title=Grundlæggelsen af kolonien Tranquebar, 1620-1630}}</ref> as the first Danish trading post in India. King [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]] had sent his envoy [[Ove Gjedde]] who established contact with [[Raghunatha Nayak]] of [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Tanjore]]. An annual [[tribute]] was paid by the [[Denmark|Danes]] to the [[Rajah of Tanjore]] until the colony of Tranquebar was sold to the [[British East India Company]] in 1845.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tranquebar {{!}} lex.dk|url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Tranquebar|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Den Store Danske|language=da}}</ref>

Tharangambadi is the headquarters of [[Tharangambadi taluk]]. Its name means "place of the singing waves"; the old designation ''Trankebar'' remains current in modern [[Danish language|Danish]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trankebar {{!}} lex.dk|url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Trankebar|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Den Store Danske|language=da}}</ref> Tharangambadi is located at the distance of 285 km from [[Chennai]]. The nearest airport is at [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirapalli]] international airport at 172 km and the nearest port is at [[Karaikal port|Karaikal]] at 26 km.

The beach in Tharangambadi has been identified as the one of the most Ozone-rich beaches in the world by various studies conducted by the Danes in 1960’s and Indian researchers. The ozone content in air is said to be high between April and July.

However, the presence of rich Ozone (O3) content and the role it plays in absorbing the hazardous ultraviolet rays coming from the sun remains an unknown fact for most of the locals. Though unaware of its scientific importance, residents say the beach and the fort drives the local economy by attracting visitors.

==History==
The place dates back to the 14th century. Masilamani nathar (Shiva) temple was built in 1306, in a land given by [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]]. As of now, this temple is the oldest monument.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tryst with the coast|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/309426/tryst-coastshyshy.html|author=Lakshmi Sharath|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=2 February 2013|location=India}}</ref> Until 1620, when the [[Danes]] came,<ref name=EB1911/> the place was under [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]. Danish admiral Ove Gjedde felt the place would be a potential trading centre, made a deal with Raghunatha Nayak and built a fort, which is known as [[Fort Dansborg]].<ref name="Frontline">{{cite news|title=Danish flavour|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=6 November 2009|location=India}}</ref>

A Jesuit Catholic congregation in Tranquebar predated the arrival of the Danes by several decades. This congregation descended from Tamil fishermen converted by Portuguese missionaries from Goa. There was also a sizable population<ref>{{Cite book|title="A Little Piece of Denmark in India", The Space and Places of a South Indian Town, and a Narrative of its Peoples|last=Grønseth|first=Kristian|publisher=University of Oslo|year=2007|location=Oslo|pages=29}}</ref> of [[Portuguese Empire|Indo-Portuguese]] due to their presence nearby in [[Nagapattinam]]. The Catholic church was probably demolished to build the fort.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} This fort was the residence and headquarters of the [[governor]] and other officials for about 150 years. It is now a museum hosting a collection of artifacts from the colonial era.<ref>https://www.tnarch.gov.in/danish-fort-site-museum-tranquebar#</ref>

[[File:Tranquebar - Skoklosters slott - 86273.tif|thumb|left|200px|A view of the Danish colony of Tranquebar with the Dansborg fortress in south east India, 1658.]]
[[File:Old trankebar map.gif|left|200px|17th Century Danish Map of Tranquebar]]
[[File:Colonial House.JPG|thumb|A restored colonial house in Tranquebar]]
Among the first Protestant missionaries to set foot in India were two [[Lutherans]] from Germany, [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] and Heinrich Pluetschau, who began work in 1705 in the Danish settlement of Tranquebar.<ref name=CE-Ind>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=India |volume=7 |first=Ernest Reginald |last=Hull}}</ref> Ziegenbalg translated the Old and New Testaments into Tamil, imported a printing press, and printed the New Testament in Tamil in 1714.<ref name="Indian">{{cite news|title=The Missionary's footprints|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-missionary-s-footprints/656934/0|author=Madhulika Liddle|newspaper=Indian Express|date=8 August 2010|location=India}}</ref>

{{main|Tranquebar Mission}}
The local people were forced to learn the [[Portuguese language|broken Portuguese]] that was the [[lingua franca]] between Indians and Europeans at the time,{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} and later on translated the Bible into the local [[Tamil language]]. They also established a printing press, which within a hundred years of its establishment in 1712 had printed 300 books in Tamil.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110528223655/http://130.226.56.246/dk/Menu/Forskning/Nationalmuseets+Tranquebar+Initiativ/Forskningsprojekter/Indiens+f%C3%B8rste+bogtrykkeri Galathea 3 - Research projects - The Indo-Danish Cultural Encounter with Special Reference to Print in the Eighteenth Century]</ref> At first they only made little progress in their religious efforts, but gradually the [[Tranquebar Mission|mission]] spread to [[Madras]], [[Cuddalore]] and [[Tanjore]].<ref name=CE-Ind/> Today ''[[Bishop of Tranquebar]]'' is the official title of a bishop in the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church]] (TELC) in South India which was founded in 1919 as a result of the German Lutheran [[Leipzig Mission]] and [[Church of Sweden]] Mission. The seat of the Bishop, the Cathedral and its Church House ("Tranquebar House") is in [[Tiruchirappalli]].

The [[Zion Church, Tharangambadi|Zion church]] was consecrated in 1701, which is the oldest Protestant church in India. In 1718, The [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]] was constructed.<ref name="Frontline"/> [[Moravian Brethren]] missionaries from [[Herrnhut]], [[Saxony]] established the Brethren's Garden at [[Porayar]] near Tranquebar and operated it as a missionary centre for a number of years. An Italian Catholic Father [[Constanzo Beschi]], who worked in the colony from 1711 to 1740, found himself in conflict with the Lutheran pioneers at Tranquebar, against whom he wrote several polemical works.<ref name=CE-MM>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Madura Mission |volume=9 |first=Ernest Reginald |last=Hull}}</ref>

Tranquebar was occupied by the British in February 1808 during the Napoleonic Wars but was restored to Denmark following the [[Treaty of Kiel]] in 1814.<ref name=EB1911/> Along with the Danish settlement of [[Serampore]] in Bengal, it was sold to the British in 1845.<ref name="Nagapattinam">{{cite web |url=http://www.nagapattinam.tn.nic.in/tara.html|title=Tharangampadi - Introduction|publisher=Nagapattinam district administration, State government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref> Tranquebar was then still a busy port, but it later lost its importance after a railway was opened to [[Nagapattinam]].<ref name=EB1911/>

The [[Subrahmanya Temple, Perambur]], located in the outskirts of the town is one of the most prominent Murugan temples in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|page=64}}</ref>

==Tranquebar Museum==
[[File:Antique objects in the Fort Dansborg museum.jpg|thumb|Antique items on display at the museum inside Fort Dansborg]]
The 17th and 18th century antiquities and relics from the [[Vijayanagara empire]] and [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]], which authorized, allowed, and sanctioned the aforementioned Danish port township connected with the colonial period and Danish settlement at Tharangampadi are exhibited.<ref name="Nagapattinam"/> The museum contains porcelain ware, Danish manuscripts, glass objects, Chinese tea jars, steatitle lamps, decorated terracotta objects, figurines, lamps, stones, sculptures, swords, daggers, spears, sudai (stucco) figurines and wooden objects. There is also part of a whale skeleton,a giant sawfish rostrum and small cannonballs.<ref name="Indian"/>

==New Jerusalem Church==
[[File:Danish Church, Tranquebar.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar]]]]
{{main|New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar}}
The New Jerusalem Church was built in 1718 by the Royal Danish missionary [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] in the coastal town of [[Tranquebar]], India which was at that time a [[Danish India]] Colony.<ref name=Hindu-2006>{{cite news|title=New Jerusalem Church rededicated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-jerusalem-church-rededicated/article3102831.ece|access-date=24 August 2015|issue=Tamil Nadu|work=The Hindu|date=10 July 2006}}</ref> The church is located on King Street,<ref name=TripAdvisor>{{cite web|title=New Jerusalem Church founded in 1718 AD|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g1119849-d601070-i31254583-The_Bungalow_on_the_Beach-Tharangambadi_Tamil_Nadu.html|website=Trip Advisor|access-date=24 August 2015|date=24 July 2015}}</ref> and church services are conducted every Sunday.<ref name=Jayanth>{{cite web|last1=Jayanth|first1=Joseph|title=1718 church in Tranquebar|url=http://www.potofthots.com/2012/11/1718-church-in-tranquebar.html|website=Pot of Thots|access-date=24 August 2015|date=2 November 2012}}</ref> The church, along with other buildings of the [[Tranquebar Mission]] was damaged during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami of 2004]], and were renovated at a cost of INR 7 million, and re-consecrated in 2006.<ref name=Hindu-2006 /><ref name=Frank>{{cite news|last1=Imhoff|first1=Frank|title=Tamil Lutherans Rededicate Tranquebar Mission Church in India|url=http://archive.wfn.org/2006/07/msg00180.html|access-date=24 August 2015|publisher=Worldwide Faith News|date=19 July 2006}}</ref>

==Fort Dansborg==
[[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Fort Dansborg, built by the 17th century Danish admiral [[Ove Gjedde]].]]
{{main|Fort Dansborg}}
Construction of [[Fort Dansborg]] started in 1620. Many parts of the fort have been reconstructed several times. Dansborg is the second largest Danish fort ever constructed, with [[Kronborg]] in [[Helsingør]] being the largest. The [[Defensive wall|rampart]] wall is a fairly large four sided structure, with [[bastion]]s at each [[Cardinal direction|cardinal point]]. A single storied building was constructed along three inner sides of the rampart, with barracks, warehouse, kitchen, and jail. The rooms on the southern side remain in good condition, but the rooms on the western and northern sides have been substantially damaged. On the eastern side of the fort, there was a two storied building facing the sea. It was the main building of the fort. The vaulted lower storey served as a magazine and a warehouse, while the vaulted upper storey contained the church and the lodgings of the governor, the senior merchants, and the chaplain. The sea on the eastern and western side protected the fort. The fort was surrounded by a moat, access to the fort being over a drawbridge. The moat has completely disappeared.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Tharangambadi had a population of 20,841. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Tharangambadi has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 69%. In Tharangambadi, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg monument in Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu, South India.jpg|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg monument in Tranquebar.
Image:Dansborg Fort.jpg|Fort Dansborg. Established in 1620 and partially renovated during 2002 by the Tranquebar Association. View from the governor's bungalow.
Image:Goldsmith Street.JPG| Goldsmith Street now restored by INTACH in Tranquebar
Image:Zion Church in tranquebar.JPG|Zion Church at Tranquebar
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]]
* [[Danish East India Company]]
* [[Danish India]]
* [[European colonies in India]]
* [[History of Denmark]]
* [[Kulasekharapatnam]]
* [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]]
* [[Tiruchirappalli Fort]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal inline|India}}
{{Portal inline|Denmark}}
{{Portal inline|Norway}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tharangambadi}}
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India.htm#Danish%20India WorldStatesmen- India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071224195809/http://orientalquest.typepad.com/expositionpermanente/2007/04/la_colonie_dano.html Photos of Tranquebar]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050210100642/http://www.nio.org/projects/vora/project_vora_5.jsp National Institute of Oceanography: Mahabalipuram and Poompuhar]
*[http://www.trankebar.net/ trankebar.net]
*[http://www.scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html Tranquebar: The Danish East India Company 1616–1669]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040409125044/http://home3.inet.tele.dk/ujensen/indeks.html Coins of Danish India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050529014426/http://www.cssaame.ilstu.edu/issues/23/31.pdf "Conversations in Tarangambadi: Caring for the Self in Early Eighteenth Century South India" von Eugene F. Irschick]
*[http://www.indianchristianity.com 'Sepoy Mutiny'-article by Maggy G. Menachery in St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, 1982] & passim
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203141016/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/trankebar.html Tranquebar at colonialvoyage.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203140546/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/remainO.html Danish Colonial Remains at colonialvoyage.com]
*https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2019/05/13014854/1117993/Tharangambadi-A-tourists-delight.vpf

{{Danish overseas empire}}

{{Forts in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Former Danish colonies]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1620]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:1620 establishments in Danish India]]

Tharangambadi - Revision history

Serzccd: adjusted formatting and added references based on references

imported>Citation bot: Add: title. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_toolbar