Thanjavur Maratha kingdom - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:52, 24 May 2022
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	{{refimprove\|date=May 2021}}		{{refimprove\|date=May 2021}}
	{{Infobox country		{{Infobox country
	\|image_flag =		\| image_flag =
	\|image_coat =		\| image_coat =
	\|native_name =		\| native_name =
	\|conventional_long_name = Maratha Kingdom of Thanjavur<br>Princely State of Thanjavur		\| conventional_long_name = Maratha Kingdom of Thanjavur<br>Princely State of Thanjavur
	\|common_name = Thanjavur		\| common_name = Thanjavur
	\|status = Empire		\| status = Empire
	~~\|stat_area1 = 9600~~		\| status_text = <small>Kingdom from 1674 to 1799. <br> [[Princely state]] under the [[paramountcy]] of the [[British Raj]] (1799–1855)</small>
	\|status_text = <small>Kingdom from 1674 to 1799. <br> [[Princely state]] under the [[paramountcy]] of the [[British Raj]] (1799–1855)</small>		\| government_type = [[Principality]]
	\|government_type = [[Principality]]		\| event_start = Conquest of the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty\|Madurai Nayak Kingdom]] by [[Venkoji]]
	\|event_start = Conquest of the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty\|Madurai Nayak Kingdom]] by [[Venkoji]]		\| year_start = 1674
	\|year_start = 1674		\| date_start =
	\|date_start =		\| event_end =
	\|event_end =		\| year_end = 1855
	\|year_end = 1855		\| date_end =
	\|date_end =		\| event1 = Earliest records
	\|event1 = Earliest records		\| date_event1 = 1674
	\|date_event1 = 1674		\| p1 = Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
	\|p1 = Thanjavur Nayak kingdom		\| flag_p1 =
	\|flag_p1 =		\| p2 = Ramnad estate
	\|p2 = Ramnad estate		\| flag_p2 =
	\|flag_p2 =		\| s1 = Company rule in India
	\|s1 = Company rule in India		\| flag_s1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
	\|flag_s1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg		\| image_map = Map of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom.jpg
	\|image_map = Map of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom.jpg		\| image_map_caption = Map of Tanjore
	\|image_map_caption = Map of Tanjore		\| image_map2 = Tanjore Maratha Kingdom.jpg
	\|image_map2 = Tanjore Maratha Kingdom.jpg		\| image_map2_caption = Approximate extent of the Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom, at the time of its accession to the British in 1798
	\|image_map2_caption = Approximate extent of the Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom, at the time of its accession to the British in 1798		\| capital = [[Tanjore]]
	\|capital = [[Tanjore]]		\| national_anthem =
	\|national_anthem =		\| common_languages = [[Tamil language\|Tamil]], [[Marathi language\|Marathi]], [[Telugu language\|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit]]
	\|common_languages = [[Tamil language\|Tamil]], [[Marathi language\|Marathi]], [[Telugu language\|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit]]		\| religion = [[Hinduism]]
	\|religion = [[Hinduism]]		\| leader1 = [[Venkoji]]
	\|leader1 = Venkoji		\| leader2 = [[Shivaji II of Thanjavur]]
	\|leader2 = Shivaji II of Thanjavur		\| year_leader1 = (first) 1674 - 1684
	\|year_leader1 = (first) 1674 - 1684		\| year_leader2 = (last) 1832 - 1855
	\|year_leader2 = (last) 1832 - 1855		\| title_leader = [[Monarch\|Ruler]]
	\|title_leader = [[Monarch\|Ruler]]		\| today = [[India]]
	\|today = [[India]]
	~~\|demonym =~~
	~~\|area_km2 =~~
	~~\|area_rank =~~
	~~\|GDP_PPP =~~
	~~\|GDP_PPP_year =~~
	~~\|HDI =~~
	~~\|HDI_year =~~
	}}		}}
	The '''Thanjavur Maratha kingdom''' ruled by the [[Bhonsle]] dynasty was a principality of [[Tamil Nadu]] between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was [[Marathi (language)\|Marathi]]. [[Venkoji]] was the founder of the dynasty.		The '''Thanjavur Maratha kingdom''' ruled by the [[Bhonsle]] dynasty was a principality of [[Tamil Nadu]] between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was [[Marathi (language)\|Marathi]]. [[Venkoji]] was the founder of the dynasty.
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	Following the demise of [[Chola]] rule in the 13th century (specifically around 1279), the [[Thanjavur]] area came under the rule of the [[Pandyas]] and then, following the invasion of [[Malik Kafur]], it fell into disorder.		Following the demise of [[Chola]] rule in the 13th century (specifically around 1279), the [[Thanjavur]] area came under the rule of the [[Pandyas]] and then, following the invasion of [[Malik Kafur]], it fell into disorder.

	Pandya nadu very quickly reasserted their independence and ~~forced the Delhi Sultan~~ to ~~flee Thanjavur~~. Soon afterwards, however, they were conquered by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The Emperor appointed his trusted Kin, who belonged to the [[Telugu people\|Telugu]] [[Balija]] caste as Governors (Nayakas) of Madurai and Tanjavur. An internal family squabble between [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] of [[Madurai Nayak\|Madurai Nayak dynasty]] and his uncle [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom#Vijaya Raghava Nayak\|Vijayaraghava Nayaka]] of Tanjavur~~, let~~ to a war, and eventually ~~defeated~~ Thanjavur. The rule of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] lasted until 1673 when [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] the ruler of [[Madurai]] invaded Thanjavur and killed its ruler, Vijayaraghava.		Pandya nadu very quickly reasserted their independence and added Thanjavur to their domain. Soon afterwards, however, they were conquered by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The Emperor appointed his trusted Kin, who belonged to the [[Telugu people\|Telugu]] [[Balija]] caste as Governors (Nayakas) of Madurai and Tanjavur. An internal family squabble between [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] of [[Madurai Nayak\|Madurai Nayak dynasty]] and his uncle [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom#Vijaya Raghava Nayak\|Vijayaraghava Nayaka]] of Tanjavur led to a war and eventually ended in the defeat of Thanjavur. The rule of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] lasted until 1673, when [[Chokkanatha Nayak]], the ruler of [[Madurai]], invaded Thanjavur and killed its ruler, Vijayaraghava.

	Chokkanatha placed his brother Alagiri on the throne of Thanjavur, but within a year the latter threw off his allegiance, and Chokkanatha was forced to recognise the independence of Thanjavur. A son of Vijaya Raghava induced the Bijapur Sultan to help him get back the Thanjavur throne. In 1675, the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the [[Maratha]] general [[Venkoji]] (alias Ekoji) to recapture the kingdom from the new invader. Venkoji defeated Alagiri, and occupied Thanjavur. He did not, however, place his protege on the throne as instructed by the Bijapur Sultan, but seized the kingdom and made himself king. Thus began the rule of the [[Marathas]] over Thanjavur.		Chokkanatha placed his brother Alagiri on the throne of Thanjavur, but within a year the latter threw off his allegiance, and Chokkanatha was forced to recognise the independence of Thanjavur. A son of Vijaya Raghava induced the Bijapur Sultan to help him get back the Thanjavur throne. In 1675, the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the [[Maratha]] general [[Venkoji]] (alias Ekoji) to recapture the kingdom from the new invader. Venkoji defeated Alagiri, and occupied Thanjavur. He did not, however, place his protege on the throne as instructed by the Bijapur Sultan, but seized the kingdom and made himself king. Thus began the rule of the [[Marathas]] over Thanjavur.
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	{{TNhistory}}		{{TNhistory}}

	=== ~~Venkoji~~ ===		=== Venkaji ===
	[[~~Venkoji~~]], a half-brother of the Maratha king [[Shivaji]], was the first Raja of Thanjavur from the Bhosale dynasty. It is believed{{by whom\|date=March 2018}} that he took over the administration of Thanjavur in April 1674 and ruled until 1684. During his reign, Shivaji invaded [[Gingee]] and Thanjavur in 1676–1677 and made his brother Santaji the ruler of all lands to the north of the [[Kollidam\|Coleroon]]. During the last years of his reign, ~~Venkoji~~ also allied with Chokkanatha of [[Madurai]] to repulse an invasion from [[Mysore]].		[[Vyankoji]], a half-brother of the Maratha king [[Shivaji]], was the first Raja of Thanjavur from the Bhosale dynasty. It is believed{{by whom\|date=March 2018}} that he took over the administration of Thanjavur in April 1674 and ruled until 1684. During his reign, Shivaji Maharaj invaded [[Gingee]] and Thanjavur in 1676–1677 and made his brother Santaji the ruler of all lands to the north of the [[Kollidam\|Coleroon]]. During the last years of his reign, Vyankoji also allied with Chokkanatha of [[Madurai]] to repulse an invasion from [[Mysore]].

	=== Shahuji I ===		=== Shahuji I ===
	[[Shahuji I of Thanjavur\|Shahuji I]] was the eldest son of Venkoji and he ascended the throne at the age of twelve. During his reign, the Mughals occupied the [[Coromandel coast]] and [[Tiruchirapalli]] and forced him to pay tribute. Shahuji was a patron of [[literature]]. During his reign, there were frequent [[skirmishes]] and [[battle]]s with the Raja of Madurai and Ramnad for control of the border lands.		[[Shahuji I of Thanjavur\|Shahuji I]] was the eldest son of Venkoji and he ascended the throne at the age of twelve. During his reign, the Mughals occupied the [[Coromandel coast]] and [[Tiruchirapalli]] and forced him to pay tribute. Shahuji was a patron of [[literature]]. During his reign, there were frequent [[skirmishes]] and [[battle]]s with the Raja of Madurai and Ramnad for control of the border lands.

	=== ~~Serfoji~~ I ===		=== Sarabhoji I ===
	[[Serfoji I]] was a younger son of Venkoji and he ruled from 1712 to 1728. His rule was marked by regular warfare and disputes with the Madurai Nayak.		[[Serfoji I]] was a younger son of Venkoji and he ruled from 1712 to 1728. His rule was marked by regular warfare and disputes with the Madurai Nayak.

	=== ~~Tukkoji~~ ===		=== Tukhoji ===
	[[Tukkoji]], a younger brother of Serfoji I, ruled Thanjavur from 1728 to 1736. His reign witnessed the invasion of [[Chanda Sahib]] and he is credited with having repulsed a Muslim invasion of Madurai.		[[Tukkoji]], a younger brother of Serfoji I, ruled Thanjavur from 1728 to 1736. His reign witnessed the invasion of [[Chanda Sahib]] and he is credited with having repulsed a Muslim invasion of Madurai.

imported>Fatehsinhrao at 11:31, 27 July 2021

2021-07-27T11:31:04Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox country
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Maratha Kingdom of Thanjavur<br>Princely State of Thanjavur
|common_name = Thanjavur
|status = Empire
|stat_area1 = 9600
|status_text = <small>Kingdom from 1674 to 1799. <br> [[Princely state]] under the [[paramountcy]] of the [[British Raj]] (1799–1855)</small>
|government_type = [[Principality]]
|event_start = Conquest of the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Madurai Nayak Kingdom]] by [[Venkoji]]
|year_start = 1674
|date_start =
|event_end =
|year_end = 1855
|date_end =
|event1 = Earliest records
|date_event1 = 1674
|p1 = Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
|flag_p1 =
|p2 = Ramnad estate
|flag_p2 =
|s1 = Company rule in India
|flag_s1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
|image_map = Map of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom.jpg
|image_map_caption = Map of Tanjore
|image_map2 = Tanjore Maratha Kingdom.jpg
|image_map2_caption = Approximate extent of the Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom, at the time of its accession to the British in 1798
|capital = [[Tanjore]]
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|leader1 = Venkoji
|leader2 = Shivaji II of Thanjavur
|year_leader1 = (first) 1674 - 1684
|year_leader2 = (last) 1832 - 1855
|title_leader = [[Monarch|Ruler]]
|today = [[India]]
|demonym =
|area_km2 =
|area_rank =
|GDP_PPP =
|GDP_PPP_year =
|HDI =
|HDI_year =
}}
The '''Thanjavur Maratha kingdom''' ruled by the [[Bhonsle]] dynasty was a principality of [[Tamil Nadu]] between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was [[Marathi (language)|Marathi]]. [[Venkoji]] was the founder of the dynasty.

== Maratha conquest of Thanjavur ==
Following the demise of [[Chola]] rule in the 13th century (specifically around 1279), the [[Thanjavur]] area came under the rule of the [[Pandyas]] and then, following the invasion of [[Malik Kafur]], it fell into disorder.

Pandya nadu very quickly reasserted their independence and forced the Delhi Sultan to flee Thanjavur. Soon afterwards, however, they were conquered by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The Emperor appointed his trusted Kin, who belonged to the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Balija]] caste as Governors (Nayakas) of Madurai and Tanjavur. An internal family squabble between [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] of [[Madurai Nayak|Madurai Nayak dynasty]] and his uncle [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom#Vijaya Raghava Nayak|Vijayaraghava Nayaka]] of Tanjavur, let to a war, and eventually defeated Thanjavur. The rule of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] lasted until 1673 when [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] the ruler of [[Madurai]] invaded Thanjavur and killed its ruler, Vijayaraghava.

Chokkanatha placed his brother Alagiri on the throne of Thanjavur, but within a year the latter threw off his allegiance, and Chokkanatha was forced to recognise the independence of Thanjavur. A son of Vijaya Raghava induced the Bijapur Sultan to help him get back the Thanjavur throne. In 1675, the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the [[Maratha]] general [[Venkoji]] (alias Ekoji) to recapture the kingdom from the new invader. Venkoji defeated Alagiri, and occupied Thanjavur. He did not, however, place his protege on the throne as instructed by the Bijapur Sultan, but seized the kingdom and made himself king. Thus began the rule of the [[Marathas]] over Thanjavur.

== Maratha kings ==
{{TNhistory}}

=== Venkoji ===
[[Venkoji]], a half-brother of the Maratha king [[Shivaji]], was the first Raja of Thanjavur from the Bhosale dynasty. It is believed{{by whom|date=March 2018}} that he took over the administration of Thanjavur in April 1674 and ruled until 1684. During his reign, Shivaji invaded [[Gingee]] and Thanjavur in 1676–1677 and made his brother Santaji the ruler of all lands to the north of the [[Kollidam|Coleroon]]. During the last years of his reign, Venkoji also allied with Chokkanatha of [[Madurai]] to repulse an invasion from [[Mysore]].

=== Shahuji I ===
[[Shahuji I of Thanjavur|Shahuji I]] was the eldest son of Venkoji and he ascended the throne at the age of twelve. During his reign, the Mughals occupied the [[Coromandel coast]] and [[Tiruchirapalli]] and forced him to pay tribute. Shahuji was a patron of [[literature]]. During his reign, there were frequent [[skirmishes]] and [[battle]]s with the Raja of Madurai and Ramnad for control of the border lands.

=== Serfoji I ===
[[Serfoji I]] was a younger son of Venkoji and he ruled from 1712 to 1728. His rule was marked by regular warfare and disputes with the Madurai Nayak.

=== Tukkoji ===
[[Tukkoji]], a younger brother of Serfoji I, ruled Thanjavur from 1728 to 1736. His reign witnessed the invasion of [[Chanda Sahib]] and he is credited with having repulsed a Muslim invasion of Madurai.

=== Pratapsingh ===
A period of anarchy followed the death of Tukkoji and came to an end when [[Pratapsingh of Thanjavur|Pratapsingh]] came to the throne in 1739. He ruled until 1763. He allied with Muhammad Ali, the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], and aided the [[British East India Company]] against the [[French East India Company]] in the [[Carnatic Wars]] and the [[Seven Years' War]]. He was the last king to be addressed to be the Directors of the British East India Company as "His Majesty". In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur, Carnatic and the British by which he became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic.

=== Thuljaji ===
[[Thuljaji]] was a very weak ruler and the last independent ruler of Thanjavur. In 1773, Thanjavur was annexed by the Nawab of the Carnatic who ruled till 1776. The throne was restored to him by the Directors of the British East India Company. But his restoration came at a heavy price as it deprived him of his independence.

=== Serfoji II ===
Thuljaji was succeeded by his teenage son [[Serfoji II]] in 1787. Soon afterwards, he was deposed by his uncle and regent [[Ramaswami Amarasimha Bhonsle|Amarsingh]] who seized the throne for himself. With the help of the British, Serfoji II recovered the throne in 1798. A subsequent treaty forced him to hand over the reins of the kingdom to the British East India Company, becoming part of the [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)]]. The district collectorate system was installed thereafter to manage the public revenues. Serfoji II was however left in control of the Fort and the surrounding areas. He reigned till 1832. His reign is noted for the literary, scientific and technological accomplishments of the Tanjore country.

=== Shivaji ===
[[Shivaji of Thanjavur|Shivaji]] was the last Maratha ruler of Thanjavur and reigned from 1832 to 1855. As his first wife did not have any male heir, the Queen adopted her nephew, and the adoption took place after the Maharaja's (Shivaji I) death in 1855. The British did not accept this adoption and Thanjavur was annexed by them as per the provisions of the [[Doctrine of Lapse]].

== Literature ==
The Thanjavur Maratha Rajas favoured [[Sanskrit]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] to such an extent that classical Tamil began to decline.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anwar|first=Kombai S.|date=2018-04-26|title=Thanjavur emerged as a thriving cultural capital under the Marathas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/thanjavur-emerged-s-a-thriving-cultural-capital-under-the-marathas/article23681249.ece|access-date=2021-04-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Most of the plays were in Sanskrit. Venkoji, the first ruler of the Bhonsle dynasty composed a 'Dvipada' Ramayana in Telugu. His son Shahuji was a great patron of learning and of literature. Most of the Thanjavur Maratha literature is from his period. Most of them were versions of the Ramayana or plays and short stories of a historical nature. Sanskrit and Telugu were the languages used in most of these plays while there were some Tamil 'koothu' as well. ''Advaita Kirtana'' is one of the prominent works from this period. Later Thanjavur rulers like Serfoji II and Shivaji immersed themselves in learning and literary pursuits when they were dispossessed of their empire. Serfoji built the [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]] within the precincts of the palace to house his enormous book and manuscript collection. Apart from Indian languages, Serfoji II was proficient in English, French, Dutch, Greek and Latin as well.

== Administration ==
The king was assisted in the administration of his country by a council of ministers. The supreme head of this council of ministers was a ''Mantri'' or ''Dalavoy''. The ''Dalavoy'' was also the Commander-in-chief of the Army. Next in importance at the court was a ''Pradhani'' or ''Dewan'' also called ''Dabir Pandit''. The country was divided into subahs, seemais and maganams in the decreasing order of size and importance. The five subahs of the country were [[Pattukkottai]], [[Mayiladuthurai|Mayavaram]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mannargudi]] and [[Thiruvaiyaru|Tiruvadi]].

== Economy ==

The ruler collected his taxes from the people through his ''mirasdars'' or ''puttackdars''. They were collected right from the village level onwards and were based on the agricultural produce of the village. Rice was one of the primary crops in the region and the land used for cultivation was owned by big landlords. It was Anatharama Sashtry who proposed collecting taxes to improve conditions for the poor. No foreign trade was carried out. The only foreign trade in the country was carried out by European traders who paid a particular amount of money as rent to the Raja. The currency system used was that of a ''chakram'' or ''pon'' (1 chakram = one and three-fourths of a British East India Company rupee). Other systems of coinage used were that of ''pagoda'' (1 pagoda = three and a half Company rupees), a big ''panam'' (one-sixth of a Company rupee) and a small ''panam'' (one-thirteenth of a Company rupee).

==See also==
{{commons category|Tanjore State}}
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Thanjavur Marathi people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Thanjavur district}}
{{Princely states annexed by British India}}

[[Category:Thanjavur Maratha kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:1674 establishments in India]]