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{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Kuki language|Kuki language (Nigeria)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Thadou or Thadou-Kuki
|nativename=
|states=[[India]]
|region=
|ethnicity=[[Thadou people]] or [[Kuki people]]
|date=2011 census
|ref = 329,350<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages]]
|fam3=[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages]]
|iso3=tcz
|glotto=thad1238
|glottorefname=Thado Chin
}}

'''Thadou''' (Thado, Thaadou, Thado-Pao, Thadou-Kuki) is a Northern [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin-Mizo language]] spoken in the northeastern part of [[India]] (specifically in [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]],)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=Bijaya P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhcLAQAAMAAJ&q=number+of+thadou+speaking+states+in+india|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages|last2=Padmanabha|first2=P.|date=December 1989|publisher=Pr De L'Universite Laval|isbn=978-2-7637-7196-0|page=1311|language=en}}</ref>. It is spoken by the [[Thadou people|Thadou]] tribe . The Thadou language is known by many names, including Thado, Thado-Pao, Thādo, Thadou-kuki, Thado-Ubiphei, Chin and Thādo-pao. There are several dialects of this language : Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chin, Thado|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tcz|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref>The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of [[Tripura]].<ref name="Saimar hindu">{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |title= Just 4 people keep a language alive |newspaper= The Hindu | date= 18 July 2012 |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> The variety spoken in [[Manipur]] has partial mutual intelligibility with the other [[Kuki-Chin languages|Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages]] varieties of the area including [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]] and [[Gangte language|Gangte]] languages.<ref name=Singh>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref> This language is not utilized as much today.

== Thadou culture ==
The Thadou language comes from the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] or [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages]] family of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] phylum. The Thadou people were settled in dense jungle sites. The Thadou villages mostly cultivated agriculture and domesticated animals. A unique aspect of the Thadou culture is that men and women shared these cultivation and domestication responsibilities.

Knowing a language connects one to the culture and traditions of the speakers of the language. This was especially the case with the Thadou language. Four important words in this language: {{transl|tcz|chongmou}}, {{transl|tcz|sahapsat}}, {{transl|tcz|jol-lha'}}, and {{transl|tcz|kijam mang}}. These terms represent four different forms of marriage. ''Chongmou'' represents the form of marriage where there is a negotiation price of the bride between the parents of the groom as well as the parents of the bride, along with feasting and wrestling. The {{transl|tcz|sahapsat}} is a form of marriage where just the negotiation between the parents of the bride and groom take place. The {{transl|tcz|jol-Iha'}} and {{transl|tcz|kijam mang}} are both similar forms of marriage, equivalent to eloping. Divorce is allowed and happens often within this culture. Children have a lot of independence in this culture and are encouraged to learn through experience including parental guidance as a stepping stone.

Thadou people consider Pathen the god who has created everything and is thus, the ruler of the universe. They pray to him in times of need and trouble. This culture is very into religious ceremonies. Many of their ceremonies are specific to individual groups or genders. In earlier times, the Thadou also believe in spirits moving on to Mithikho or Mithikhua, which is the village of the dead. As time passed by most of the Thadou people embraced Christianity.

==Geographical distribution ==

Thadou is spoken in the following locations (''[[Ethnologue]]'').

*[[Northeast India]]
**[[Manipur]]
***[[Chandel district]]
***[[Churachandpur district]]
***[[Senapati district]]
***[[Kangpokpi district]]
***[[Tengnoupal district]]
***[[Pherzawl district]]
**[[Assam]]
***[[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] (Mikil Hills)
***NC hills ([[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasoa]])

==Dialects==
''Ethnologue'' lists the following dialects of Thadou, the names of which mostly correspond to clan names. There is high mutual intelligibility among dialects.

{{div col}}
*Lupho
*Lupheng
*Misao
*Hangsing
*Chongloi
*Khongsai
*Kipgen
*Langiung
*Sairang
*Thangngeo
*Haokip
*Sitlhou
*Touthang
*Haolai
*Singson (Shingsol)
*Hanghal
*Lhouvum
*Mate
*Lhungdim
*Baite
{{div col end}}

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!voiceless
|p
|t
|
|k
|ʔ
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|pʰ
|tʰ
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|b
|d
|
|ɡ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
|
|ts
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |m
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |n
|
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |ŋ
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!voiceless
|
|s
|
|x
|h
|-
!voiced
|v
|z
|
|
|
|-
![[Lateral fricative|lateral]]
|
|ɬ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|w
|l
|j
|
|
|}

* /p t k/ are heard unreleased as [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-final position.

* /ts/ is heard as more apical [ts̺] when occurring before front and central vowels.

* /x/ can have a cognate of an aspirated velar plosive [kʰ] in the dialect spoken in Burma.

* /ɬ/ can have an allophone of [l̥] in word-medial position.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haokip|first=Marykim|title=Grammar of Thadou-Kuki: A Descriptive Study|year=2014|location=New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|i
|
|u
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|ə
|o
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|a
|
|}

== Comparison between Thadou Dialects ==
The Saimar dialect is only spoken by 4 people in one village, which is located in [[Tripura]].{{fact|date=January 2019}} The other dialects, Jangshen, Haokip, Khongsai, Kipgen, Sairang, Thangeo, Langiung, Sitlhou, and Singson have a high mutual intelligibility, which means that speakers, although from different backgrounds and areas, can speak to each other without much effort and with ease.{{fact|date=January 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Incubator|code=tcz}}
*Chin, Thado. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tcz
*Did you know Thado Chin is severely endangered? (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5702
*Haokip, P. (2011). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. THE LANGUAGES OF MANIPUR: A CASE STUDY OF THE KUKI-CHIN-MIZO LANGUAGES*, 34.1 (April), 85-118. Retrieved 9 March 2017, from https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/LTBA-34.1.85
*History. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 March 2017, from http://thethadou.webs.com/history.htm
*MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language RelationshipsMultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. (n.d.). Retrieved 8 March 2017, from http://multitree.org/codes/tcz.html
*"Thadou." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Retrieved 3 May 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: <nowiki>http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thadou</nowiki>
*Thado Chin. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/thad1238
*Thado Chin Rosary Prayers. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 March 2017, from http://www.marysrosaries.com/Chin_Thado_prayers.html
*Thadou Kuki language. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/759
*The Thadou (or Thado). (n.d.). Retrieved 9 March 2017, from http://www.myanmarburma.com/attraction/174/the-thadou-or-thado
*Where on earth do they speak Chin, Thado? (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/ChinThado.html
*St George International Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 May 2017, from <nowiki>http://www.stgeorges.co.uk/blog/learn-english/how-many-people-in-the-world-speak-english</nowiki>

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Burma}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]

Thadou language - Revision history

->Citation bot: Alter: url. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_webform 1996/2263